华南夏季12—30d持续性强降水的低频特征分析

利用1982—2011年夏季(5—8月)中国气象观测站点逐日降水资料、NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料、NOAA逐日向外长波辐射和海表温度资料集,通过选取低频降水事件的方法,分析了华南夏季12—30 d持续性强降水事件的基本特征,然后利用位相合成法对持续性强降水期间伴随的低频大气环流型以及低频信号的来源和传播情况进行研究,同时也分析了低频海-气耦合过程对持续性强降水的影响。结果表明:(1)华南夏季降水具有显著的12—30 d低频振荡特征,持续性强降水事件在6月发生次数最多,低频降水期间的雨带自东南向西北传播。(2)在持续性强降水发生期间,华南及邻近海域低层受强大的低频气旋式环流控制,低频上升运动显著,而中国南海—菲律宾海一带则是强的低频反气旋式环流,其西侧向北的低频水汽输送不断将中国南海的水汽送至华南及邻近海域进行辐合上升。低层的低频信号来源于热带西太平洋和中国南海—菲律宾海一带低频振荡的西北向传播,同时伴随着西太平洋副热带高压明显的西伸东退过程。(3)在高层,华南北侧(22°—45°N,95°—130°E)区域强大的低频气旋式环流和孟加拉湾—中国南海一带的低频反气旋式环流相互配合,使华南高层处于强大的辐散环境中,从而加强了华南低层的辐合与低频上升运动,造成持续性强降水的增强。高层的低频信号来源于低频罗斯贝波列的东南向传播。(4)低频大气环流异常通过云辐射和热通量过程改变低频海表温度异常,而由大气强迫的低频海表温度异常通过影响低层大气的稳定性来对大气施加明显的反馈作用,该海-气耦合过程有利于大气低层低频信号向华南地区传播,从而影响了华南持续性强降水的发生、发展与结束。     

中国东南部5—8月持续性强降水和环流异常的准双周振荡

利用1979—2009年夏季(5—8月)中国站点逐日降水资料、NCEP/NCAR大气再分析资料以及向外长波辐射(OLR)资料,分析了中国东南部夏季持续性强降水的低频特征及其伴随的低频大气环流形势,利用超前滞后合成的方法对该低频信号的来源和传播特征进行了研究。结果表明:中国东南部夏季降水存在明显的准双周低频振荡,低频降水事件(持续性强降水)在6月10日前后和7月1日前后发生的次数较多,持续5d的低频降水事件降水量占总低频降水事件的比例最大。在低频降水事件发生时期,中国东南部在低层是很强的低频气旋式环流,而在中国南海至西太平洋一带则是强大的低频反气旋,同时低频的水汽从孟加拉湾北部以及中国南海、菲律宾海一带输送到长江以南地区强烈辐合上升;此时在高层一个低频反气旋控制中国东北部地区,该低频反气旋与其西侧的低频反气旋以及位于中国东南沿海的低频气旋相互配合,使得长江以南地区高层强烈地辐散,加强了低层的上升运动。在超前低频降水7d左右时,大气低层在150°E洋面附近开始出现低频反气旋,逐渐加强并向西移动到达中国东南沿海,而在中国南海一带的低频气旋则向西北移动到长江以南地区,与此同时,副热带高压有一个明显的西伸过程,高低层相互配合最终导致低频降水的发生。     

