Tectonic plates parameters estimated in International Terrestrial Reference Frame ITRF2008 based on DORIS stations

This paper concerns an analysis of the accuracy of the estimated parameters Ω (Φ, Λ, ω) which define the tectonic plate motions. The study is based on the velocities of station positions in the IERS (International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service) which has published new realization of the International Terrestrial Reference System—ITRF2008 for Doppler Orbitography by Radiopositioning Integrated on Satellite DORIS technique. Eurasian, African, Australian, North American, Australian, Pacific, Antarctic and South American plates were used in the analysis. The influence of the number and localization of stations on the plate surface on the estimation accuracy of the tectonic plate motion parameters were discussed. The results were compared with the APKIM 2005 IGN model and our earlier estimation for the SLR technique. In general, a remarkable concurrent agreement between the present and the APKIM 2005 solutions was found.     

地球参考框架的发展现状和未来展望

地球参考框架是国家重要的空间基础设施,是地球上人类所有活动的空间参考基准。本文首先阐述了国际地球参考框架（International Terrestrial Reference Frame,ITRF）的发展现状,重点评述了ITRF的建立与维持,针对ITRF的发展现状提出了存在的问题;其次,以ITRF与2000国家大地坐标系（China Geodetic Coordinate System 2000,CGCS2000）的关系及现状为切入点,探讨了我国建立北斗坐标系的必要性,介绍了建立北斗坐标系的基本思路以及初始实现;最后,对地球参考框架的未来发展进行了展望。     

A Global Vertical Reference Frame Based on Four Regional Vertical Datums

A Global Vertical Reference Frame (GVRF) has been realized by means of several regional and local vertical datums (LVD) distributed world-wide: the North American Vertical Datum 1988 (NAVD 88), Australian Height Datum 1971 (AHD 71), LVD France, Institute Géographique National 1969 (IGN 69) and Brazilian Height Datum 1957 (BHD 57). The vertical shifts of the above LVD origins have been related to the adopted reference geopotential value W ₀ = (62 636 856.0 ± 0.5) m²s^–2 and they were determined at the 5 cm level. However, the W ₀ reference value can be chosen arbitrarily, the methodology, which was developed here, does not require that the above value be adopted.     

On Presence of Seismic Anisotropy in the Asthenosphere beneath Continents and its Dependence on Plate Velocity: Significance of Reference Frame Selection

—We examine the possibility of seismic anisotropy in the asthenosphere due to present plate motion using SKS splitting results. The fast directions of anisotropy correlate weakly with the directions of the absolute plate motion (APM) for all APM models. Weak correlation indicates the possibility of asthenospheric anisotropy as well as frozen anisotropy in the lithosphere. Detection of strain rate dependence of anisotropy is helpful to further conclusion of the problem. The selection of reference frame is important to describe shear deformation in the asthenosphere beneath continent due to plate motion. The behavior of hot spots to the mesosphere, fixed or drifted by mantle return flow, is a key of the selection of the reference frame. For the NNR-NUVEL1 model, APM correlated anisotropy appears only at plate velocity faster than 1.4 cm/yr. It suggests the new possibility of the formation of asthenospheric anisotropy in addition to frozen anisotropy in the lithosphere. A critical plate velocity for the formation of anisotropy can be caused by the dislocation-diffusion transition as a function of strain rate on a deformation mechanism map of the upper mantle olivine.     

Seismic Sources on the Iberia-African Plate Boundary and their Tectonic Implications

—The plate boundary between Iberia and Africa has been studied using data on seismicity and focal mechanisms. The region has been divided into three areas: A; the Gulf of Cadiz; B, the Betics, Alboran Sea and northern Morocco; and C, Algeria. Seismicity shows a complex behavior, large shallow earthquakes (h < 30 km) occur in areas A and C and moderate shocks in area B; intermediate-depth activity (30 < h < 150 km) is located in area B; the depth earthquakes (h 650 km) are located to the south of Granada. Moment rate, slip velocity and b values have been estimated for shallow shocks, and show similar characteristics for the Gulf of Cadiz and Algeria, and quite different ones for the central region. Focal mechanisms of 80 selected shallow earthquakes (8 m_b 4) show thrust faulting in the Gulf of Cadiz and Algeria with horizontal NNW-SSE compression, and normal faulting in the Alboran Sea with E-W extension. Focal mechanisms of 26 intermediate-depth earthquakes in the Alboran Sea display vertical motions, with a predominant plane trending E-W. Solutions for very deep shocks correspond to vertical dip-slip along N-S trends. Frohlich diagrams and seismic moment tensors show different behavior in the Gulf of Cadiz, Betic-Alboran Sea and northern Morocco, and northern Algeria for shallow events. The stress pattern of intermediate-depth and very deep earthquakes has different directions: vertical extension in the NW-SE direction for intermediate depth earthquakes, and tension and pressure axes dipping about 45 ° for very deep earthquakes. Regional stress pattern may result from the collision between the African plate and Iberia, with extension and subduction of lithospheric material in the Alboran Sea at intermediate depth. The very deep seismicity may be correlated with older subduction processes.     

基于地震动参数的RC框架结构易损性分析

以某典型的12层钢筋混凝土框架结构作为研究对象,研究基于非线性动力时程分析和地震动参数的RC框架结构易损性分析方法。首先采用静力pushover分析判定结构薄弱层,并确定结构性能(capacity)参数;然后应用非线性动力时程分析估计结构地震反应,研究以峰值加速度和基本周期加速度反应谱作为地震动参数结构反应的不确定性,并进一步分析结构地震需求(demand)参数与地震动参数的关系;在此基础上,分别建立该结构基于峰值加速度和加速度反应谱的易损性曲线,通过考虑场地条件对地震动特性的影响,研究场地条件对结构易损性的影响,结果表明不同场地条件下的结构易损性曲线有一定差异。应用本文方法,根据新一代地震区划图或地震安全性评价确定的地震动参数,可以直接估计结构在未来地震中出现不同破坏的概率,这在结构的抗震性能评估和地震损失预测中有一定意义。     

Earthquake Hazard Parameters Estimated in Crete Island and the Adjacent Area

—?Earthquake hazard parameters are estimated by the application of the maximum likelihood method. The technique is based on a procedure which utilizes data of different quality, e.g., those in which the uncertainty in the assessment of the magnitudes is great and those in which the magnitudes are computed with great precision. In other words the data were extracted from both historical (incomplete) and recorded (complete) files. The historical part of the catalogue contains only the strongest events, whereas the complete part can be divided into several sub-catalogues; each one assumed to be complete above a specified magnitude threshold. Uncertainty in the determination of magnitudes has also been taken into account. The method allows us to estimate the earthquake hazard parameters which are the maximum regional magnitude, M _max, the activity rate, λ, of the seismic events and the well known value β (b=β?log?e), which is the slope of the magnitude-frequency relationship. All these parameters are of physical significance. The mean return periods, RP, of earthquakes with a certain lower magnitude M?≥?m are also determined. The method is applied in the Island of Crete and the adjacent area, where catastrophic earthquakes are known from the historical era. The earthquake hazard of the whole area is divided in a cellular manner which allow the analysis of the localized hazard parameters and the representation of their regional variation. The seismic hazard analysis, which is expressed by: (a) The annual probability of exceedance of a specified value of magnitude and (b) the return periods (in years) that are expected for given magnitudes, for shallow events is finally performed for shallow events. This hazard analysis is useful for both theoretical and practical reasons and provides a tool for earthquake resistant design in both areas of low and high seismicity.     

基于正交试验的连续刚构桥地震响应敏感性参数分析

利用大型有限元程序,对某一连续刚构桥进行了地震响应敏感性参数分析。基于正交试验,采用地震时程分析法研究了桥梁跨数和墩高、行波波速、桩土作用、地震波类型等参数对连续刚构桥地震响应的影响。发现不同的反应值,如最大弯矩和最大位移对应了不同的敏感性参数。在所考虑的因素中,墩高和桩土作用对连续刚构桥的地震响应影响较大。     

2008年盈江5.9级地震序列震源参数研究

2008年8月21日在云南省盈江县发生了MS5.9地震。利用云南区域数字地震台网记录的ML≥2.5余震波形记录,通过对S波观测记录谱进行传播路径、场地响应和仪器响应等影响的逐一消除,得到了196个ML≥2.5地震的震源谱,进而根据Brune圆盘震源模型,利用遗传算法计算了地震矩、应力降、震源半径等震源参数,结果表明,该地震序列的地震矩在1012～1016N.m间,与近震震级有很好的线性关系,与震源半径也呈线性关系;应力降与近震震级有一定的线性趋势相关性;拐角频率和地震矩之间有明显的依赖关系。     

