Tetrad effect in rare earth element distribution patterns: Evidence from the Paleozoic granitoids of the Oka zone,Eastern Sayan

The tetrad effect is a systematic change in REE properties, which is expressed as a split of a normalized REE pattern into four rounded segments (tetrads) and caused by the formation of complex compounds. It was identified in the granitoids of the Oka zone of the Eastern Sayan by ICP determination of REE contents. The granitoids have a high F content, a prominent negative Eu anomaly, and a low K/Rb ratio. An increase in the tetrad effect in the granitoids correlates with increasing Nb/Zr, Y/Ho, and Rb/Sr ratios and SiO₂ contents and decreasing Zr/Hf, Ce/Pb, La/Sm, and La/Ta ratios and the contents of Fe₂O₃ and Na₂O. In terms of correlation of the tetrad effect with the Y/Ho, Zr/Hf, and K/Rb ratios, the Li-F and alkali rare metal granitoids of the Oka zone are correlated with, respectively, the granitoids of the northern and northwestern part of the Bohemian Massif, eastern Germany, and the Baerzhe Massif, northeastern China.     

南岭地区钨锡铌钽花岗岩及其成矿作用

在晚侏罗世时,南岭地区发生了与花岗岩有关的钨锡铌钽大规模成矿作用。依据花岗岩的岩石学、地球化学及其矿化特征,可将南岭地区含钨锡铌钽花岗岩划分为三个主要类型：含钨花岗岩、含锡钨花岗岩和含钽铌花岗岩。含钨花岗岩的地球化学特征可归纳为铝过饱和,低Ba+Sr 和TiO2,轻重稀土比值低,铕亏损强烈,富Y 和Rb,Rb/Sr 比值高,分异强烈。含锡钨花岗岩总体特征表现为TiO2 含量高,准铝质—弱过铝质,轻重稀土比值和CaO/(K2O+Na2O)比值高,富高场强元素、稀土、Ba+Sr 和Rb,低Rb/Sr 比值,分异演化程度较低。含钽铌花岗岩的地球化学特征主要为TiO2 含量和CaO/(K2O+Na2O)比值低,Al2O3/TiO2 和Rb/Sr 比值明显偏高,强过铝质,贫Ba+Sr、稀土和高场强元素,铕亏损强烈,明显富Rb 和Nb,高度分异演化。三类含矿花岗岩具有明显不同的演化特征,成矿作用与它们的演化密切相关。黑云母花岗岩主要与锡成矿作用有关,二云母花岗岩和白云母花岗岩主要产生钨矿化或锡钨共生矿化,钠长石花岗岩主要与钽铌或锡（钨）钽铌矿化有关。总结了南岭锡钨钽铌矿床的重要类型,提出了绿泥石化花岗岩型锡矿新类型,指出南岭地区要特别注意在含锡钨花岗岩中寻找此类锡矿和云英岩- 石英脉型锡钨矿。     

The chemistry and origin of the Lewisian gneisses of the Scottish mainland: The Scourie and Inver Assemblages and sub-crustal accretion

New chemical data for 21 elements with appropriate factor analyses and new Sr isotope data, together with previously published chemical, geochronological and Pb isotope data are used to re-examine the origin and history of the garnet-pyroxene granulites of the Scottish Mainland Lewisian and their amphibolised equivalents. The quartz-dioritic average composition is allied to chemical variations which bear resemblances to a calc-alkalic differentiation trend, but the behaviour of Na, K, Sr, Zr, Zn and Cr differ from a standard volcanic pattern. The arguments used hitherto in favour of a volcanic or sedimentary origin or both, are rejected in favour of a modified plutonic igneous hypothesis in which magma was accreted to a primitive crust from below in an underplating process, with crystallisation occurring under granulite-facies conditions accompanied by synchronous deformation. As a result, the primitive andesitic magma crystallised directly to rock singularly devoid of some incompatible elements, especially K, Rb, Nb, Y, Th and U. The garnet-pyroxene granulites of the Scourie assemblage have exceptionally high K/Rb and Ca/Y ratios, and low K/Ba and K/Sr ratios to a degree unusual even in the granulite facies elsewhere. The extreme deficiency in Rb and U has led to a ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio today of only 0.7021 ± 0.0004 and to equally primitive Pb isotope ratios. These latter may indicate an age-stratified crust with older isotopic ages at the top, compatible with an underplating process occurring over a considerable period, which we name slow sub-crustal accretion.Subsequent to the development of the Scourie assemblage, release of stored stresses led to near-isochemical metamorphism in a succession of shear zones with the formation of the amphibolite-facies Inver assemblage. On its northern margin, adjacent to the more alkaline Laxford assemblage, enrichment in Li, K and Rb occurred in Inver assemblage rocks, a phenomenon not seen elsewhere.     

