用最大风速推测极大风速的方法初探

电接风速仪是目前国内普遍使用的测风仪,但它只能自动记录平均风速,瞬间极大风速必须依靠人工及时读取才能得到。这不但不够方便,而且极大风速漏测的可能性极大;而达因风速仪却能可靠地记录瞬间极大风速。本文从分析电接风速仪的最大风速与达因风速仪的极大风速之间的关系入手,提出了一个由电接风速仪的最大风速推测极大风速的简易计算方法。经实际验证,效果较好。 一、基本资料与对比分析 玉环县坎门气象站位于浙江东南沿海,拔海高度96.2m。该站装有EL型电接风速仪和达因风     

CSAT3三维超声风速仪观测资料质量检验

利用江西省永修县吉山铁塔50 m处CSAT3三维超声风速仪和常规仪器的风观测资料,以及铁塔附近气象观测站同期降水资料,通过对比分析,检验了超声风速仪水平风观测资料质量,还考察了降水(降水强度大于3 mm/h)对观测资料质量的影响。结果表明:超声风速仪观测的水平风速的数值和演变趋势与实际基本一致;超声风速仪观测的风向方位和高频区分布与实际基本吻合。降水期间,风速和风向观测结果与实际仍然一致,降水对超声风速仪的水平风观测资料质量影响不大。     

不同天气条件下脉冲激光风廓线仪测风性能

将2012年5月21日-8月16日广东省湛江市东海岛气象观测站内脉冲激光风廓线仪WINDCUBE V2与气象站内的100 m测风塔进行同步观测试验,在经过观测数据同步性调整、有效性检验和代表性样本筛选基础上,分大小风和有无降雨天气过程,对杯式测风仪、超声风速仪与激光风廓线仪的同步测风数据进行比较,结果显示:脉冲激光风廓线仪与杯式测风仪测量水平风参数的相关性较好,10 min平均风速、风向的线性拟合度均大于0.99,3 s阵风风速的拟合度大于0.96,湍流强度的拟合度大于0.67,风速标准差的拟合度大于0.79;大风情况下,激光风廓线仪对风参数的测量效果更佳。无降雨情况下,激光风廓线仪的测量效果较降雨时略好,10 min降水量小于15 mm的降雨对这款激光风廓线仪的风速、风向、湍流强度、3 s阵风风速的测量没有显著影响,对风速标准差有一定影响。当水平风速增大和有降雨时,激光风廓线仪对垂直速度的测量效果欠佳。该对比分析可为激光风廓线仪观测数据的可靠性提供参考。     

新型多普勒测风激光雷达Windcube的风参数观测与验证

2007年12月11～14日,中国科学院大气物理研究所与法国Leosphere公司在该研究所位于北京市北三环和北四环之间的325 m气象塔试验场内联合开展了一次测风激光雷达Windcube的外场演示试验.Windcube观测数据随后与325 m气象塔上的风杯风速仪测得的风速资料进行了对比,结果是:由两种手段获得的所有6...     

电接风仪一种较难发现的故障现象

电接风仪的风速是通过风杯转动力矩带动风速主轴,使磁钢在定子线圈内转动产生交流电动势来测得的。如果风杯组上的固定用螺钉没有拧紧或时间长久松动或与风速主轴的槽口没有对正,就会造成风速记录失真。在风速较小时,主轴与风杯组孔之间的最大摩擦力矩大于风杯转动力矩,指示器和记录器上都有正常的风速指示和记录,所测资料尚有使用价值。在风速较大时,轴与孔之间的最大摩擦力矩小于风杯转动力矩,使轴与孔之间产生相对转动,风杯有时空转,致使所测风速     

多普勒声雷达测风与直接测量仪器的观测比较

文中对多普勒声雷达测风和325 m铁塔上风速、风向仪及超声风速仪的测量值进行了观测比较。结果表明,当信噪比大于1时,两种方法测量的平均风速、风向的相关较好,风速、风向廓线较为接近;声雷达测量的垂直风速平均值和均方根差比超声风速仪的测量值略偏大。这与国外进行的观测比较结果一致。 需要指出,声雷达和直接测量仪器的观测比较中存在一定差异,特别是对比每一次的观测值就可以看出,在某些情况下还存在明显差异。进一步分析声雷达测风产生偏差的原因,对误差做出合理的订正是十分必要的。     

EN型测风数据处理仪使用的建议

用EN型测风数据处理代替代EL型电接风向风速仪的指示器和记录器,避免了挑取电接风自记纸十分钟风向风速和最大风向风速主观性影响,删除两分钟风向风速观测的人为因素,风向风速实现完全定量观测。但使用中发现如下两种情况须注意: 报警风速是根据阵风风向风速设置,取样采用三秒钟平均风速;航危报报警风速为自动设置,采用当前风向风速即1秒钟风速;风速采样周期不同,报警风速与航危报报警风速有     

我省测风仪器的现状与展望

我省的测风仪器,目前除了省台及九江台仍保留达因测风仪外,其他台站使用的测风仪都是电接风向风速仪,此外各台站配有小气候观测及备用的测风仪有轻便风速表（DEM_2型三杯风速表及磁感应风速表）。较之轻便风速表来说电接风向风速仪具有精度高、直观,稳定及可连续自动记录等优点,故从60年代后期起一直被国家气象局指定为气象台站使用的测风仪器,但随着现代科学技术的发展,电接风已远远不能满足社会需求。一是起动风速太大（1.5m/s）,易造成小风速情况下风速,风向误差。二是测量范围小（2.0～40m/s）,无法进行强风测量。三是测     

EL风感应器的维护与检定

ＥＬ风感应器的维护与检定目前,我省所有气象台站使用的测风仪器都是ＥＬ型风向风速计。风向风速仪感应器多安装在观测场中的风向杆上,高度比较高,安装后若没有故障,多年使用也无人问津,致使不少台站测得的风速值比实际值偏小,启动风速偏大,有时实际风速达２～３ｍ...     

1985年1—3月南极长城站风的特征

中国南极长城站建在南极乔治岛上,即62°12′59″S,58°57′52″W。该地属亚南极气候,既受南极大陆冷气团的侵袭,也受到极地海洋气团的影响。该站建于1985年2月20日,但从考察队登陆后,1月1日起就开展了气象观测。本文利用建站初期1—3月的资料,分析长城站地面风和高空风的特征。 在登陆初期,地面风资料使用手持轻便风向风速仪,每天于当地时间08,14,20时观测。1月23日后,架起10m高测风铁塔,使用电接风向风速仪,自动记录24h风的变化。经对比观测校验,轻便风向风速仪观测风速系统性偏小。高空风是用小球测风气球观测的,由于当地天气条件恶劣,能见度差,观测次数受到限制。在这次夏季考察中,我们只获得10次高空风探测资料。     

试验风场的阻塞效应优化验证

为确定新型夹具固定点的位置,保证阻塞比降低到最小同时风杯组处于最优均匀性的范围内,在试验测试出试验风场最优均匀性区域的基础上,运用CAD建立三杯测风仪三维模型,计算三杯测风仪旋转过程中的最大迎风面积,最后进行阻塞效应测试加以验证。结果表明:基于CAD计算迎风面积修正了传统估算约5.8%的误差;优化后的试验风场阻塞比为0.04,降低了42%;试验风场的指示风速与自由风场的指示风速一致性良好。     

Linear Time-Invariant Compensation of Cup Anemometer and Vane Inertia

We propose a method to compensate for the phase lag and the amplitudeattenuation in the cup anemometer signal. These two effects, caused by theinstrument's inertia, are the major flaws of the cup anemometer in additionto over-speeding. Since the instrument's response is invariant in wavenumber (not frequency) representation, we transform the signals to becompensated from the time domain to the spatial domain by using Taylor'shypothesis. In the spatial domain we apply a linear time-invariant filterto eliminate the phase lag and the amplitude attenuation. The proposedprocedure improves instrument performance down to spatial scales equal toor smaller than the distance constant of the anemometer. The method for cupanemometer compensation is presented in detail and later adapted for vanes.     

