唐山7.8级地震的地壳垂直形变

本文根据1976年唐山7.8级地震前后的水准复测资料,研究了这次地震前后大面积地壳垂直形变的特点。结果表明,在震前震中区地壳运动有一个长期缓慢运动-活跃-“平静”-发震的过程。地震前后的地形变资料表明,地壳形变与地质构造有密切的关系,震后形变与以往强烈地震的震后形变具有某些共同的特点。     

唐山7.8级地震的地壳垂直形变

本文根据1976年唐山7.8级地震前后的水准复测资料,研究了这次地震前后大面积地壳垂直形变的特点。结果表明,在震前震中区地壳运动有一个长期缓慢运动—活跃—“平静”—发震的过程。地震前后的地形变资料表明,地壳形变与地质构造有密切的关系,震后形变与以往强烈地震的震后形变具有某些共同的特点。     

2012年河北唐山4.8级地震前后波速比变化特征

选取河北数字地震遥测台网2008年1月至2018年4月产出的唐山震区范围内地震观测报告数据,利用单台和多台和达法对2012年5月河北唐山4.8级地震前后波速比进行计算。结果显示:单台和达法波速比计算得出陡河台等7个台站在唐山4.8级地震前存在低值异常;多台和达法计算波速比在ML≥1.0、ML≥1.5,ML≥2.0不同震级的波速比变化曲线与唐山4.8级地震对应较好,震前存在近一年的波速比低值变化。     

三叉口地区的地壳形变与地震活动性

本文在处理１９６７年以的多期长水准及１９７７年以来多个跨断层短水准，短基线场地数据的基础上分析了三叉口地区的地壳垂直形变，在整个南北构造带上为一上升区，形变速率不高，该地区垂直活动表现为山区相对上升，平原或分别地相对下沉，跨断层的短水准短基线变化，表明该区处在张性应力场中，本文还特别分析了１９８９年石棉５．３级地震的震前，震时又震后的地壳形变特征，并发现类似石棉地震前的及在泸定一石棉间的德妥一带有     

山西地区近期地壳形变活动特征

根据１９９１年大同—阳高２次中强地震后的水准复测资料，分析了地震前后山西地区的垂直形变场。结果表明，该区垂直形变场震前显示出前兆形变，震后有明显的调整。定点形变分析证实太原台连通管、水平摆震前相继出现异常。大同台短水准震前数年观测到幅值不大的变化。震后，对这２个台继续进行跟踪，结果表明，再次出现新情况，显示出新的特点     

用多道维纳滤波方法处理唐山地震前后的大灰厂三种形变资料

大灰厂的三种形变资料的年变化显然与雨量及温度变化有关,后者在某种程度上干扰了曲线变化中的有效信息.唐山地震前1975年开始的明显变化是上述干扰因素所不能解释的.由于雨量和温度干扰因素的存在,确定异常的幅度及其起始时间是有困难的.我们用多道维纳(Wiener)预测滤波方法由输入(雨量、温度)来预测输出(短水准、连通管及伸缩仪资料).预测输出和实际资料之间的差别(预测偏差)即为我们所求的有效信息.大灰厂短水准异常变化开始于1975年4月,即开始于唐山地震前一年多.震前三个月左右观测到明显的短期异常.总异常幅度约为2毫米左右(短水准基线为26米).异常表明,唐山地震前八宝山断层活动特征具有逆冲性.      

唐山台跨断层形变速率阶段性变化及预报效能评估

采用启发式分割算法(BG算法)对唐山台跨断层形变观测时间序列进行均值突变检测。以此为基础,通过计算突变前后子序列均值变化量,探讨唐山台跨断层形变的阶段性变化特征。结合台站及其周围典型震例,分层次统计突变距离发震日的时间间隔,计算虚报率、漏报率和R值,并对唐山台跨断层形变的预报效能进行定量评估。结果显示,唐山台跨断层形变阶段性变化特征显著;各测项突变后对应发生地震的概率均不低于50%,突变距发震日的最短时间间隔自当天到2个月不等;水准的预报效能整体上略优于基线,而断层垂向分量和张压分量的预报效能整体上优于走滑分量。     

