2017-2019年南疆西部和昆仑山北坡大气可降水量变化特征

基于2017-2019年南疆地基GPS大气可降水量（下文简称“GPS-PWV”）、常规探空水汽廓线计算的大气可降水量（下文简称“RS-PWV”）和逐时降水资料,统计分析南疆西部和昆仑山北坡GPS-PWV时空变化特征、夏季不同海拔高度不同降水量级下GPS-PWV变化与实际降水的对应关系。结果表明：（1）南疆西部和昆仑山北坡GPS-PWV与RS-PWV,二者具有符合预期的很高的相关性。（2）不同海拔高度站点GPS-PWV空间分布差异明显,大部分站点GPS-PWV随海拔高度的增加而降低。（3）各站点GPS-PWV逐月变化均呈单峰型,冬季12月或1月最小,夏季7、8月最大;春、夏季各站GPS-PWV距平日变化为单峰型,秋、冬季GPS-PWV距平日变化除秋季乌恰站、若羌站为单峰型外,其它均为三峰或四峰型。（4）各站有、无降水时PWV平均值差异明显,昆仑山北坡差异更大;降水发生前GPS-PWV已开始上升,南疆西部PWV峰值主要出现在降水前0～1 h,昆仑山北坡PWV峰值主要出现在降水前0～3 h和7～9 h。     

四川地基GPS水汽资料特征

利用2010年1月～2011年12月四川JICA项目获得的地基GPS观测资料和地面自动站资料,分析四川省内GPS/PWV变化特征,结果表明:GPS/PWV能较好反映各站降水的季节变化,海拔高度对GPS/PWV值有显著影响作用;全年夜间GPS/PWV值大于日间,秋季高原上夜间GPS/PWV值小于日间;在主汛期,GPS/PWV能作为降水出现概率较高的判据,降水多出现在PWV值大于基准值时段;PWV变化周期与降水发生周期有很好的对应关系,大多数为PWV值连续增加达到峰值阶段或由峰值开始下降阶段开始降水。     

基于地基GPS遥感的大连地区大气水汽总量变化特征

基于大连地区地基GPS综合观测网遥感反演了大气水汽总量（PWV）,分析了大连地区PWV空间变化、逐月变化和日变化特征以及PWV变化与降水的关系,并利用大连本站2005-2011年的探空资料拟合了大连地区地面温度和大气加权平均温度的关系。结果表明：大连本站的PWV与探空积分的水汽含量相关系数达到0.988,均方根误差为2.5 mm。大连地区PWV南北分布比较均匀;PWV最大的月份为7-8月,最大月平均值约40 mm,PWV最小的月份为1月,最小月平均值小于4 mm;大连地区PWV春季和冬季日变化幅度约0.5 mm,夏季和秋季日变化幅度约1.3 mm。夏季和秋季的PWV日变化呈单峰型,春季和冬季的PWV日变化呈多峰型; 在降水发生前8 h 大气水汽总量有明显增加过程,对降水的发生有指示作用。     

新疆伊犁河谷不同季节降水的日变化特征

利用2012—2019年新疆伊犁河谷10个气象站逐小时降水资料,分析该区域不同季节降水的日变化特征。结果表明:(1)伊犁河谷春季、夏季和冬季的累计降水量日变化呈单峰型,秋季呈双峰型。四季累计降水量日变化的低值都出现在下午(15:00—19:00),高值时段在春季、秋季和冬季的上午(10:00—12:00),夏季高值出现在前半夜(22:00)。(2)同一季节累计降水频次和累计降水量的日变化特征类似,逐时平均降水量和降水频次峰值的空间分布均存在明显区域差异。(3)伊犁河谷四季均以短历时降水事件为主,该类事件在夏季出现比例最高(89%),冬季出现比例最低(70%),且短历时降水事件是夏季总降水量的主要贡献者,而长持续性降水事件是冬季总降水量的主要贡献者。(4)伊犁河谷四季降水的日循环与降水的持续性之间都存在密切关系,其中持续2～8 h和1～4 h的降水事件是春季和夏季降水量日变化峰值的主要贡献者,不同持续时间降水事件对秋季和冬季降水量日变化峰值的贡献大致相等。     

祁连山老虎沟12号冰川近地层微气象特征分析

利用2009年9月1日-2010年8月31日祁连山老虎沟12号冰川海拔4 550m气象观测资料,分析并讨论了气温、降水、比湿、气压、风速、风向、总辐射、感热和潜热通量的变化特征。结果表明,在冰川下垫面影响下,气温的逐时变化呈现出升温比降温要快,但季节变化则相反,气温变化的位相比风速要超前;降水主要集中在5～9月,占全年降水的68.1%;冬季平均风速最大,夏季最小,春季高于秋季,春、秋季冰川风的强度要大于谷风,夏季则相反,冬季冰川风占绝对主导地位,且冰川风对地气间的能量交换有重要影响;全年感热通量日平均值大部分都为正值,而潜热通量基本都为负值,在气温较高、风速较大的情况下二者均有明显的增加;夏季感热和潜热通量的绝对值都比冬季要大。     