Effects of Turbulence and Flow Inclination on the Performance of Cup Anemometers in the Field

Four commercial and one research cup anemometers were comparatively tested in a complex terrain site to quantify the effects of turbulence and flow inclination on the wind speed measurements. The difference of the mean windspeed reading between the anemometers was as much as 2% for wind directions where the mean flow was horizontal. This difference was large enough to be attributed to the well-known overspeeding effect related to the differing distance constant (ranging from 1.7 to 5 m) of the cup anemometers. The application of a theoretical model of the cup-anemometer behaviour in athree-dimensional turbulent wind field proved successful in explaining theobserved differences.Additional measurements were taken with the anemometers tilted at known angles into and out of the incident wind flow. Thus, a field-derived angular response curve is constructed for each anemometer and the deviations from publishedwind-tunnel results are discussed.The uncertainties of, or false assumptions about, the angular response characteristics of the anemometers contribute the largest amount inthe observed errors of mean wind speed even for a horizontal mean flow. The angular response curves are finally used to correct the 10-min mean windspeed. The necessary information for the correction is the turbulent intensity (preferably in the vertical direction) and the mean flow inclination.For demanding applications, the angular response parameters of cup anemometers should be taken into account. The incorporation of the angular response parameters in a correction scheme would be most robustly applied if their variation with inclination and wind speed was smooth.     

Can A Cup Anemometer `Underspeed'?

An analysis of cup-anemometer dynamics has been carried out inorder to determine whether the mean-wind velocity can have anegative bias. This would be contrary to the general belief thatcup anemometers always overspeed. Compared to prior analyses, theeffect of a possible nonlinearity of the calibration function isincluded. The conclusion is that neither longitudinal nor lateralvelocity fluctuations can contribute significantly to a negativebias. However, if a cup anemometer has an angular response thatfalls below the ideal cosine response, there will, as demonstratedin the concluding discussion, be a negative contribution from thevertical velocity fluctuations to the total bias, and thiscontribution may even outbalance the positive contributions fromthe longitudinal velocity fluctuations. Concrete evidence of suchexotic cup anemometer behaviour has not been reported in theliterature.     

The effect of rainfall on measurements of mean wind speed with cup anemometers in the surface layer at sea

A mathematical model is developed to estimate rain-induced errors in cup anemometer readings. Based upon a two-cup hemispheric model, the indicated wind speed is calculated for a given true wind speed, fall velocities of the drops, and a general drop-size distribution.The results of these computations show that the effect of rainfall is small as expected. The influence on derived profiles of mean wind speed is rather a displacement of the profile to lower velocities than a change in the slope of the profile.The magnitude of these errors is a few percent or less even for heavy rainfall.Now Deutscher Wetterdienst, Offenbach, F.R.G.     

三杯风速传感器非水平风场测量性能

为解决三杯风速传感器在计量检定条件下与观测场景中环境差异所导致的测量数据误差,致力于研究空气流速计量标准在量值传递过程中的真实性、准确性和一致性,为新一代三杯风速传感器作为计量器具的新产品型式评价提供思路和参考指标,依据杯式测风仪测量方法与自动气象站风速风向传感器检定规程,并在实验中加入了主体由角度编码器构成的自动化转盘系统,设计了三杯风速传感器在非水平风场内测量性能水平实验。通过调整三杯风速传感器在风洞试验段内的倾斜角度,模拟其在自然界非水平风场中的测量状态,同步采集风洞的标准指示风速、三杯风速传感器的实测风速以及其相应的倾斜角度,计算示值误差,利用方差分析、趋势分析、相关性分析和线性回归分析等统计方法,对不同倾斜角度下三杯风速传感器示值误差进行研究,得出了三杯风速传感器在风洞试验段内的示值误差与实测风速和倾斜角度之间的相关关系,提出了三杯风速传感器在非水平风场下的测量性能指标。研究了三杯风速传感器在非水平风场中实测风速与标准风速和倾斜角度的回归关系,提出了三杯风速传感器在计量环境下非水平风场中数据的量值传递修正算法。     