灰色预测系统在唐山地震前兆数据处理中的应用

本文应用灰色预测系统GM(1,1)模型,对宝坻等四个台唐山地震前地电、水化、水位、形变等手段的月均值资料进行了处理。结果表明:宝坻地电、管庄水氡、宁河俵口水位及牛口峪定点水准都出现了不同程度的震前异常变化,从而证明了灰色预测系统在地震前兆数据的处理中有着一定的应用价值。     

唐山地震前后的地壳垂直运动

本文通过研究唐山地区各水准点的稳定性,探讨了唐山7.8级地震前后的地壳垂直运动特征。结果表明,大约从1968年开始,该地区各构造块体之间即存在明显的相对运动并持续到地震后2年。唐山地震断层在震前处于闭锁状态。本文还根据形变的演变过程对形变监测和危险区的判别提出了看法     

唐山地震后发震断层和周围地区的地壳形变

介绍了设于唐山地震发震断层地表裂缝的形变台站，在地震后18年间观测到的断层形变．结果表明，发震断层的垂直和水平形变都集中在大震之后的7年之内；1983年是震后形变的转折期．大面积水准显示的形变与断层形变强度定性相符，目前呈现出不易于积累应力的松弛状态，近期不大可能发生较强地震．      

东、南洞庭湖的径流、泥沙特征及冲淤规律

通过实地调查并对1957年以来水文、泥沙观测资料做系统分析和计算,探讨东、南洞庭湖出、入湖水量、沙量的年际和年内变化特征,以及长江下荆江段裁弯对湖区径流和泥沙的影响。提出了湖区泥沙汛淤枯冲的变化规律及水位升降与湖区泥沙冲淤的关系;论证了丰、平、枯年湖区淤积严重,面积日益缩小对径流的调节作用正在减弱。     

燕郊等测点迁移优化与地磁观测研究

为优化地磁观测条件，开展了燕郊、夏垫等测点迁移工作；按照测眯迁移原则与实施技术方案，完整地收集并整理了地质构造与地球物理等方面的基本资料；进行了野外实地勘察，磁场梯度的测量，确定了新测点，在新老测点上进行了较长时间的地磁场对比观测；应用多种方法分析研究了地磁对比观测资料，结果表明，新老测点与有关测点的地磁变化具有良好的一致性，并得到了新老测点之间的地磁数据的按点差。     

Temporal variations and scaling of streamflow and baseflow and their nitrate-nitrogen concentrations and loads

The patterns of temporal variations of precipitation (P), streamflow (SF) and baseflow (BF) as well as their nitrate-nitrogen (nitrate) concentrations (C) and loads (L) from a long-term record (28 years) in the Raccoon River, Iowa, were analyzed using variogram and spectral analyses. The daily P is random but scaling may exist in the daily SF and BF with a possible break point in the scaling at about 18 days and 45 days, respectively. The nitrate concentrations and loads are shown to have a half-year cycle while daily P, SF, and BF have a one-year cycle. Furthermore, there may be a low-frequency cycle of 6–8 years in C. The power spectra of C and L in both SF and BF exhibit fractal 1/f scaling with two characteristic frequencies of half-year and one-year, and are fitted well with the spectrum of the gamma distribution. The nitrate input to SF and BF at the Raccoon watershed seems likely to be a white noise process superimposed on another process with a half-year and one-year cycle.     

GIS与防灾减灾

地理信息系统(GIS)在我国已得到广泛的应用。在简要介绍G1S的发展历程、特点和发展趋势的基础上，重点从防灾减灾的角度介绍了GIS在气象灾害、地震灾害、地质灾害等领域的应用成果。     

Fault and system stiffnesses and stick-slip phenomena

Summary This paper discusses the influence of system stiffness on the dynamic instability of fault surfaces under laboratory conditions for a number of test modes. In conjunction with shear load stiffness, the normal load stiffness, often neglected, is shown to have a considerable effect on the stick-slip process —its presence or absence and its characteristics. Also appropriate stiffnesses are suggested for an earthquake sequence modeled as a growing dislocation.     

