中等水深轻张型张力腿平台型式研究

根据我国海上边际油田的分布特点，100m-300m左右中等水深范围是一个很有开发潜力的海域。运用常规技术已很难在这一海域取得更大的经济效益。而更经济有效地开发这些边际油田对我国来说具有重大意义。本文对适合我国中等水深海域国际油田开发的轻型张力腿平台型式进行了探索，提出了三种轻型张力腿平台，对其运动性能及系索张力进行了比较，以期找适合我国中深水海域边际油田开发的张力腿平台型式。     

张力腿平台研究领域和发展趋势

本文比较全面地阐述了世界上第一个张力腿平台（ＴｅｎｓｉｏｎＬｅｇＰｌａｔｆｏｒｍ,简称ＴＬＰ）——ＨｕｔｏｎＴＬＰ的研究情况,并对ＴＬＰ的关键问题——运动响应和系索（张力腿）问题的研究情况进行了较为详细的介绍。最后,指出了目前ＴＬＰ的研究热点以及今后的发展方向。文中收集了有关文献７３篇,对开展ＴＬＰ的研究有一定参考价值。     

新型张力腿式储油处理平台的动力响应分析

针对目前小油田早期生产中存在的不足,提出一种适用于浅水海域的新型张力腿式储油处理平台,该平台主要由储油箱、浮箱、吸力桩、系泊链和甲板结构构成,具备原油处理和储存功能。应用非线性时域耦合分析法,研究了有义波高、平均波周期、水深对该平台的运动响应和系泊链张力的影响。计算结果表明,波高对平台动力响应有较大影响,有义波高每增加0.4 m,平台水平位移相应增加0.408 m,而系泊链力随有义波高的增加呈准线性增大;波周期对平台水平运动影响显著,平均波周期从6.5 s逐级变化至8.5 s时,最大水平位移自3.760 m渐增至5.467 m,而波周期对系泊链力影响较小,变化率一般小于10%;该新型平台对水深大于20 m的浅水海域有良好的动力特性,而对水深小于20 m的海域却表现异常。因此,该新型张力腿式平台能满足水深不小于20 m浅海区的油田早期生产需要。     

畸形波作用下四立柱张力腿平台动力响应研究

介绍了畸形波生成的方法并对各种线性合成畸形波的效率进行了对比。选用改进的随机波加瞬态波的方法模拟强非线性波———"新年波"的波形。采用微元法对张力腿平台的立柱和浮筒进行离散,编制程序对张力腿平台在强非线性波作用下的耦合动力响应进行了数值模拟,重点比较分析了张力腿平台在随机波及畸形波中所受波浪力、平台动力响应、系泊系统张力特性及浪向角对平台运动的影响。研究表明:在"新年波"作用下,0°浪向时,平台在x和z方向所受波浪力较随机波增长了约1/4,纵荡、垂荡及纵摇响应值分别增加了33%,38%和12%,张力腿张力幅值增加约20%,位于平台四角的张力腿张力有所差异,相邻两根张力腿的张力差别不大,浪向角对平台运动响应、张力腿张力的影响畸形波大于随机波的作用。为今后考虑强非线性波浪影响时张力腿平台的设计提供了借鉴和参考。     

张力腿平台涡激运动模型试验与数值分析

为揭示张力腿平台涡激运动响应规律,采用数值模拟与模型试验相结合的方法研究了全水深系泊张力腿平台涡激运动响应。根据张力腿平台主尺度参数,按照几何相似制作了水池试验模型,在满足运动相似和动力相似的条件下开展了均匀流、剖面流模型试验,并将模型试验结果与数值模拟结果进行了对比,验证了数值模拟与模型试验结果的一致性。分析结果表明在均匀流作用下张力腿平台涡激运动的锁定区间在5.5<U_r<8.5,来流角对涡激运动影响较大。剖面流作用下平台涡激运动规律与均匀流作用基本一致,但剖面流造流引起的能量分散,使平台在XY平面的运动轨迹变得不规律,系泊系统提供的回复力对涡激运动幅值有抑制作用,来流角和流速对张力腿或立管模态影响明显。论文得到结论对于张力腿平台的工程设计有一定借鉴意义。     

两层流体中内波作用下Spar平台运动响应

研究两层流体中Spar平台在内波作用下的运动响应问题。在线性势流理论框架,提出在内波作用下Spar平台运动响应及分段式悬链线系泊张力特性的计算方法。数值分析两层流体内界面位置、入射内波的波长以及系泊索初始预张力对Spar平台运动响应及其系泊索张力特性的影响规律,结果表明内波对Spar平台纵摇运动响应的影响是小的,但对Spar平台纵荡与垂荡运动响应及其系泊索张力的影响是不可忽视的。因此,在Spar平台的设计中,考虑内波的影响是重要的。     

