东祁连造山带陆相盆地早白垩世古地磁新结果及其构造意义

对东祁连造山带早白垩世红层进行详细的古地磁学及岩石磁学研究, 系统热退磁研究结果表明: 紫红色砂岩的剩磁方向可分离出2～3个磁性分量, 其低温分量在地理坐标下与现今地磁场方向一致; 高温特征方向主要由赤铁矿携带, 19个采点的平均极位置为: λ＝62.2°N, Φ =193.4°E, A95=3.2°, 其在99%置信水平下通过了褶皱检验, 且在95%的置信水平通过了倒转检验; 该极位置在95%置信水平下与Halim等人在该地区的研究结果是一致的; 对比同时代华北、华南、欧亚的古地磁结果表明: 兰州地区相对于华北、华南及欧亚白垩纪后不存在明显的南北向地壳缩短, 但却发生了20°左右的顺时针旋转, 造成这一旋转的原因很可能是印度/欧亚的碰撞挤压造成青藏高原北缘阿尔金断裂发生了大规模的左旋走滑所致.     

河西走廊和阿拉善东缘地区中寒武世古地磁研究的初步结果

用可西走廊和阿拉善地体东缘中寒武世15个采点107块定向岩芯样品,进行岩石磁学实验和古地磁学研究,结果表明,所采样品以磁铁矿为主要载磁矿物,高温特征分量B4组分在95%置信水平下通过了褶皱检验,其构造校正后的方向明显区别于华北地块及河西走廊和阿拉善地区志留纪以来的特征剩磁方向.这一组分对应的古地磁极位置(349.9°E,21.1°N,95%置信圆锥半顶角A95为14.9°)与华北地块同时期的极位置相近,表明河西走廊和阿拉善地体与华北地块主体之间,在中寒武世之后未发生明显的纬向相对运动;但在中寒武世-奥陶纪期间,河西走廊和阿拉善地体相对于华北地块主体仍可能发生15°左右的逆时针旋转.这一旋转作用可能代表了河西走廊和阿拉善地体与华北地块主体的增生过程,最终在晚寒武世形成统一的华北地块.     

鄂尔多斯块体周缘强震活动时空特征及地震危险性分析

采用公元 4 0 0～ 2 0 0 0年MS ≥ 6 .0地震资料 ,研究鄂尔多斯块体周缘 ( 34°～ 4 2°N ,1 0 4 .5°～ 1 1 4 .5°E)强震活动时空特征 .结果表明 ,鄂尔多斯周缘强震活动具有时间分期性、时空迁移有序性、填空性与重复性、大地震等间隔分布特点 .地震危险性分析表明下一个 7级地震可能发生在北部边缘的阴山地震带两端 .     

青藏高原羌北地块晚古生代古地磁研究的初步结果

羌塘地区是解决特提斯的演化和冈瓦纳大陆与欧亚大陆界线问题的关键地区.对青藏高原羌北地块晚古生代及早三叠世剖面（33.7°N,86.7°E）15个采点163块砂岩、灰岩和安山岩定向样品进行了系统的古地磁学实验研究.结果表明：样品中主要载磁矿物为赤铁矿和磁铁矿.在逐步热退磁和热-交变混合退磁过程中,大部分样品的剩磁具有明显的双分量特征,低温分量方向在地理坐标系下接近于现代地磁场偶极子场（PEF）方向,很可能是粘滞剩磁;高温分量显著不同于PEF方向.部分样品具有单分量特征,并与双分量样品的高温分量方向一致.高温特征剩磁分量可通过95%置信度的倒转检验和99%置信度的褶皱检验,并且有岩脉检验,应代表岩石形成时的原生剩磁.羌北古地磁极位置：晚石炭世（31.8°S,45.7°E,（dp=3.9,dm=2.1））;早、中二叠世（31.7°S,46.8°E,（dp=16.9,dm=9.2））;晚二叠世（34.4°S,54.1°E,（dp=12.5,dm=6.9））;早三叠世（16.9°S,22.5°E（dp=9.2,dm=4.9））.     