华南夏季12-30 d持续性强降水的低频特征分析

利用1982-2011年夏季（5-8月）中国气象观测站点逐日降水资料、NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料、NOAA逐日向外长波辐射和海表温度资料集,通过选取低频降水事件的方法,分析了华南夏季12-30 d持续性强降水事件的基本特征,然后利用位相合成法对持续性强降水期间伴随的低频大气环流型以及低频信号的来源和传播情况进行研究,同时也分析了低频海-气耦合过程对持续性强降水的影响。结果表明：（1）华南夏季降水具有显著的12-30 d低频振荡特征,持续性强降水事件在6月发生次数最多,低频降水期间的雨带自东南向西北传播。（2）在持续性强降水发生期间,华南及邻近海域低层受强大的低频气旋式环流控制,低频上升运动显著,而中国南海-菲律宾海一带则是强的低频反气旋式环流,其西侧向北的低频水汽输送不断将中国南海的水汽送至华南及邻近海域进行辐合上升。低层的低频信号来源于热带西太平洋和中国南海-菲律宾海一带低频振荡的西北向传播,同时伴随着西太平洋副热带高压明显的西伸东退过程。（3）在高层,华南北侧（22°-45°N,95°-130°E）区域强大的低频气旋式环流和孟加拉湾-中国南海一带的低频反气旋式环流相互配合,使华南高层处于强大的辐散环境中,从而加强了华南低层的辐合与低频上升运动,造成持续性强降水的增强。高层的低频信号来源于低频罗斯贝波列的东南向传播。（4）低频大气环流异常通过云辐射和热通量过程改变低频海表温度异常,而由大气强迫的低频海表温度异常通过影响低层大气的稳定性来对大气施加明显的反馈作用,该海-气耦合过程有利于大气低层低频信号向华南地区传播,从而影响了华南持续性强降水的发生、发展与结束。     

江淮流域梅雨期持续性强降水及其10～30d低频环流特征

利用1961—2010年中国556站的逐日降水资料和NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料,采用合成分析等方法探讨了江淮流域梅雨期持续性强降水的低频振荡特征及其发生前后低频大气环流场的演变特征。结果表明,江淮梅雨持续性强降水存在显著的10~30 d低频振荡特征。持续性强降水发生时,江淮流域对流层高层受东海低频反气旋西北部的偏西气流控制,使得南亚高压位置偏东,加强了高层的辐散型流场;对流层中层,中高纬度地区存在"+、-、+"的低频位势高度中心,蒙古低频低压使得极地冷空气易于南侵;对流层低层,江淮流域受低频P-J波列西段的台湾岛低频反气旋影响,并伴随强烈的对流活动,此反气旋使得西太平洋副热带高压向更西的位置伸展;因此低层辐合、高层辐散使得江淮流域表现为强烈的低频上升运动,同时低频水汽从孟加拉湾-南海一带输送到江淮流域,为持续性强降水的发生提供了有利的低频环流条件。另外,在持续性强降水发生前后,低层低频正涡度向北、向西传播,高层低频负涡度向南、向东传播,高低层斜压结构明显,共同作用于江淮流域,维持持续性强降水过程。     

江淮流域夏季降水异常与西北太平洋副热带30～60天振荡强度年际变化的联系

利用1978～2007年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和地面观测站降水资料, 研究了夏季江淮流域降水多寡与30～60天振荡 (ISO) 强度年际变化的联系。结果表明: 江淮流域夏季降水异常与台湾海峡地区及西北太平洋低频能量变化相关显著。定义了ISO强度指数, 对ISO强度指数高低年夏季低频降水以及低频环流的位相合成表明: 高指数年主要通过存在于南海—西北太平洋地区的低频气旋、 反气旋系统的交替活动来影响副热带高压的进退, 从而引起江淮流域夏季降水异常; 低指数年江淮流域夏季降水主要受西太平洋副热带高压位置及强度变化的影响, 降水异常区主要位于江南地区。进一步研究表明, 非30～60天低频降水扰动与低频振荡强度也有很好的相关。低频环流对双周以及天气时间尺度环流变化可能存在调制作用, 这种作用对江淮流域夏季降水的年际异常起到非常重要的作用。     

1991年江淮梅雨与副热带高压的低频振荡

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和观测的台站降水资料研究了1991年梅雨期间江淮洪涝区降水的季节内振荡及其环流特征,着重考察了不同层次副热带高压的低频变化与降水的关系。小波分析表明1991年江淮梅雨期间降水低频振荡的主周期是15~35 d。在低空,15~35 d振荡以异常反气旋(气旋)的形式在中国东南沿海地区交替出现,调控着西太平洋副热带高压进入(退出)南海。低空的这种低频环流型与高空的偶极型涡旋对相耦合,偶极型涡旋对使得南亚高压东伸(西退),形成有利(不利)江淮流域降水的环流形势。江淮流域降水的低频振荡与500hPa北太平洋副热带高压的低频变化及其传播密切相关。当北太平洋西部的位势高度偏高、中部位势高度偏低时,江淮流域降水偏多;反之偏少。这种低频振荡可能起源于北太平洋中部夏威夷群岛附近,然后沿着副热带高压脊线附近向西传播到中国东南沿海。     

