海南岛红树林泥炭的海侵成因研究及其意义

本文在海南岛全新世红树林泥炭及其含沉积特特征，形成环境详细研究的基础上，对比会南晚更新世以来的海平面变化，综合分析得出：红树林泥炭形成于泥炭坪相；晚更新世晚期－全新世的快速海侵为含炭沉积的形成提供了古地理背景；红树林泥炭发育于４０００ａ以来的海平面波动上升时期；泥炭坪的发育主要取决于海平面的上升速度和植物有机质的堆积速度。海南岛全新世海侵成碳的研究为华北晚古生代含煤建筑的解释提供了比较沉积学的论据     

南黄海盆地南五凹阜宁组“广湖咸水”烃源岩及其油气勘探意义

通过对南五凹钻井所揭示的阜宁组进行岩性、地球化学、古生物及地震相等综合分析证实,南五凹阜宁组发育中深湖相泥质烃源岩,且该套烃源岩形成于"广湖咸水"沉积环境。"广湖"即湖盆分布广泛,中深湖相泥质烃源岩在凹陷深洼处和缓坡带均有发育,平面上面积大,纵向上厚度大,具备生成油气的物质基础。"咸水"即烃源岩形成时期湖盆受到了海侵影响,致使水体性质偏咸。南五凹与中国东部古新世—始新世期间曾遭受海侵影响的其他湖盆类似,其形成的咸化烃源岩具有"排烃早"的特征。南五凹阜宁组湖相烃源岩"广湖咸水"沉积特征对于油气勘探具有重要意义。     

北部湾广西沿岸全新世海侵过程的区域差异

通过分析北部湾广西沿岸3个地质钻孔的岩性、地球化学和有孔虫含量特征,确定了其沉积相序,在统一的高程坐标内,对各钻地层中沉积相的高程和年代进行了对比,分析了该区全新世以来海侵过程的区域差异;并以东亚全新世海平面波动曲线作为参照,估算了广西沿岸各主要海湾的构造沉降速度。研究表明:全新世以来,广西沿岸的海侵开始时间并不一致,这是由于各海湾构造沉降运动的区域差异造成的,东部的廉州湾构造基本稳定,而廉州湾以西则经历了较大幅度的构造沉降。构造沉降又导致了海平面波动过程的区域差异,进而影响到了地层形成,如海陆过度相沉积只发育于廉州湾以西遭受海侵时间较晚、相对海平面上升速度较低的区域。     

晚更新世以来内伶仃洋河口湾的地层层序和沉积演化

通过对内伶仃洋河口湾22个钻孔沉积物的高分辨14 C测年、古生物鉴定、沉积物粒度及地球化学分析,开展了晚更新世地层划分,探讨了晚更新世以来的沉积演化过程。内伶仃洋河口湾地层被含花斑黏土层的风化层隔开,划分为上下2组,侵蚀面上下分别为全新统和上更新统地层。受晚更新世以来2次海侵的影响,内伶仃洋河口湾沉积演化分成了6个阶段,详细阐述了每个阶段的气候变化、海平面波动、沉积特征和沉积过程。     

下扬子海相中—古生界烃源岩发育的控制因素

下扬子沉积了巨厚的海相中—古生界,主要发育了上震旦统陡山陀组、下寒武统荷塘组、下奥陶统、上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统高家边组、下二叠统栖霞组和上二叠统—下三叠统下段6套烃源岩层系,具有较大油气勘探潜力。烃源岩的发育主要受沉积相类型、古地貌格局及构造演化控制。烃源岩沉积相类型以陆棚相、台地相及沼泽相为主,陆棚相以深水陆棚相为最有利的烃源岩相带。下扬子南北海槽是震旦纪—中奥陶世最有利的烃源岩发育区。受区域构造拉张的影响,下扬子曾发生多期较大规模海侵,在海侵期发育了有利烃源岩层段,主要集中在下寒武统荷塘组、下奥陶统—中奥陶统下段、下二叠统栖霞组和上二叠统大隆组—下三叠统下段。受华南板块在加里东运动晚期的向北挤压的影响,下扬子板块发生挤压挠曲,使得南部抬升、北部沉降,上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统高家边组在北部沉降区发育有利的烃源岩。     