超声波测风仪风速的不同算法误差分析

超声波测风仪与气象业务用风向标测风仪相比具有诸多优势,可为气象业务中风向风速观测急需解决的较多问题提供解决方案。为促成超声波风速仪尽早在气象部门业务应用,同时解决资料同化等问题,研究和选择适用于超声波测风仪的风速平均(平滑)算法显得极为重要。为此,从超声波测风仪测量原理出发,介绍了超声波测风仪获取数据的特点;利用台站获取的超声波测风仪风速的秒数据,采用不同时段、不同平均(平滑)方法,计算风速多种形式的平均值,通过统计、分析和比较,获得了标量和矢量不同算法下风速平均值的特性差异及其之间的误差,进一步验证了标量平均大于矢量平均的结论。通过对超声波测风仪的风速算法研究及其误差分析,对减小因算法带来的风速测量误差提供方法,同时探讨了超声波测风仪在气象业务使用的可能和方向。     

A revaluation of the Kansas mast influence on measurements of stress and cup anemometer overspeeding

For the 1968 Kansas atmospheric surface-layer experiment, a supplementary analysis is made of the evaluation procedure. Available data on the ratio of wind speeds measured on separate booms show a variation with wind direction which is too large for an open mast. Actually the Kansas mast appears to have carried a bulky array of apparatus at the sonic anemometer levels. It is shown that the air flow interference caused by this obstacle can be satisfactorily estimated by way of potential flow calculations. From these it follows that the sonic anemometer measurements probably have undervalued the free-flow eddy stress by 20% to 30%, which implies that the simultaneous drag plate measurements of stress were generally correct. Also the overestimation of the mean wind speed by the Kansas cup anemometer is found to have been 6% rather than 10%. Some Kansas evaluation results are amended accordingly. The von Kármán constant is found to be 0.41 rather than 0.35, and the near-adiabatic eddy diffusivity ratio K _H /K _M becomes 1.0 rather than 1.3. The flux-gradient relations (Businger et al., 1971) after similar revision no longer differ significantly from those obtained elsewhere.     

New omnidirectional anemometer with no moving parts

An anemometer based upon measurement of the tangential windspeed around a sphere with hot-film probes is described. The anemometer determined the windspeed with a root-mean-square (rms) error of 5%, and the direction with an rms error of 5.6 °. A comparison between omnidirectional and sonic anemometers in the field gave practically identical results for the vertical sensible heat flux using eddy correlation procedures. Other turbulence statistics are also reported. The new instrument should be useful for measurements in canopies, where turbulence intensities are often large.     

Temperature and humidity flux-variance relations determined by one-dimensional eddy correlation

It may be possible to estimate surface fluxes of scalar quantities from measurement of their variance and mean wind speed. The flux-variance relation for temperature and humidity was investigated over prairie and desert-shrub plant communities. Fluxes were measured by one-dimensional eddy correlation, humidity by fast-response wet-bulb psychrometers and Krypton open-path hygrometers, temperature by fine-wire thermocouples, and mean windspeed by a cup anemometer. The quality of the flux-variance relation proved to be good enough for application to flux measurement. Regressions of flux estimated by the variance technique versus measured flux usually had r ² values greater than 0.97 for sensible heat flux and greater than 0.88 for water vapor flux. More uniform surfaces tended to yield the same flux-variance relations except when fluxes were small. This exception supported the hypothesis that sparse sources of flux may increase variance downwind. Nonuniform surfaces yielded flux-variance relations that were less predictable, although reasonably accurate once determined. The flux-variance relation for humidity was quite variable over dry surfaces with senescent vegetation.