东海海面辐射特征及影响因子分析

利用2006-2007年东海海区(120°E～128°E,26°N～31°N)的太阳辐射、常规气象和皮温等观测资料,分析太阳辐射季节变化特征,并讨论其与相关因子的关系;分析大气透过率与太阳高度角、总云量和相对湿度的关系,并进一步讨论海而反照率与太阳高度角、大气透过率和风的相关性.结果表明:东海海区辐射分量除向上短波辐射外,都表现出夏季最大,冬季最小的季节变化特征;大气透过率秋季最大,夏季最小;海面反照率秋季最大,春季最小.向下(上)短波辐射主要受太阳高度角和云量影响,向下长波辐射与气温、相对湿度的相关性较好,向上长波辐射与皮温的关系非常密切;大气透过率在少云时主要受太阳高度角影响,多云时主要受总云量影响,空气湿度的影响较弱;大气透过率变大时海面反照率减小;太阳高度角是影响海面反照率最主要的因素,且影响作用随着大气透过率的变大而增强,太阳高度角越大,海面反照率越小;风引起的海而粗糙度影响最弱,在太阳高度角较高、大气透过率较大时,风增大海面反照,卒的作用增强.     

北黄海春季海面太阳辐射船基观测与分析

利用"中国近海海洋综合调查与评价"2007年北黄海春季航次的资料,综合分析了短波、长波辐射及海面短波、长波反射辐射特征及与云量、气温、水汽压、海面红外温度等的对应关系。结果显示海面太阳入射辐射远大于海面反射辐射,二者相差约1个量级;海面长波辐射总体上大于大气逆辐射,二者相差约40 W/m2,平均净辐射为153.1 W/m2。观测期间大气透射率约为0.45,并据此分析探讨了云对太阳辐射传输的影响,建立了考虑总云量、低云量及水汽压等因素的海面太阳短波辐射经验估算公式,计算结果与实测结果具有较好一致性,均方根误差为11.3 W/m2。最后讨论了太阳辐射船基观测由于船体晃动可能造成的误差影响。     

珠江口海域大气中重金属季节变化特征及其与气象因子的关系

利用2013-2015年珠江口海域代表春、夏、秋、冬4个季节的气溶胶质量浓度资料及同期的气象观测数据,分析得出大气中重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn)质量浓度具有秋季最高,冬季次之,春、夏季较低的季节变化特征,这一特征与气象因子及污染来源关系密切。除春季外,夏、秋、冬季,大气中Cu、Pb、Zn之间具有良好的显著相关性,说明大气中赋存Cu、Pb、Zn的颗粒物一部分来源相同。春、夏季,当主导风向为东南向时,气团较清洁,大气污染物浓度低;秋、冬季,当主导风向为偏东向及北风向时,污染物由内陆源及沿海源输送,大气污染物浓度高。气象条件对大气中重金属含量具有重要的影响,且其相关性随季节变化明显。通过SPSS 19.0软件对大气中Cu、Pb、Zn的质量浓度与近地面风速、气温、气压、相对湿度等做曲线回归分析,尝试找出各污染物浓度变化与气象因子的定量关系。结果表明,春、夏季,当气温27℃时,Cu、Pb、Zn的质量浓度与气温呈显著正相关;夏季,Cu、Pb、Zn的质量浓度与气压、相对湿度(90%)呈显著负相关;秋季,Cu、Pb、Zn的质量浓度与风速和相对湿度(65%)具有显著负相关;冬季,当气压在1005.0~1015.0 h Pa范围内,Cu、Pb、Zn的质量浓度与气压呈显著正相关。     

南极长城站近二十九年气候特征

使用南极长城站常规地面气象观测资料、澳大利亚南极局海冰外缘线资料和NOAA南极涛动指数资料,对长城站自1986—2014年的气候特征进行了多时间尺度的统计分析。结果表明:长城站冬季气温有升高的趋势,升温速率约为0.19℃/10 a;冬季气温与59°W经线上海冰外缘线位置的年际变化特征呈显著正相关,但对于气候平均的海冰外缘线位置月变化比气温滞后约一个月;夏季气温有降低的趋势,其他季节总体增暖。长城站的风向主要集中在西北和东南方向;1986—2014年间长城站年平均风速变化较小,大风的每年累积日数分布情况与年平均风速变化曲线相似;春季平均风速较大,并且约有半数大风风向为西北,夏季的大风天数少于其他季节。长城站年平均气压呈降低趋势,其变化与南极涛动指数呈负相关。年平均云量持续增加,且当风向为东北或西北时总云量较多;夏季平均总云量最多,冬季最少。长城站的年平均降水量变化明显,先减少后增多;降水量季节变化为秋季降水量最多,夏季次之,春季和冬季的降水量较少;日平均降水量西南风时较少,东北风时较多。雾的变化特点为春季和夏季雾天较多,其中1—3月的浓雾日数多于轻雾日数;大约三分之二有雾天的风向为西北向,约二分之一的雾出现在风力为3—4级时。     

基于机器学习的青岛市区近岸海雾集成预报方法

利用2014-2017年青岛小麦岛海洋站观测资料,采用机器学习方法建立了青岛市区近岸海雾集成预报模型,通过主成分分析方法对预报因子进行了优选.结果表明:采用能见度、风向、风速、气压、露点、气温、海温、气温露点差、气海温差、相对湿度、云量、气温24h变温12个预报因子建立的海雾集成预报模型,对2018年海雾预报的TS评分...     