Chemistry of Aerosols over Chukchi Sea and Bering Sea

The contents of elements in aerosols sampled during the First Chinese Arctic Research Expedition (CHINARE-1) show great differences from one element to another. Na, K,Ca, Mg, A1, F, and Cl are the major components in the aerosols, whose contents are larger than 30 ng/m^3. The chemical elements whose contents vary between 0.1 - 30 ng/m^3 are Br,Sr, Cr, Ni, and Zn. The chemical elements whose contents are close to or slightly higher than 0.1 ng/m^3 are Rb, Ba, Zr, Th, and Pb. The contents of As, Sb, W, Mo, Au, La, Ce, Nd,Sin, Eu, Tb, Yb, Lu, Sc, Co, Hf, Ta, and Cd are less than 0.1 ng/m^3. The mass concentration data for the same element, as observed during CHINARE-1, are almost accordant, but much lower than what is observed in the China‘ s seas or the coasts of China. The enrichment factor and electron microscopic analyses and lead isotope tracing were used to distinguish their sources.Four groups of sources can be classified as follows: anthropogenic: As, Sb, W, F, Mo, Au,Cu, Pb, Cd, V; crustal: La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb, Lu, Fe, Sc, Cr, Co, Ba, Zr, Hf,Ta, Cs, Mn, Th, U; oceanic:Na, K, Ca, and Mg; and mixing: Rb, Sr, Ca, and Mg.     

The Ashele VMS-type Cu-Zn Deposit in Xinjiang,NW China Formed in a Rifted Arc Setting

The Ashele Cu-Zn deposit is a typical VMS deposit in Chinese Altay located in the southern margin of the Altaid orogen. The deposit occurred in the polyphase fold system, and the main orebody is located at the hinge of the syncline. All orebodies show lenticular form, and are stratabound by a suite of early to middle Devonian bimodal volcanic rocks. The hosting basalt is low K tholeiite and characterized with high Mg, Fe, Ca and low K, Ti. These basalts show flat REE pattern with Ce negative anomaly (Ce/Ce* 0.73–0.76). Niobium, Ta, Zr, Hf are depleted and Rb, Ba, Th, U, Sr, Pb are enriched with respect to the N-MORB. Both the Sr and Nd isotopes show depleted properties, while the (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i and the ε_Nd(t) range from 0.70469 to 0.70488 and 4.6 to 5.3, respectively. All geochemical and isotopic data from the hosting basalt show that it originates from an island arc source. We also report the S isotope data from the massive orebody, and δ³⁴S‰ change from 1.8‰ to 5.6‰. The S isotope data provide evidence that the sulfur originates from a mixing source between magma and seawater sulfate. We propose that the mafic magma provides the ore-forming metal and some percentage of sulfur, while it also acts as a heat engine which makes the fluids leach the metal from the underlying volcanic rocks. Combining the geological characteristics of the Ashele and geochemical data, and comparing with other Cu-Zn VMS deposits in the world, we propose that Ashele formed in a rifted arc setting.     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

甘肃北山小西弓金矿区石英正长斑岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄和地球化学特征

通过高精度的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年,获得北山南带小西弓金矿区石英正长斑岩的形成年龄为247.5±2.2Ma,属中三叠世。地球化学分析表明,该岩体为准铝质、钾玄岩系列,主量元素高硅(Si O_2=65.8%~66.2%)、富碱(Na_2O+K_2O=8.99%~9.41%)、低钙(Ca O=1.72%~2.19%)、贫镁(Mg O=0.63%~0.70%);轻稀土元素富集,重稀土元素亏损,弱负Eu异常。大离子亲石元素Rb、Th、U、K和Pb富集,同时Ba、Sr、P、Ti和Eu亏损,并具高104*Ga/Al值和高Zr+Nb+Ce+Y含量,表现出A型花岗岩的特征。北山南带三叠纪岩浆活动强烈,高分异I型-A型花岗岩大量发育,暗示区域内三叠纪处于造山后伸展环境。     