板块边界构造应力场的反演及其对华北地震的影响研究

利用全球震源机制解资料,采用力轴张量计算法,反演中国大陆附近板块边界线上的构造应力场空间分布,其最大主压应力轴的方位角与GPS研究得到的板块运动方向一致,太平洋板块西边界和菲律宾板块琉球岛弧段的最大主压应力轴的倾角与板块俯冲倾角基本相当,因此认为该方法反演的构造应力场真实可靠。1999年、2005年和2011年太平洋板块日本本州段的最大主压应力轴方位角存在转折现象,震例总结显示该转折现象往往对应华北地区5级以上,甚至6级左右地震,但2011年的转折变化对应华北地震的震级在5级左右。根据对太平洋板块西边界的分段研究,认为2011年的转折变化主要是由42°~50°N段的构造应力场转折引起的,而该段从地理位置结合俯冲方向来看,影响的主要地区是东北地区,而对华北的影响相对较小,因此导致对应地震的震级偏低。1992—2000年菲律宾板块琉球岛弧段的最大主压应力轴方位角存在大幅度、长时间的逆时针偏转现象,分析认为是造成同期华北南部地区发生多次具有典型华南应力场特征地震的原因。     

由地震活动参数分析安徽省新生代构造变形带现今活动习性与地震危险性

应用多个地震活动参数来判定断裂带分段落活动习性的方法,分析安徽省新生代构造变形带不同分段落的现今活动习性及地震危险性。研究结果表明：安徽省新生代构造变形带中存在着9个具有不同现今活动习性的分段落,其中,霍邱-风台、铜陵-宁国、明光-肥东3个段落现今活动习性处于较高应力背景下的相对闭锁状态．应属于有一定应变积累的潜在中强震危险段落：其它6个段落．现今活动习性处于中等或偏低应力背景下,以频繁或稀疏小震滑动为特征．未来复发中强以上地震的可能性较小。     

基于MSATSI的辽宁地区构造应力场特征

震源机制解与构造应力场有着密切的联系.通过收集整理并使用格点尝试法求取到1971至2020年辽宁及邻区2.5～7.3级地震的震源机制解共计319个.据此使用MSATSI软件包反演计算辽宁地区1;×1°° 精细度的构造应力场.结果显示,辽宁地区最大主压应力轴最优解的优势方位为NEE向,不确定范围相对较稳定.最小主压应力轴...     

Research on Regional Crustal Deformation Characteristics Using Displacement Time Series Data of GNSS Reference Stations in Xinjiang

Using GNSS data from the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China( CMONOC),and PODAP software which was developed by the Satellite Navigation Institute of Wuhan University,the authors calculated data from 31 GNSS stations from July 1,2011 to December 31,2014,sampling at 30 seconds,and studied regional crustal deformation characteristics. Analysis results showed that in southwestern Xinjiang,the NS movement rate was influenced by Indian plate pushing. Under the blocking effect of the Tarim Basin,the EW movement rate was slightly smaller. In the north Tianshan area,the vertical dimension movement rate was quite different,which shows as a high gradient zone in the combination area between the basin and the mountain. With regards to regional overall characteristics,the authors considered that the intersection region from south Tianshan and Kunlun Mountains was prone to strong earthquakes, especially moderate-strong earthquakes,even more than M ≥ 7. 0 earthquakes. Middle of North Tianshan was the turning point of the vertical movement rate around Bayanbulak,and was also the high gradient zone of vertical movement. The area is also prone to strong earthquakes in the future.     

云南省GNSS基准站数据处理不同参考基准研究

介绍了目前处理框架问题的3种参考基准方法:单点基准法、重心基准法、相对稳定点组基准法,并分别用这3种方法对云南境内28个GNSS基准站,近2年观测数据进行试算、验证,并对不同参考基准解算得到的位移场作了比较分析.结果表明,选择位于华南块体的文山GNSS基准站作为云南GPS位移数据处理的参考基准是可行的.     

Backazimuthal Variations of Splitting Parameters of Teleseismic SKS Phases Observed at the Broadband Stations in Germany

—SKS phases observed at broadband stations in Germany show significant shear-wave splitting. We have analyzed SKS and SKKS phases for shear-wave splitting from 13 stations of the German Regional Seismic Network (GRSN), from 3 three-component stations of the Gräfenberg array (GRF) and from one Austrian station (SQTA). The data reveal strong differences in the splitting parameters (fast direction φ and delay time δt from a single event at various stations as well as variations at the individual stations for events with different backazimuths. The backazimuthal variations of the splitting parameters at some stations can be explained by two-layer anisotropy models with horizontal symmetry axes. The best resolved two-layer model is the GRA1 model (upper layer φ = 40°, δt = 1.15s; lower layer φ = 115°, δt = 1.95s). The upper layer can be attributed to the lithosphere. Because of the magnitude of the delay time of the upper layer, the lower layer must lie within the asthenosphere. At other stations splitting parameters are consistent with an anisotropic one-layer model for the upper mantle. Stations near the Bohemian Massif show fast directions near EW. Throughout NE Germany the directions are oriented NW/SE. The reason for this direction is probably the nearby Tornquist-Teisseyre line. The observed fast axes are subparallel to this prominent Transeuropean suture zone. At stations in southern Germany near the Alps we observed ENE/WSW directions. Below some stations we also found indications of inclined anisotropic layers.     

基于地热钻孔资料探讨北京黄庄-高丽营断裂的构造活动特征

根据地热深井的地层资料,绘制了横穿黄庄-高丽营断裂带的地质剖面图,对断裂带的深部构造特点进行了探讨。结合已有研究成果分析,发现黄庄-高丽营断裂曾经至少有过4次正、逆构造转换,具有反复震荡性。认为断裂的成因是区域板块开裂,后由于板块间的水平运动方向多次转变,形成拉张与挤压的反复转变,不断产生上盘的下降及逆冲运动,而呈现出构造活动的反复震荡特征,分析认为其断裂形成时代约在1.6～1.4亿年间的晚侏罗世(J_3)。后来岩体的活动产生局部挤压和抬升,使得南、北两端上盘活动受限,产生掀斜抬升现象;而中段断块的活动自由度相对更大,根据水准监测当前中段上盘平均每年下降3 mm左右。结合构造特征及历史地震结果分析,认为应当注重对断裂带两侧板块的水平运移状况加以监测。     

基于分量钻孔应变资料分析测区构造应变变

根据“双衬套”理论模型和应变理论, 以易县台分量钻孔应变观测资料为例解算测区构造应变变化。 由于易县台分量钻孔应变元件灵敏度不一致, 首先进行相对实地标定, 数据信度由0.7557升高到0.9344; 其次, 应用理论固体潮对易县台分量钻孔应变进行绝对标定, 得到耦合系数; 最后, 通过应变换算得到易县台观测点附近的应变参数, 面应变ε_a每年以2440 ns的速度变化, 最大剪应变ε_s以每年230 ns的速度变化, 应变主方向为138°。 综合结果表明, 易县台测区附近的构造应变呈稳定拉伸的状态。     

基于构造应力场资料的加卸载响应比方法研究

引入中国大陆构造应力场资料,结合区域构造及断层运动特征,根据岩石力学原理确定优质破裂面,对走滑断层、正断层和逆断层３种主要断层运动形式,推导了有效剪应力表达式;提出了新的加卸载判定,并对部分震例进行了再研究。     

2008年于田7.3级地震前西昆仑地形变的GPS初步研究

利用GPS观测资料计算并获取了2008年新疆西昆仑地区于田7.3级地震发生前的现今地壳运动速度场,通过速度场分布研究了区域内主要断层的活动速率.结果表明:震中以南的龙木错断裂呈左旋走滑性质的运动特征,走滑速率为1.2～2.5 mm/a;震中以北的阿尔金左旋走滑断裂滑动速率为5 mm/a;震中北西面的康西瓦断裂的左旋走滑平均速率约为3～7 mm/a.区域应变场分布一定程度上受断裂带分布的影响.7.3级地震就位于断裂活动交汇的部位和最大剪应变率高值区的边缘.     

TEQC检验在福建省GPS连续观测基准站勘选中的应用

介绍了福建省30个GPS连续观测基准站的勘选过程中,应用TEQC数据预处理软件,对勘选到的基准站进行24h的测试,并做出质量分析。从而勘选出满足规范、可靠、安全、科学的GPS连续观测基准站站址,为下一步GPS连续观测基准站建站提供依据。