秦岭南北降水小时尺度特征对比分析

利用秦岭地区1961—2015年暖季(4—10月)国家级地面气象站观测的逐时降水资料,从降水逐候变化与降水日变化的角度,比较了秦岭南北两侧暖季降水的演变特征,研究表明:在逐候演变上,秦岭南北两侧均为夏秋双峰型降水,但北侧降水主峰值出现在秋季,秦岭南侧降水主峰值出现在夏季。在降水日变化上,夏秋两季中南侧降水量、降水频次和降水强度均以清晨峰值为主,仅在降水频次上夏季出现了午后的次峰值;而北侧降水量日变化夏秋变化较大,且主要由降水强度贡献,夏季降水强度在午后较强,而秋季清晨降水强度更大。对于不同持续时间的降水事件,南北两个区域在夏秋均表现为持续9 h以上(3 h以下)的降水为清晨(午后)降水峰值,其差别主要存在于持续时间为4～8 h的降水事件中。     

地基GPS遥感西藏改则站大气可降水量变化特征及其与夏季降水的关系

利用中日JICA项目2010-2011年期间的地基GPS探测逐时大气可降水量（PWV）资料,分析了西藏西部改则站PWV的季节变化和日变化特征及其与夏季降水的关系。结果表明：（1）该站PWV存在明显的季节变化特征,其高（低）值出现在6-9（12-3）月,呈现出明显的单峰型变化特征,同时表现出春季持续上升和秋季快速下降的特点。（2）谐波分析表明,改则站各季PWV日变化均以日循环为主,只是夏季也表现出一定的半日循环特征。（3）改则站PWV存在明显的日变化特征,低值一般出现在当地时间的凌晨至次日上午,各季谷值普遍出现在当地时间10：00前后;高值通常出现在当地的午后至午夜,但各季最大值出现时间不固定;（4）改则站降水通常都发生在PWV高值期,降水发生前后PWV有明显的逐渐积累与迅速下降的变化特征,PWV达到峰值的时间提前于降水。PWV对累积降水频次的影响要比累积降水量更显著。     

基于地基微波辐射计反演四川盆地水汽及云液态水的初步分析

利用2016年12月1日～2017年11月30日,地基微波辐射计、L波段探空资料和地面常规气象资料,对四川盆地的水汽和云液态水进行了初步分析。结果表明：(1)探空与微波辐射计反演的水汽含量差值为0.558cm,相关系数为0.787,且通过了α=0.01显著性检验,微波辐射计反演的水汽含量是可信的。(2)基于地基微波辐射计分析四川盆地水汽和云液态水含量的变化特征,可以得出,夏季水汽含量最多,秋季云液态水含量最多;最大值出现在夜晚,最小值出现在白天,夜晚值大于白天。水汽含量和云液态水含量最大值和最小值时间间隔秋季最长(均为16小时),冬季最短(分别为9小时、10小时);水汽含量日较差在秋季最大(1.096cm),冬季最小(0.489cm),云液态水含量日较差在夏季最大(0.908mm),冬季最小(0.311mm)。水汽含量与降水、温度的月变化特征为显著性正相关,相关系数分别为0.842和0.915;与温度日变化特征在春、秋季的11:00～次日01:00为显著性正相关,白天相关性大于夜晚,在夏季01:00～13:00为显著性负相关,日出前相关性最高。(3)水汽和云液态水含量在降水过程开始前1～2h有明显的波动上升,降水结束后,水汽和云液态水含量迅速减少,水汽和云液态水的变化特征对降水天气的预报具有指示意义。     

基于正交小波分析的揭阳市降水变化特征

采用正交小波分解与重构方法,分析揭阳市近50年降水气候变化,发现在较大时间尺度上春季和夏季、秋季和冬季降水量基本呈反相变化。全年和夏季最大贡献的变化周期是2～4年,春季、秋季、冬季则以1～2年周期的高频变化为主,冬季表现最为明显。     

遵义市降水日变化特征分析

利用遵义市14个气象观测站2005—2015年逐时降水资料,从逐时降水量、降水频次、降水强度、降水昼夜分配等方面分析了遵义市降水日变化的基本特征。结果表明:降水量、降水频次和降水强度都主要集中在夜间,其中春、秋季降水日变化特征较为统一,夜间降水量级、频次和强度都明显多于白天;而冬季降水日变化总体不大,夏季降水日变化则表现为多波动性。遵义市夜雨特征显著,60%以上的降水出现在夜间,其中春季夜雨比率最大,其次是冬季,再次是秋季,而夏季夜雨表现并不十分明显,夜间降水量和降水频次占全天的合计比率冬、春、夏、秋季全市平均分别为68%、77%、54%、63%。降水量日变化与降水频次关系密切,受降水强度的影响次之。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.