广西防城湾全新世海侵及防城河三角洲的演变

本文根据北部湾北岸防城湾地区河口的地貌特征和地层、古生物以及~(14)C年龄资料论述了这一地区全新世以来的海侵过程及河口三角洲的演变过程。文中比较详细地叙述了不同沉积相的岩石学特点和相应古生物组合的各个种属,并具体分出两个沉积旋迥以及与之对应的两期三角洲。认为本区在全新世中期6000年前开始接受海侵,然后在两次海面波动过程中形成两期三角洲,随着海侵的发展,河口后退,第一期三角洲形成于1800年前,分布在防城河口—5m以内至牛头岭地区,第二期即现代三角洲分布在将军岭以北至针鱼岭的防城湾顶。     

南黄海东侧陆架冰消期以来的海侵沉积特征

根据浅地层剖面，海底地貌，柱状样和对钻孔岩心的分析测试数据，论述了南黄海东侧陆架冰消期以来的沉积特征。在冰消期海侵的初期，海水对南黄海东侧陆架早期沉积物的侵蚀和改造形成了滞留砂砾层，席状砂和潮流沙脊。随着海面的上升和海侵范围的扩大，黄海暖流形成并由于它的驱动在南黄海东侧陆架的南部发育涡旋而形成厚层质沉积，而在北部则形成潮上带－潮坪－浅海沉积序列。     

台湾海峡晚更新世以来的高分辨率地震地层学研究

基于4 530 km高分辨率单道地震数据和钻孔资料,采用高分辨率地震地层学的方法,对台湾海峡晚更新世以来的地层进行了划分,自上而下共识别出R₀、R₁、R₂、R₃、R₄等5个主要反射界面,分别对应海底、3 ka BP前后高海平面、最大海泛面、海侵面和 Ⅰ 型层序界面,并以此划分出4个地层单元:晚全新世浅海-滨海沉积A,中全新世浅海沉积B,早全新世海侵沉积C,晚更新世陆相河流沉积D。在海平面变化的作用下,海峡地区先后发育低水位沉积D（低位体系域）,海侵沉积C （海侵体系域）、高水位沉积B和A（高位体系域）。研究了台湾海峡的典型地震相,提出了关于台中浅滩（云彰隆起）处的楔状沉积体的新观点,认为该楔状体为全新世中期以来形成的三角洲沉积受波浪和潮流作用改造而形成的潮流沙脊,其物质主要来源于台湾。识别出了晚更新世和早全新世古河道沉积,海平面变化和地势高低是其形成时间差异的主要因素。     

冰后期珠江三角洲沉积物通量的初步研究

从珠江三角洲283个钻孔资料中识别出了冰后期海侵旋回底界面,从269个钻孔中识别出了最大海侵面,记录了它们的埋深值,并由此计算了冰后期及其海侵和海退期间的沉积物总量,结果表明,珠江三角洲在冰后期及其海侵和海退期间的沉积物总量分别为114.09,36.70,77.39Gt.海退期沉积量大于海侵期.以现今珠江输沙量的约84%沉积在三角洲范围内计算得到冰后期珠江年均输沙量约为9.91Mt,6000a以来的年均输沙量约为15.35Mt.     

陆相湖盆海侵事件对烃源岩发育影响机制

海侵是影响湖盆烃源岩发育的重要事件之一，通过调研国内外相关文献，述评了这一领域的研究现状。海侵事件广泛分布于中国的松辽盆地、渤海湾盆地和苏北盆地以及国外多个盆地，海侵可通过古遗迹标志、矿物岩石学标志以及地球化学特征等识别。其次海侵烃源岩一般具有有机质丰度较高、有机质类型较好的特征，主要归因于海侵事件明显促进烃源岩发育，海侵作用一方面可能为湖水带来了大量的营养物质，显著提高了古湖泊生产力，另外一方面，盐度可能有利于形成稳定的水体分层，在水底形成强还原环境，促进有机质保存。以西非裂谷盆地（Termit盆地）为例，总结了海侵影响湖相烃源岩发育的模式。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.