The significance of incompatible elements in mid-Atlantic ridge basalts from 45°N with particular reference to Zr/Nb

K, Rb, Ba, Sr, Y, Zr and Nb have been determined in samples of MORB (mid-ocean ridge basalt) from the mid-Atlantic ridge at 45 °N by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. This suite is characterised by higher concentrations of K, Rb, Ba and Nb (and lower K/Rb, K/Ba and Zr/Nb) than low-K tholeiites (typical MORB) previously described in the literature. Available data from other sources also shows that the 45 °N suite has higher Cs and U contents, rare earth-patterns enriched in the light REE, and higher ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios relative to typical MORB. The inter-element and isotopic ratios of typical MORB have been previously interpreted to imply that these samples have been derived from source areas which have undergone earlier differentiation and/or melting episodes. The 45 °N MORB samples are considered to be derived from more primitive or relatively undepleted mantle. It is noteworthy that these samples have inter-element ratios very similar to those obtained for oceanic island basalts associated with the mid-ocean ridges.The significance of the relative enrichment or depletion of Nb in MORB has not been previously noted and the use of the Zr/Nb ratio to illustrate these effects is emphasised. The abundances of Zr and Nb are apparently unaffected by sea-water alteration and thus the Zr/Nb ratio is potentially a more useful measure of depletion than ratios involving K and Rb, which are very sensitive to sea-water alteration. Brief mention is made of the variation of Zr/Nb in other MORB samples to demonstrate the existence of varying degrees of depletion in the respective source areas of these samples.     

Trace element characteristics of graywackes and tectonic setting discrimination of sedimentary basins

The graywackes of Paleozoic turbidite sequences of eastern Australia show a large variation in their trace element characteristics, which reflect distinct provenance types and tectonic settings for various suites. The tectonic settings recognised are oceanic island arc, continental island arc, active continental margin, and passive margins. Immobile trace elements, e.g. La, Ce, Nd, Th, Zr, Nb, Y, Sc and Co are very useful in tectonic setting discrimination. In general, there is a systematic increase in light rare earth elements (La, Ce, Nd), Th, Nb and the Ba/Sr, Rb/Sr, La/Y and Ni/Co ratios and a decrease in V, Sc and the Ba/Rb, K/Th and K/U ratios in graywackes from oceanic island arc to continental island arc to active continental margin to passive margin settings. On the basis of graywacke geochemistry, the optimum discrimination of the tectonic settings of sedimentary basins is achieved by La-Th, La-Th-Sc, Ti/Zr-La/Sc, La/Y-Sc/Cr, Th-Sc-Zr/10 and Th-Co-Zr/10 plots. The analysed oceanic island arc graywackes are characterised by extremely low abundances of La, Th, U, Zr, Nb; low Th/U and high La/Sc, La/Th, Ti/Zr, Zr/Th ratios. The studied graywackes of the continental island arc type setting are characterised by increased abundances of La, Th, U, Zr and Nb, and can be identified by the La-Th-Sc and La/Sc versus Ti/Zr plots. Active continental margin and passive margin graywackes are discriminated by the Th-Sc-Zr/10 and Th-Co-Zr/10 plots and associated parameters (e.g. Th/Zr, Th/Sc). The most important characteristic of the analysed passive margin type graywackes is the increased abundance of Zr, high Zr/Th and lower Ba, Rb, Sr and Ti/Zr ratio compared to the active continental margin graywackes.     