沈阳及其附近地区小震复合震源机制解

在收集了沈阳及其附近地区 (12 1°30′～ 12 4°30′E ,4 1°～ 4 3°N)已有地震震源机制解成果的基础上 ,利用MAPSIS系统提供的P波初动求解方法 ,求解了 1974年 12月～ 2 0 0 1年 12月期间 ,该区域小震复合震源机制解 (平均解 )。结果表明 ,研究区主压应力轴P轴集中分布在NEE SWW方向 ,主张应力轴T轴集中分布在NNW SSE方向 ,这与本地区区域应力场的方向一致。     

羌北地块中-晚侏罗世雁石坪群古地磁新结果

本文报道青藏高原羌北地区中-晚侏罗世雁石坪群古地磁新结果.对采自青海省格尔木市唐古拉山乡雁石坪剖面(33.6°N, 92.1°E)11个灰岩采点(118块)和10个碎屑岩采点(99块)定向样品系统古地磁学研究表明,大部分样品的退磁曲线具有双分量特征.低温分量方向在地理坐标系下较为集中,应该为地层褶皱之后的黏滞剩磁.高温特征剩磁分量方向可分为两类:(1)索瓦组(J₃s)和布曲组(J₂b)灰岩,以磁铁矿为主要载磁矿物,高温特征剩磁分量(D_s=355.7°,I_s=42.1°,k=58.2,α₉₅=6°)可通过99%置信度的褶皱检验.(2)雪山组(J₂x)和雀莫错组(J₂q)碎屑岩,以赤铁矿、磁铁矿为主要载磁矿物,高温特征剩磁分量(D_s=3.3°,I_s=28.9°,k=30.7,α₉₅=8.9°)可通过95%置信度的倒转检验和99%置信度的褶皱检验.两组分量都应该是岩石形成时的原生剩磁信息.碎屑岩组的磁倾角比灰岩组偏低13°左右,其剩磁方向很可能存在着与压实作用相关的剩磁倾角变浅的状况.本文取灰岩组平均磁化方向作为雁石坪群的原生剩磁分量,获得羌北地区雁石坪群古磁极位置:80.0°N,295.2°E(dp/dm=7.4/4.5).古地磁结果表明,羌北-昌都地区晚石炭-晚二叠世期间位于南纬中低纬度地区,早三叠世以后开始大规模北向漂移,至中-晚侏罗世已到达24.3°N.其快速北向运动主要发生在早三叠至早侏罗世期间(3500 km左右),与现今位置相比中晚侏罗世之后的北向迁移总量为900 km左右.     

2003年6月首都圈地区ML≥2.0地震动态

根据中国地震局分析预报中心提供的资料 ,2 0 0 3年 6月首都圈地区 ( 38 0°～ 4 1 0°N ,1 1 3 0°～ 1 2 0 0°E)共发生ML≥ 2 0地震 1 6次 (见表 1 ) ,其中ML≥ 3 0地震有 4次。 2 1日 2 0时 1 3分唐山ML3 8地震是本月最显著的事件。首都圈本月地震活动频次低于上月 ,处于中等偏高水平。能量释放处于中等水平 ,震中主要在 39 0°～ 4 0 0°N之间成东西方向的带状内分布。表 1　 2 0 0 3年 6月首都圈地区ML≥ 2 0地震序号发　震　时　刻年月日时分秒震中位置φN/°　　　　λE/°震级ML震　中0 12 0 0 3 0 6 0 1T12 30 194…     

远东地区地磁场的长期变化

本文根据远东地区33个地磁台近20年(1960—1980)年均值的资料,经过11年滑动平均及时间二次项拟合的处理,采用戴劳级数二阶模型和网格化,编制了远东和中国及其邻近地区1965.0—1975.0年代各要素等变线图,结果表明,1975.0年代远东地区长期变化可能在同一源场内出现了两个负值焦点。一个焦点位于中国的中部(45°N,120°E),另一个焦点位于印度半岛之南(30°N,80°E),同时,在中国境内地磁场的年变率,北向强度为~(-(10-15)nT)/年,东向强度为~(-(0-6)nT)/年,垂直强度为~(-(30-40)nT)/年。此外,本文还根据远东地区4个地磁台近100年的资料,编绘了地磁场随时间变化图和长期变化的极谱图,并提出了各台长期变化极谱图的一些特征。     