基于水动力性能的TLP结构选型研究

为了解决四种典型结构型式的张力腿平台在中国南海荔湾气田极端海况条件下的选型问题,采用新的相似原则以保证平台的设计拥有相同的相似条件。这些相似条件确保了四种平台具有相似的水动力性能和系泊性能。考虑平台和系泊系统包括顶张紧式立管(TTRs)、钢悬链式立管(SCRs)及筋腱之间的耦合效应,运用动态时域耦合分析方法计算得到平台的动力响应,并通过对比不同结构型式的平台在作业、极限及生存工况下的运动响应以得到最优水动力性能平台。文中还分别对四种张力腿平台的动态响应、筋腱受力、气隙分析和动晕环境条件进行对比分析,分析结果为实际工程提供参考。     

冲击荷载作用下新型延展式张力腿平台时域分析

延展式张力腿平台是一种适用于深水油气开采的海洋平台结构。提出一种新型平台由四个立柱和一个环形浮箱连接而成,环形浮箱是由四个箱型梁焊接而成。根据给出的南海海域的海况条件和相应的规范计算结构的环境载荷,运用SESAM软件Deep C模块,考虑风、浪、流等环境荷载的作用和张力腿系统的非线性影响,进行了时域耦合分析,得到了平台的运动位移时程、张力腿系统张力时程和张力极值等。模拟波浪破碎作为冲击载荷,得到张力腿平台在冲击荷载作用下的运动位移时程、张力腿系统的张力时程。研究结果表明:该新型平台具有良好的运动响应,张力筋腱应力满足安全要求;在冲击载荷作用下新型平台的运动响应也满足要求。     

随机波浪中张力腿平台耦合运动及系泊系统特性研究

张力腿平台(TLP)是一种垂直系泊的半顺应半刚度式平台,预报平台的运动响应及锚泊系统的张力是张力腿平台结构设计的重要基础。应用挪威船级社SESAM软件在频域和时域内研究了张力腿平台在随机波浪中的非线性运动响应及系泊系统特性,并在试验室中通过缩尺比为1∶40的模型进行了试验验证。在试验验证的基础上,将仅考虑浪与考虑浪、流联合作用下的张力腿的张力平均值、幅值及标准差作了对比。结果表明,在较低海况时,考虑浪和流时的张力腿与不考虑流的情况变化不大;在较大海况时,流的影响不可忽略,考虑流的张力腿变化幅度要略大于不考虑流的情况。     

在平台振荡条件下TLP张力腿的涡激非线性响应

给出了预测张力腿涡激横向振动的时域分析,考虑了波浪、海流、张力腿平台的横漂与垂荡诸因素.张力腿平台的垂荡引起张力周期性变化,对张力腿的涡激横向振动起参数激励的作用,使其动力响应更为复杂.讨论了参数激励下涡激响应的共振条件;以尾流振子模型为基础,发展了分析张力腿在动张力作用下的涡激振动的工程方法,并分析了一座TLP实例,给出了在横漂周期内张力腿上质点的相对位移、弯矩、剪力幅值的时间历程.结果表明,平台垂荡使张力腿的涡激响应幅值升高、高频成分增加,因此它对张力腿的疲劳设计是重要的.     

海洋平台响应多点解耦的冰力测量方法

提出了一种通过传递函数在频域内进行解耦逆推多点冰力的计算方法,并以一个四桩腿平台为例,给出了冰力问接测量的设计方案及计算流程,从而为解决海上平台所受冰力的测量问题找到一个较好的技术途径。     

The Shielding Effect of Multi-Pile Structures on Ice Force

The shielding effect of the front pile-row on the ice force acting on the hack pile-row is studied by ice force model tests. In the tests, the front pile-row is designed to model jacket legs and the hack pile-row to model the water resisting pipe-phalanx within the jacket. The shielding factor for ice force corresponding to different conditions are given in this paper. The research indicates that there are many factors, including the longitudinal and lateral spacing between the front and hack pile-row, ice attacking angle and the ratio of pile diameter to ice thickness, that influence the shielding effect on ice force.     

作用于平台桩腿的海冰屈曲破坏冰压力随机过程模型及其参数确定

冰对结构的作用过程是典型的随机过程。本文在冰压力过程为平稳过程的假设下，从渤海海冰对平台桩腿作用的大量实测冰压力数据中，选取了２１条冰屈曲破坏时的冰压力时程曲线，对它们进行谱分析后，得到了单点冰屈曲破坏的压力随机过程的谱密度，并确定了谱参数及其跟环境要素的关系，依据文献［１］中冰压力沿圆柱面的空间分布，建立了绕桩腿的冰压力随机场模型，并得到了作用于桩腿的总冰力随机过程及其谱密度。本文的研究成果为平台结构冰激随机振动和疲劳累积损伤分析提供了荷载基础     

DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF TYPHOON SURGES ALONG THE COASTS OF ZHEJIANG AND JIANGSU PROVINCES

Based on the numerical model shown in Ref. [1], a dynamic analysis is given for the storm surges caused by the four typhoons (i. e. typhoons Nos. 5310, 5612, 6126 and 6207) on the east coast of Zhejiang and Jiangsu Provinces, in which the contributions of various dynamic factors to local surge elevation are calculated numerically, including the Coriolis force, the atmospheric pressure force, the bottom friction, the local topography and the couple nonlinear interactions between surge current and elevation as well as between surge currents themselves. Moreover, the responses of these factors to different kinds of typhoon tracks and water depths are discussed in more detail, and the effects of grid size on the computed results demonstrated.     