X射线荧光光谱法同时测定土壤样品中的36种组分的探讨

采用粉末压片法制样,使用新型X射线荧光光谱仪,对土壤样品中的C、N、S、Cl、Na、Mg、Al、Si、K、Ca、Fe、As、Ba、Br、Ce、Co、Cr、Cu、Ga、Hf、La、Mn、Nb、Ni、P、Pb、Rb、Sc、Sr、Th、Ti、U、V、Y、Zn、Zr等36种组分的直接同时测试进行了探讨测试。研究了测试中各种分析条件及存在问题。结果表明,方法的检出限、精密度和准确度大多数满足多目标地球化学调查样品分析质量的要求,标准物质的测定值与其标准值相吻合,适合土壤样品中多组分的同时直接测定。     

Characteristics of geochemical evolution of trace elements and REE in Gejiu granites,Yunnan Province

The evolution characteristics of Gejiu granites, Yunnan Province are described in terms of their petrology, especially their trace elements and REE geochemistry. The three major types of Gejiu granites: porphyritic biotite monzonitic granite (stage I), medium-coarse-grained biotite-K-feldspar granite (stage II) and two-mica alkali-feldspar granite (stage III) are thought to have been formed successively from the same granite magma source through fractional crystallization (Rayliegh fractionation), because linear correlations are found between log(Rb/Sr)-log Sn, log(Rb/Ba)-log Sn, log(Rb/Ba)-log(Rb/Sr), log La-log Sr, log Ce-log Sr, log Eu-log Sr, etc. In addition, the characteristics of REE distribution patterns in these three major types of granites also reflect the magmatic differentiation features of Gejiu granites. Of the three major types, the two-mica alkali-feldspar granite of stage III underwent the strongest differentiation, and thus has the closest genetic relationship with the Gejiu tin-polymetallic ore deposit. Such tin-polymetal mineralized granites are characterized by high Rb/Sr and Rb/Ba ratios, low K/Rb and ΣCe/ΣY ratios and remarkable Eu depletion.     

Minipal 4便携式能量色散X射线荧光光谱仪在勘查地球化学中的应用

使用粉末样品压片制样，用Minipal 4便携式能量色散X射线荧光光谱仪测定化探样品尹的Na2O、MgO、Al2O3、SiO2、CaO、Fe2O3、K2O、As、Ba、Br、Ce、Co、Cr、Cu、Ga、La、Mn、Nb、Ni、P、Pb、Rb、Sr、Th、V、Y、Zn、Zr、Ti、Mo等30种组分。方法简便、快速，分析结果的精度和准确度能满足野外现场分析的要求。     

海南岛中元古代花岗岩地球化学及成因研究

海南岛中元古代花岗岩岩体主要由二长花岗岩、花岗冈长岩等岩石组成，构成一个明显的 自花岗岩向花岗闪长岩和英云闪长岩的岩浆演化系列及钙碱性演化趋势。该岩体为一套板块碰撞 后隆起期原地一半原地过铝质花岗岩。是板块碰撞引起的地壳增厚升温和随之的玄武岩浆底侵加 热联合作用下，主要由抱板群变质沉积岩及斜长角闪片麻岩部分融熔、并在幔源物质的参与下形 成的，所形成的花岗质岩浆在“走滑扩容泵吸”机制驱动下沿戈枕剪切带上升、固结就位，因而具壳 幔二元混合成因特点。化学成分以高 ＳｉＯ２、Ｋ２Ｏ、Ｒｂ、Ｂａ、Ｔａ、Ｃｅ和贫Ｐ、Ｔｉ、Ｚｒ、Ｓｒ、Ｆｅ２Ｏ３＋ＦｅＯ、 ＭｇＯ、ＣａＯ为特征；元素比值Ｚｒ／Ｎｂ、Ｌａ／Ｎｂ、Ｂａ／Ｎｂ、Ｒｂ／Ｎｂ、Ｋ／Ｎｂ、Ｂａ／Ｌａ及Ｃｒ、Ｃｏ、Ｎｉ、Ｖ均接近 大陆中下地壳成分，Ｒｂ、Ｓｒ、Ｂａ、Ｔａ、Ｚｒ及比值Ｋ／Ｓｒ、Ｒｂ／Ｓｒ石ｒ／Ｂａ变化范围小，反映岩浆源区成分 或熔融方式上的一致性；轻重稀土较强分馏，负铕异常明显，稀土配分模式总体相似，呈左高右低 型，和抱板群变质沉积岩稀上元素组成基本一致；εＮｄ（ｔ）值普遍高于抱板群地层，（８７Ｓｒ／８６Ｓｒ）ｉ值变化 大，暗示幔源参与信息。结合抱板群变基性火山岩的     

Trace-element data relevant to the origin of trachytic and pantelleritic lavas in the East African Rift system