青藏高原地区的P、S波与上地幔性质

天然地震的 P、S 波在青藏高原地区的传播特征表明:(1)在高原地区不存在明显的“影区”现象;(2)振幅随距离的变化,在10°～12°出现极小值,在20°附近出现极大值;(3)2°到30°的走时曲线可以用4段直线来描述,推断的上地幔结构为:界面深度(公里) P 波速度(公里/秒) S 波速度(公里/秒) Vp/Vs53±2 8.15±0.03 4.58±0.03 1.78196±36 8.37±0.08 4.59±0.11 1.82463±83 9.68±O.19 5.37±0.34 1.80736±121 11.21±0.26 6.19±0.20 1.81(4)高原地区上地幔顶层的温度可达800℃～1000℃,岩石层的厚度约为200公里。文中还简要地讨论了本文结果的构造意义。     

扬子地块中寒武世古地磁新结果

对采自四川北部旺苍-南江地区(32.14°N,106.17°E)中寒武世陡坡寺组12个采点的120块定向标本进行的系统岩石磁学和古地磁学研究表明:紫红色细砂岩的剩磁方向表现为单分量(D=29.3°, I=-19.4°,k=283.7,α₉₅=7.3°),所对应的古地磁极位置(39.5°N,247.3°E,置信椭圆为:dp=4.0°,dm=7.6°)与扬子地块晚二叠世极位置基本重合.红色泥岩的剩磁方向由两个组分携带,其中低温剩磁分量在地理坐标下与现代地磁场方向基本一致;高温剩磁分量(D=129.1°, I=23.6°,k=44.6,α₉₅=7.8°)可通过褶皱检验,对应的古地磁极位置为39.5°S,185.1°E,(置信椭圆为:dp=4.4°,dm=8.3°),我们认为扬子地块在中寒武世处在南半球低纬度地区.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.     

Scenario predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong

Historical earthquakes noted in the written records of the South China region, including Hong Kong, are not well delineated along identified prominent fault sources. Despite the lack of any definitive, localised trend in the spatial distribution of seismic activity in the region, there does appear to be some major disparity in the seismic activity rates (especially for large magnitude earthquakes) between the near-field and the far-field regions of Hong Kong. Despite this observation, previous studies of the regional seismic activity and seismic ground motion hazard (the latter using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) have considered very broad source zone regions, in which uniform levels of seismic activity have been assumed. The present paper further scrutinises this broad source zone (BSZ) approach by adopting a novel expanding circular disc (ECD) method to determine the rates of earthquake recurrence. Such a method is intended to counter-check previously developed models by determining earthquake scenario events in terms of magnitude–distance (M–R) pairs or combinations, having defined values of average return period. Unlike the BSZ approach, the ECD method specifically accounts for the supposed variations in the seismic activity rates between events in the near-field and the far-field of Hong Kong.The form of the developed method is particularly suited to the determination of design-level earthquake ground motions for bedrock sites, since it assumes a directionally-independent attenuation model as described in the companion paper. It is found that, whilst the BSZ approach may indicate the overall average levels of hazard that are representative of the South China region as a whole, it does not capture the large disparity in seismic activity rates between near-field and far-field events. This important feature is expected to have a significant impact upon engineering assessments of the seismic safety of structures in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the South China region. For example, it is found that for events with M≥6, the seismic activity rate (normalised by time and area) in the very far-field is around 3.5 times larger than in the near-field and medium-field of Hong Kong. The resulting design M-R combinations, covering a range of return periods from 70 to 2500 years, are limited, for very long return periods and for distant events, by the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) magnitude. Intensive research to determine this seismic hazard parameter is recommended, in order to refine further the results of the ECD analysis, which presently conservatively assumes the MCE to range between M=6 in the near-field of Hong Kong to M=8 in the very far-field, at distances greater than 280 km from Hong Kong.     

Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia

Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia.     

THEORETICAL APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION OF THE INFILTRATION PROBLEM

ABSTRACT

The one-dimensional transient downward entry of water in unsaturated soils is investigated theoretically. The mathematical equation describing the infiltration process is derived by combining Darcy's dynamic equation of motion with the continuity and thermodynamic state equations adjusted for the unsaturated flow conditions. The resulting equation together with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions constitues a mathematical initial boundary value problem requiring the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation of the parabolic type. The volumetric water content is taken as the dependent variable and the time and the position along the vertical direction are taken as the independent variables. The governing equation is of such nature that a solution exists for t > 0 and is uniquely determined if two relationships are defined, together with the specified state of the system, at the initial time t = 0 and at the two boundaries. The two required relations are those of pressure versus permeability and pressure versus volumetric water content.

Since the partial differential equation has strong non-linear terms, a discrete solution is obtained by approximating the derivatives with finite-differences at discrete mesh points in the solution domain and integrated for the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The use of an implicit difference scheme is employed in order to generate a system of simultaneous non-linear equations that has to be solved for each time increment. For n mesh points the two boundary conditions provide two equations and the repetition of the recurrence formula provides n—2 equations, the total being n equations for each time increment. The solution of the system is obtained by matrix inversion and particularly with a back-substitution technique. The FORTRAN statements used for obtaining the solution with an electronic digital computer (IBM 704) are presented together with the input data.

Analysis of the errors involved in the numerical solution is made and the stability and convergence of the solution of the approximate difference equation to that of the differential equation is investigated. The method applied is that of making a Fourier series expansion of a whole line of errors and then following the progress of the general term of the series expansion and also the behavior of each constituent harmonic. The errors (forming a continuous function of points in an abstract Banach space) are represented by vectors with the Fourier coefficients constituting a second Banach space. The amplification factor of the difference equation is shown to be always less than unity which guarantees the stability of the employed implicit recurrence scheme.

Experiments conducted on a vertical column packed uniformly with very fine sand, show a satisfactory agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained values. Many experimental results are shown in an attempt to explain the infiltration phenomenon with emphasis on the shape and movement of the wet front, and the effects of the degree of compaction, initial water content and deaired water on the infiltration rate.     

Late Permian post‐ophiolitic trondhjemites from Central Iran: a mark of subduction role in growth of Paleozoic continental crust

Late Permian trondhjemites in the Anarak area occur as stocks and dykes, which cross cut the Anarak ophiolite and its overlying metasedimentary rocks, and are exposed along the northern Anarak east–west main faults. These leucocratic intrusive bodies have enclaves of all ophiolitic units and metamorphic rocks. They are composed of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase), quartz, zircon and muscovite. Secondary minerals are chlorite (pycnochlorite), epidote, albite, magnetite and calcite. Whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element analyses reveal that they are characterized by high SiO ₂ (67.8–71.0 wt%), Al ₂ O ₃ (14.9–17.1 wt%) and Na ₂ O (5.3–8.6 wt%), low K ₂ O (0.1–1.5 wt%; average: 0.8 wt%), low Rb/Sr ratio (0.01–0.40; average: 0.09), low Y (3–6 ppm), negative Ti, Nb and Ta anomalies, slightly negative or positive Eu anomaly, LREE enrichment and fractionated HREE. These rocks present 2 to 40 times enrichment in inclined chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the Anarak trondhjemites all reflect melting of a mafic protolith at more than 10 kbar. The field evidence and whole‐rock chemistry reveal that these rocks have been crystallized from magmas derived from melting of subducted Anarak oceanic crust. This study reveals that melting of garnet amphibolite was an important element of continent formation in the study area.