Correlation of foreshocks and aftershocks and asperities

A close correlation in spatial distribution of local seismic activity and energy release patterns before and after the 1979 Petatlan, Mexico earthquake suggests heterogeneity within the fault plane of this major low-angle thrust event associated with subduction along the Middle America Trench. A simple two-asperity model is proposed to account for the complexity. Foreshocks and aftershocks of the neighboring 1981 Playa Azul earthquake showed a similar pattern. As both events occurred at the junction of the Orozco Fracture Zone and the Middle America Trench, we speculate that the observed complex fault plane is caused by subduction of the rugged ocean floor of the Orozco Fracture Zone. Short-term precursory seismicity prior to the Petatlan earthquake can be explained by using the asperity model and migration of a slip front from the south-east to the north-west across the main shock source region.     

地震系统科技信息资源集成整合的探索与研究

本文探索了网络化环境下,利用现代化的信息技术,对地震科技信息资源集成整合以及共建共享等问题。     

Causes and solutions of overshoot and undershoot and end swing in Hilbert-Huang transform

Introduction Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT) is a great break in processing nonlinear and non-stationary data and can be successfully used in many science domains. There are mainly two parts in this method. The first part is to decompose the original data into several intrinsic mode functions (IMF) with the empirical mode decomposition (EMD). IMF components are derived from the original data directly according to the local characteristics in the data under some rules, so that IMF are poste…     

石油双机（有机+无机）混合成因的研究与探索

石油与天然气的成因问题关系到我国乃至世界各国能源结构的配置及其能源在社会与经济发展中的地位和导向.自从17世纪展开对石油的有机与无机成因的争论以来,至今已有约300~400年的历史.尽管有机成因论占据了统治地位,但是无机成因论亦不断地在兴起！通过对这二者的理解和研究,从理论上讲他们都具有一定的物质基础和论据.基于对国内、外一些特异油田的生储环境,原油中所富含的微量金属元素的聚集与散失,某些油田中并未找到卟啉分子这样的生物标志物,碳、氢、氧化学合成实验等方面取得了一定的成效,故全盘否定无机生油的论点和论据确尚感为时过早或欠妥！显然,在以有机物成油为主体的前提下,无机物亦可生成部分石油,并通过运移、渗透到各油田的储集层中应是完全可能的.基于这样的分析、研究和探索,现提出石油的双机（a有机+b无机）混合成因的新理念.诚希能在今后的石油工业发展中,从理论、技术、实验和实践中强化对双机混合成因新理念的深化研究与探索,以达深切理解和扩展石油生、储空间环境等是不无裨益的！

     

Advancements and best practices for analysis and correlation of tephra and cryptotephra in ice

Geochemical analysis of fine grained (<20 μm) tephra found in ice cores is inherently difficult, due to the typically low number and small size of available particles. Ice core tephra samples require specialized sample preparation techniques to maximize the amount of information that can be gained from these logistically limited samples that may provide important chronology to an ice record, as well as linking glacial, marine and terrestrial sediments. We have developed a flexible workflow for preparation of tephra and cryptotephra samples to allow accurate and robust geochemical fingerprinting, which is fundamental to tephrochronology. The samples can be prepared so that secondary electron imagery can be obtained for morphological characterization of the samples to ensure that the sample is tephra-bearing and then the sample can be further prepared for quantitative electron microprobe analysis using wavelength dispersive techniques (EMP-WDS), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS), laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) or secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Some samples may be too small for typical instrumentation conditions to be used (i.e. 20 μm beam on the EMP) to analyze for geochemistry and we present other techniques that can be employed to obtain accurate, although less precise, geochemistry. Methods include analyzing unpolished tephra shards less than 5 μm in diameter with a 1 μm beam on an SEM; using the “broad beam overlap” EMP method on irregular particles less than 20 μm in diameter, and analyzing microlitic shards as well as aphyric shards using EMP to increase the number of analyzed shards in low abundance tephra layers. The methods presented are flexible enough to be employed in other geological environments (terrestrial, marine and glacial) which will help maximize and integrate multiple environments into the overall tephra framework.