Determination of the trace-elements Ba, Ce, La, Nb, Rb, Sr and Zr have been made on lavas from six trachytic and pantelleritic volcanoes in the Kenyan and Ethiopian Rifts. Consideration of these data shows that Ce, La, Nb and Zr have behaved as truly residual elements. In the peralkaline suites examined, plotting other chemical parameters against a residual-element such as Zr appears to be informative. The individual residual-element ratios are constant at any one volcano suggesting that the salic and basic lavas are geochemieally related and that the trachytes and pantellerites do not have an origin independent of the associated basalts.Different values of individual residual-element ratios characterize different groups of volcanic centres. In the northern part of the Kenyan Rift, progressive change in these ratios with time can be traced.In the salic lavas, Ba and Sr show patterns of extreme depletion relative to the alkali basalts and these data suggest that the salic rocks are the result of protracted crystal-fractionation.The relative volumes of the extruded lava-types are discussed and it is suggested that the trachytic and pantelleritic centres developed above cupolas of salic magma situated on top of a large basaltic reservoir. It is likely that the preponderance of salic rocks and the scarcity of lavas of intermediate composition are not criteria by which one can rule out an origin of differentiation by crystal-fractionation.     

Statistical assessment of geochemical pattern in overbank sediments of the river Sava,Croatia

Four overbank profiles from the three terraces of different age were sampled in 10 to 20 cm intervals for the bulk content of major and minor (Ca, Mg, Fe, Ti, Al, Na, K and P) and trace (Mo, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Co, Mn, As, U, Th, Sr, Cd, Sb, V, La, Cr, Ba, W, Zr, Ce, Sn, Y, Nb, Ta, Sc, Li, Rb and Hf) elements in the minus 0.125 mm fraction. Univariate statistics together with analysis of variance discriminated between the lower-lying carbonate (CA) population dominantly composed of carbonates and the overlying silicate (SI) population being dominantly of silicate mineralogy. This stratified pattern resulted from the intensive erosive action of melting glaciers exerted on limestones and dolomites in the alpine region, followed by local inputs mainly of silicate composition. Elements exhibiting the greatest between-population variability are Ca and Mg being enriched in the CA population and Fe, Mn, P, Sr, Al, Na, K, Li, Rb, Y, Zr, Ni, Cr and Ti being enriched in the SI population. Anomalously high Hg, Pb and Ba concentrations (maximum values: 6,500±2,860 ppb, 225±13 ppm and 1,519±91 ppm, respectively) in the lowermost part of the profile S7, which is nearest to the Croatian-Slovenian border, derive from the mineralized Slovenian catchment area. This profile also contains trimodal frequency distributions of Fe, Mn and P whose highest concentrations coincide with increased values of Zn and Cu which are bimodally distributed. Geochemical patterns of majority of elements in all four profiles consistently reflect the average compositions of the upstream drainage basins.     

Additional estimates of continental surface Precambrian shield composition in Canada

New trace element analyses have been made on the composite Canadian Precambrian shield samples reported in 1967.The overall mean abundance of Cr has been revised to 35 ppm (from 99). New abundances similar to 1967 values are (in ppm): Ni, 19; Co, 12; Cu, 14; Zr, 300; Sr, 315; Ba, 1070; Rb, 110: individual 1967 Rb values were erroneous.Elements not previously determined have the following overall mean values (in ppm): Zn, 52; Sc, 7.0; Nb, 26; Hf, 6.9; La, 32; Ce, 65; Nd, 26; Sm, 4.5; Eu, 0.94; Gd, 2.8; Tb, 0.48; Ho, 0.62; Yb, 1.5; Lu, 0.23; Y, 21; Pb, 17; values in ppb are: Ir, 0.02; Au, 1.8; Tl, 520.Clear positive correlations among Mg-Cr-Ni-Ir-Au appear for all rock-types, marble and quartzite as well as mafic igneous. Regional differences are apparent for several elements: e.g. higher Au, Ir, Cr, Ni in Baffin Island and Northern Quebec composites, compared with Saskatchewan and Southwestern Quebec; high Ti, Zn, Nb, Zr, Hf, REE, Y, Sr, K/T1 abundances and negative Eu anomalies in Southwestern Quebec.The overall REE abundances (omitting Southwestern Quebec) differ from other surface continental crustal rock estimates.     