南海北部海区太阳辐射观测分析与计算方法研究

利用2000年与2002年南海海气通量观测资料及同期西沙站资料,研究分析了4-6月份南海北部海区太阳总辐射与云量以及日照时间等因子的对应关系.研究发现,日均太阳辐射与日总日照时间对应关系最好,依次是低云量、总云量.据此首先利用2000年资料建立了除考虑云量外还包括日总日照时间的计算日均太阳辐射的估计公式,并利用2002年观测资料进行独立检验.误差分析结果表明,包括日总日照时间的经验公式远优于单纯考虑云量的计算公式,误差减少了近50%.最后,应用该经验公式对观测期间缺测段资料进行了补插及外推估算,分析了2000年与2002年南海季风爆发前后太阳辐射的一些变化特征,估算结果表明,季风爆发前太阳辐射日均值缓慢增加并始终处于较高值.     

海冰热力模式的辐射参数化方案在渤海和波罗的海应用的比较

研究了海冰热力模式中的各种辐射参数化方案,对比了模式计算的太阳短波辐射、大气长波辐射以及海冰热力变化,并利用渤海和波罗的海观测资料进行比较和误差分析.冬季大部分时间太阳短波辐射对海冰热力过程的作用有限.简单计算方案一般满足海冰模式要求.误差主要受云和冰雪表面与大气之间的多重反射影响.长波辐射对表面热平衡和海冰质量变化起重要作用.长波辐射参数化方案的计算结果受环境因素影响.云量参数化有待进一步改进.海冰模式计算结果的精度与长波辐射计算精度有一致性.     

青岛沿海风应力和海气交换研究

利用实测的海洋气象资料研究了青岛沿海海气间能通量和水汽交换情况,分析了青岛沿海40a间(1961-2000)海面风应力、海-气热通量、水汽通量的大小以及时变特征。结果表明:青岛沿海风应力冬夏季大,春秋季小,6月和12月出现峰值,分别为2.9×10-3N/m2和5.8×10-3N/m2。海面净热通量全年呈单峰变化,7月份最大,为140.4W/m2;11月份最小,为-115.0W/m2;年平均海表净热通量为23.5W/m2。海面热量收支的季节分布特征是:海面吸收的太阳短波辐射夏季大、冬季小;海表有效辐射冬季大、夏季小;海-气潜热交换季节变化呈双峰分布,极大值出现在5月和9月;海-气感热交换受海气温差控制,冬季为正,热量由海洋传向大气,夏季为负,热量由大气传向海洋。受云量影响,海面吸收的太阳短波辐射从上世纪90年代以来有所增加;海-气潜热交换的年际变化显著,40a间变动范围达33.7W/m2。海-气净热通量的年际变化也很明显,40a间变动范围达41.7W/m2,且自80年代以来呈现上升的趋势。青岛沿海年平均蒸发量大于降水量,量值分别为888.0mm和677.2mm,年平均净水汽通量为-210.8mm;蒸发量的季节分布呈双峰变化,5月和9月达极大值;多年平均7,8两个月份降水多于蒸发,其余月份蒸发多于降水。     

利用地物光谱仪数据研究水汽对太阳辐射的吸收

论文将在介绍太阳辐射衰减理论的基础上,利用地物光谱仪、太阳辐射计和臭氧监测仪测量所得到的海面入射的太阳直射辐射光谱数据及大气衰减数据,提出了一种研究水汽在近红外波段对太阳辐射吸收作用的新方法,利用该方法得到的水汽吸收系数与前人研究结果非常一致。在可见光波段,大气对太阳辐射的吸收主要体现为臭氧的吸收。在近红外波段,臭氧的吸收非常小,对大气起吸收作用的主要为水汽。     

川西盆地雾和能见度的气候特征及其对飞行的影响

利用川西盆地广汉机场气象台1986年1月~1995年12月共10 a地面观测资料,对广汉机场低能见度的生消时间、持续时间和能见度的年季节变化及其日变化做了统计分析,研究广汉机场全年能见度的飞行气候特征,特别是低能见度气候特征对飞行的影响。结果表明,能见度日变化特征表现为:白天早、晚时段能见度较低,午后能见度达到最高。能见度的季节变化特征表现为:冬(12,1,2月)、春季(3,4,5月)能见度较低,而夏(6,7,8月)、秋季(9,10,11月)能见度较高。冬季能见度的变化主要受辐射雾影响,夏季能见度的变化主要受降水的影响,随着降水强度的变化而变化,低能见度时间短暂。各标准低能见度逐时频率的日变化特征在各季基本相似,低能见度高频率区均出现在早晨到上午,低频率区均出现在下午。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.