Wave interaction with tension leg platforms

The design of deep water offshore platforms requires the analysis of wave-structure interaction phenomena which have not been as critical for shallower water platform designs. In the case of tension leg platforms (TLPs) interaction phenomena such as wave run-up on the vertical legs and the amplification of the waves beneath the deck are major design considerations. The research investigation reported here focuses on a series of small scale wave tank tests on four column TLP models examining these phenomena. The role of vertical leg spacing and comparative tests of the TLP models with and without pontoons was investigated. As the vertical legs were moved closer an increase in wave run-up and a shifting of the incident wave period corresponding to the maximum wave upwelling were noted. Comparisons with wave measurements for single cylinders from previous experimental studies and the TLP configurations used in this study are presented. A design formula for estimating wave run-up on TLPs is suggested based upon these experiments. The wave run-up on a leg directly in the wake of another leg is presented. A comparison of the wave upwelling measurements with previously published numerical results are discussed. A wave uplift force model which allows for the inclusion of the experimentally obtained wave upwelling measurements is presented and discussed with regard to the design specification of platform deck elevation.     

Response cumulant analysis of a linear oscillator driven by Morison force

A frequency-domain cumulant spectral analysis method is developed in this study to estimate the higher-order statistics of the linear oscillator responses driven by Morison wave force. The fourth-order cumulant function of the nonlinear drag force is formulated in terms of the autocorrelation functions of water particle velocity. Price's theorem is applied to evaluate the associated higher-order joint moments. Three-dimensional Fourier Transforms are employed to obtain the trispectra of Morison force and oscillator responses. The estimated force and response kurtosis are in good agreement with those obtained from time-domain simulations; while the proposed method is found to be much more efficient. The numerical results also show that the drag force cubicization based on the least square approximation results in an overestimation of the kurtosis values; in addition, it is necessary to include the joint moments of order higher than eighth.     

A Probabilistic Method for Motion Analysis of Caisson Breakwaters

1 .IntroductionInrecent years ,especiallyfrom1994 when aninternational conference on breakwater design washeldinJapan,muchresearchonthe dynamic analysis of caisson breakwaters has been done ,and manyimportant progresses have been made .Oumeraci and Korten…     

Difference-frequency wave loads on a large body in multi-directional waves

The second-order difference-frequency wave forces on a large three-dimensional body in multi-directional waves are computed by the boundary integral equation method and the so-called FML formulation (assisting radiation potential method). Semi-analytic solutions for a bottom-mounted vertical circular cylinder are also developed to validate the numerical method. Difference-frequency wave loads on a bottom-mounted vertical cylinder and stationary four legs of the ISSC tension-leg platform (TLP) are presented for various combinations of incident wave frequencies and headings. These force quadratic transfer functions (QTF) can directly be used in studying slowly varying wave loads in irregular short-crested seas described by a particular directional spectrum. From our numerical results, it is seen that the slowly varying wave loads are in general very sensitive to the directional spreading function of the sea, and therefore wave directionality needs to be taken into account in relevant ocean engineering applications. It is also pointed out that the uni-directionality of the sea is not necessarily a conservative assumption when the second-order effects are concerned.     

Vibrating-Sliding Motion of Caisson Breakwaters Under Various Breaking Wave Impact Forces

Sliding is one of the principal failure types of caisson breakwaters and is an essential content of stability examination in caisson breakwater design. Herein, the mass-spring-dashpot model of caisson-base system is used to simulate the vi-brating-sliding motion of the caisson under various types of breaking wave impact forces, i.e., single peak impact force, double peak impact force, and shock-damping oscillation impact force. The effects of various breaking wave impacts and the sliding motion on the dynamic response behaviors of caisson breakwaters are investigated and the calculation of relevant system parameters is discussed. It is shown that the dynamic responses of the caisson are significantly different under different types of breaking wave impact forces even when the amplitudes of impact forces are equal. The amplitude of dynamic response of the caisson is lower under single peak impact excitation than that under double peak impact or shock-damping oscillation impact excitation. Though the disp     

An addition to the genus Boeckella (Copepoda) in New Zealand

Boeckella minuta is recorded from the Wellington water supply. Salient characteristics are described, and female and male fifth legs are figured.