Application of radionuclide energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence analysis in geochemical prospecting

A mobile radionuclide energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence has been tested for its applicability as a field method for analysis of stream sediments and soil samples in geochemical prospecting. An instrument mounted in a four-wheel drive truck is described. Extensive investigations of interferences and their elemination were carried out. The method and system have been successfully tested for the elements Cu, Zn, As, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Sn, Cs, Ba, La, Ce and Pb.     

大兴安岭南端红山子盆地流纹岩的成因:元素和Sr-Nd-Pb同位素制约

红山子晚侏罗世早期火山盆地位于西拉木伦河-长春缝合带以南、康宝-围场-赤峰-开原断裂带以北的辽源地块,其中赋存铀钼矿床的流纹岩为肉红色流纹岩和灰白色流纹岩。为了查明流纹岩的物质来源和形成的构造背景,本文分析了流纹岩的主量元素、微量元素、稀土元素和Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成。分析结果显示：流纹岩具有高SiO₂、K₂O和Fe₂O₃/FeO值,低Al₂O₃、CaO和MgO的特征,肉红色流纹岩比灰白色流纹岩的SiO₂含量略低、（K₂O+Na₂O）含量高和Fe₂O₃/FeO值略高;肉红色流纹岩和灰白色流纹岩均有较高的稀土含量,明显富集轻稀土,显著亏损铕;高场强元素Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、Ce、Y、Ga和大离子亲石元素Rb、Th、U的含量较高,但大离子亲石元素Ba、Sr的含量低且变化较大,具有A₁型流纹岩、低Sr-Ba流纹岩和板内拉张构造流纹岩的微量元素特征;具有较小的（⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr）_i、较高的ε_Nd（t）、较年轻的T_DM2和较低的（²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb）_i、（²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb）_i、（²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb）_i,指示流纹岩是源于EMⅠ富集地幔的中元古代年轻下地壳部分熔融的产物,并在岩浆过程中经历了结晶分异。肉红色流纹岩和灰白色流纹岩的差异可能与年轻下地壳物质的成分差异有关。     

Trace-element behavior during weathering of leucite in potassic rocks from the Roccamonfina volcano (Campania, southern Italy) and environmental implications

Trace-element contents in leucite and its alteration mineral phases from the Quaternary potassic rocks of the Roccamonfina volcano have been determined. The dominant weathering phase of leucite is analcite. In the early stages of the conversion process, it concentrates mainly Rb and Sr with minor amounts of Ba, Ni, V, Zn, La, Ce and Zr. At more advanced stages of the conversion process, only Rb and Y persist, while all other elements (except Cu and Cr that are essentially immobile) are lost, particularly Zn and to a lesser extent La, Ce and Nd. Besides analcite, leucite may also subordinately alter to halloysite. This probably occurs by interaction of waters of low cation/H⁺ ratio. Halloysite concentrates mainly Sr and, to a lower extent, Ba. Environmental implications are significant only for K, as the release of this element to groundwaters increases greatly the fertility of soils.     

青藏高原中部2.8Ma以来的化学风化与环境演化的湖泊沉积记录

对采自青藏高原中部错鄂湖泊钻孔近200m以上深处、形成于2.8Ma以来的沉积岩岩芯中Sr,Rb,Zr含量变化及Rb/Sr,Zr/Rb比进行了研究,并结合其岩性、粒度、粘土矿物组成,分析了该地区2.8Ma来化学风化的相对强度和古环境演化过程。研究表明,2.8Ma来青藏高原中部的环境经历了3个演化阶段：在深约197－170m(2.8-2.5Ma)岩性段,低Sr含量,高Rb/Sr和Zr/Rb比揭示的是较弱的化学风化过程,反映了与当时强烈的高原隆升运动有关;在约170－38.5m（约2.5-0.8Ma)段,高Sr含量,低Rb/Sr和Zr/Rb比记录的是该流域较强的化学风化阶段,与高原在稳定期中部总体处于温湿或凉湿的环境下的结论吻合;在38.5-0m（约0.8-0Ma)段,总体Sr含量处于相对低值,Rb/Sr比相对较高,化学风化相对较弱,表明高原中部处于较寒冷的环境之中,高原整体已隆升到4000m以上。