2012年夏季华北降水和环流形势的低频振荡特征分析

对2012年夏季华北降水的低频振荡特征和相应的低频环流形势进行了分析,结果表明:2012年华北夏季降水具有显著的10~13 d低频振荡周期,振荡的演变和强降水有很好的对应关系,强降水过程基本发生在振荡的波峰处。强降水发生前,对流层低层在孟加拉湾地区首先出现低频反气旋式环流并逐渐加强,菲律宾至我国南海地区的低频环流系统逐渐向西北方向传播,中高纬西风带上有负低频高度距平东移,其伴随西风槽加深东移。对流层上层伊朗高原低频气旋式环流减弱,随后青藏高原东部低频反气旋式环流加强东移。强降水发生时,来自西北太平洋的低频偏南风和西风槽东移携带的低频水汽,为华北地区提供了充沛的低频水汽。同时对流层高层青藏高原的低频反气旋式环流东移控制我国中东部地区,华北至东北地区为强烈的低频辐散中心,上升运动加强,为降水的发生提供动力条件。对流层各层低频系统的相互配合对华北强降水的发生和维持起到了重要作用。     

1998年夏季长江流域大气季节内振荡的结构演变及其对降水的影响

利用中国逐日降水格点资料和NCAR/NCEP再分析资料,对1998年发生在我国东部长江中下游流域的夏季持续性强降水过程中显著的大气季节内振荡(ISO)的三维结构演变等活动特征进行了分析。1998年夏季长江及江南地区的异常强降水对应着该地区强的ISO活动。利用位相合成方法,对长江流域两个典型的季节内循环周期的ISO降水、850 hPa水平风场以及水汽和垂直速度等循环过程的时空分布特征进行了诊断分析。在低频环流场上,对流层低层的低频气旋和反气旋环流表现出交替在热带西北太平洋增强并向西偏北方向移动发展的特征,当异常气旋环流移动到长江流域上空时,长江流域正好位于气旋环流西南侧的东北风异常和西北太平洋上向西移动的反气旋环流西北侧的西南风异常环流汇合处的下方,引起该地区强降水的发生。在强降水阶段的ISO的垂直结构上,上升运动和水汽表现出从华南到长江流域自南向北移动的特征,强烈的垂直上升运动以及来自南方充足的水汽为增强长江流域地区的降水起到了重要作用。     

江淮流域梅雨期降水与10～30 d低频振荡的联系

利用1961—2010年中国756站逐日降水资料和NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料,分析了江淮流域梅雨期降水与10～30 d低频振荡的关系。结果表明,梅雨偏多年降水具有明显的10～30 d的周期变化,低频振荡经向上的北传和纬向上的西传与江淮流域梅雨期降水的活跃及中断关系密切。在梅雨偏多年,低层10～30 d振荡主要通过南海低频反气旋和日本海低频气旋对江淮流域降水产生影响,并调控着西太平洋副热带高压的西进、东退,进而影响输送到江淮流域的水汽强度及冷暖空气在江淮流域的汇合;而高层,亚洲大陆中纬度地区东西向的低频气旋和反气旋影响着南亚高压的位置,从而形成江淮流域低频降水的强弱变化。     

江淮流域梅雨期降水与10—30d低频振荡的联系

利用1961--2010年中国756站逐日降水资料和NCEP／NCAR逐日再分析资料,分析了江淮流域梅雨期降水与10～30d低频振荡的关系。结果表明,梅雨偏多年降水具有明显的10～30d的周期变化,低频振荡经向上的北传和纬向上的西传与江淮流域梅雨期降水的活跃及中断关系密切。在梅雨偏多年,低层10～30d振荡主要通过南海低频反气旋和日本海低频气旋对江淮流域降水产生影响,并调控着西太平洋副热带高压的西进、东退,进而影响输送到江淮流域的水汽强度及冷暖空气在江淮流域的汇合;而高层,亚洲大陆中纬度地区东西向的低频气旋和反气旋影响着南亚高压的位置,从而形成江淮流域低频降水的强弱变化。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted