A biodiversity evaluation framework for restoration of aquatic macrophyte communities in shallow lakes driven by hydrological process management

Macrophyte community diversity and composition respond to ecosystem conservation and local environmental factors. In this study, we developed a multidimensional diversity framework for macrophyte communities, including the taxonomic and functional alpha and beta diversity. We used the framework to explore the relationships among water level regimes and these diversity parameters in a case study of China's Baiyangdian Lake. Analysis of indicators of hydrologic alteration divided the water level from 1959 to 2019 into four regimes (dry, <6.42 m; low, 6.42–7.23 m; medium, 7.23–8.19 m; high, >8.19 m). Alpha and beta diversity were significantly higher in the medium regime than in the low and high regimes. Redundancy analysis indicated that the maximum water depth significantly affected taxonomic alpha diversity, and total nitrogen (TN) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration significantly affected functional alpha diversity, respectively. Mantel tests showed that TN, Secchi depth (SD), and water depth in the high water level regime significantly increased the total beta diversity and turnover components. TN was the main factor that increased total taxonomic beta diversity. Water level regime mainly influenced interspecific relationships by changing the TN and COD concentration. The water level should be maintained between the medium and high water level regimes to promote restoration of the macrophyte community and improve ecosystem stability. The biodiversity evaluation framework would provide a deeper insight into the hydrological process management for restoration of aquatic macrophyte communities in shallow lakes.     

蓄水后向家坝库区鱼类物种、分类和功能多样性变化

为了解向家坝水电工程对金沙江下游鱼类多样性的影响,基于2016—2018年邵女坪(库首)、绥江(库中)和桧溪(库尾)3个江段的鱼类群落调查数据,分析了向家坝库区鱼类物种、分类和功能多样性空间格局,结合蓄水前(2011年)和蓄水初期(2015年)的资料,探讨了蓄水后向家坝库区不同维度鱼类多样性的变化趋势。向家坝库区各江段以广适性的瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vachelli)和静水性的(Hemiculter leucisculus)占优势,两者的数量百分比分别为30.15%±14.82%和13.91%±11.16%。非度量多维尺度分析显示,蓄水后向家坝库区库首邵女坪和库中绥江鱼类群落差异最小,库首邵女坪和库尾桧溪鱼类群落差异最大;库中绥江在蓄水前、蓄水初期和2016—2018年3个时期的鱼类群落差异均较大,表明蓄水后绥江江段鱼类群落经历了剧烈变化。库区不同江段鱼类Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数均表现为:桧溪>邵女坪>绥江,鱼类分类多样性指数和分类差异指数均表现为:桧溪>绥江>邵女坪。库区鱼类摄食、运动和繁殖等不同维度的功能多样性(功能丰富度、功能均匀度、功能离散度)空间格局不同,但总体上库中绥江鱼类功能丰富度最高,功能均匀度最低。与蓄水前相比,绥江江段鱼类物种、分类多样性呈下降趋势,鱼类功能丰富度和均匀度也有下降趋势。蓄水后绥江江段鱼类群落主要功能性状发生了明显变化,如蓄水前以下位口、纺锤形体型鱼类占优势,蓄水后以端位口、侧扁形体型鱼类占优势。不同维度多样性指数侧重于鱼类多样性的不同方面,结合多种指数分析有利于更全面地了解鱼类群落对环境变化和外界干扰的响应。研究结果有助于深入了解水电工程建设对金沙江下游鱼类多样性的影响,为鱼类多样性保护提供依据,也可为长江“十年禁渔”效果评估提供本底资料。     

Planktonic rotifers in mining lakes in the Silesian Upland: Relationship to environmental parameters

The effects of coal-mine waters on the structure and the density of planktonic rotifer communities were studied in lakes formed as a result of subsidence due to mining (collapse of underground tunnels). Water samples were collected according to the standard methods from four mining lakes in Tychy-Czu?ów (near Katowice, southern Poland), twice a month from June till October in 2004-2006. Two of the studied lakes were fed by mine waters but differed in flow rate, conductivity, water pH, and the amount of aquatic vegetation. The effects of those factors on the planktonic rotifer communities were analysed. In total, 83 species and forms of rotifers were recorded. The highest diversity of rotifers was found in the lakes with the largest patches of aquatic vegetation, while the highest density of rotifers was observed in the smallest and the most eutrophicated lake. High-water conductivity limited both species diversity and densities of rotifers. The rotifer communities of the studied lakes differed significantly in species diversity, although all the lakes were dominated by eurytopic species: Keratella cochlearis, Brachionus angularis, Brachionus calyciflorus, and Polyarthra sp. In the largest lake, characterized by the lowest conductivity and pH, the superdominant was Polyarthra luminosa, which in the other lakes was rare or absent. Higher conductivity was correlated with a lower density of P. luminosa, Brachionus diversicornis, K. cochlearis f. tecta, and a higher density of B. calyciflorus. In the lakes with the largest patches of aquatic vegetation, conductivity affected the number of dominant rotifer species. Apparently no other abiotic factors (pH, phosphates, and nitrates) affected the rotifer communities.     

洱海湖滨带水生植物多样性及分布现状

湖滨带水生植物对湖泊生态系统健康的维持具有重要作用。为了解当前洱海湖滨带水生植物现状,本研究于2020—2021年间每季度对洱海湖滨带水生植物进行调查。调查结果表明:(1)洱海湖滨带现有水生植物206种,属56科156属,其中湿生植物149种,挺水植物24种,沉水植物21种,漂浮植物7种,浮叶植物5种;常见种有狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)、菰(Zizania latifolia)、苦草(Vallisneria natans)、菱(Trapa bispinosa)等,偶见种为忍冬(Lonicera japonica)、披碱草(Elymus dahuricus)等。(2)从区系分布来看,洱海湖滨带物种主要为世界分布(83种)和热带分布(55种)两种类型,分别占总物种数比例的40.28%和26.71%。(3)在植物群落方面,洱海湖滨带共有18个主要植物群落类型,其中湿生植物群落4种,挺水植物群落3种,沉水植物群落9种,浮叶植物群落2种;以狗牙根群落、菰群落、苦草群落、菱群落为主。通过与历史文献结果的对比分析得出,近年来洱海湖滨带水生植物多样性有了显著提高,但目前存在挺水植物群落...     

论有机氮磷在湖泊水环境中的作用和重要性

长期以来,国内外学者对湖泊中氮磷等营养物质及其循环开展了大量研究,在其污染过程、控制和管理等方面取得了许多重要进展。然而,现有研究主要集中在总氮、总磷和无机氮磷等方面,对有机氮磷的来源、循环及生物和生态学效应的研究相对缺乏。近期研究显示:有机氮磷是湖泊水体和沉积物中的重要组分,可以通过酶解和微生物活动转化成生物可利用性营养盐,在湖泊生态系统中起着十分重要的作用。本文简要分析了有机氮磷已有的研究进展,论述了有机氮磷在湖泊水环境研究中的重要性、研究难点、主要技术突破及存在的科学问题,指出有机氮磷研究将有助于加深目前对水生态系统和富营养化机理的认识,并对水质标准制定、环境质量评价、污染控制和生态修复具有十分重要的价值。研究表明:在各种无机氮磷研究的基础上,开展各种有机氮磷等营养组分的时空分布特征、在主要界面的迁移转化及其生物有效性研究,揭示有机氮磷与湖泊生命过程的耦合关系,完善氮磷循环理论,将是未来该领域的主要研究方向。     

太湖东部不同类型湖区底泥疏浚的生态效应

为研究底泥生态疏浚对太湖东部不同类型湖区水生生态系统的影响,2012年8月于东太湖养殖湖区和胥口湾草型湖区采集沉积物和生物样品,分析疏浚对底泥污染控制、水质改善以及各生物群落结构的影响.结果表明,底泥疏浚能有效去除表层沉积物中的营养物质,降低底泥重金属含量及其潜在生态风险,但底泥疏浚对不同类型湖区水质和生物群落结构的影响存在明显差别.在富营养化较严重的东太湖养殖湖区,底泥疏浚达到了一定的改善水质的效果,浮游植物密度、生物量均不同程度降低,且群落中蓝藻所占比例下降;水生植物和底栖动物群落也在较短时间内得到恢复;胥口湾草型湖区的底泥疏浚则破坏了原先良好的水生植物群落,造成湖区整体水质下降,各主要生物类群的恢复相对缓慢.     

淮河流域春季浮游植物群落结构特征及其水质评价

浮游植物是内陆水体生态系统的主要初级生产者,其群落结构能反映水体的水质状况.为了全面了解淮河流域内浮游植物群落结构及水质现状,于2013年5月在流域内设置217个样点采集浮游植物样品.共鉴定浮游植物244种(含变种和变型),隶属于8门104属,绿藻门和硅藻门的种类最丰富.浮游植物生物量为3.93 mg/L,在0.04~83.62 mg/L之间变动,生物量组成主要为甲藻门、硅藻门和隐藻门.浮游植物种类数和生物量在河流的中游较高,溪流以及下游入江入海河道较低.浮游植物优势种主要为隐藻门的啮蚀隐藻(Cryptomonas erosa)、尖尾蓝隐藻(Chroomonas acuta),硅藻门的梅尼小环藻(Cyclotella meneghiniana),甲藻门的角甲藻(Ceratium hirundinella),其相对生物量均大于5%.淮河流域浮游植物多样性指数较低,流域内多数样点处于中-重污染状态.     

鄱阳湖湿地典型植被群落地下水—土壤—植被—大气系统界面水分通量及水源组成

地下水-土壤-植被-大气系统(GSPAC)界面水分传输是湿地生态水文过程研究的关键.本文选取鄱阳湖湿地高位滩地的2种典型植被群落:茵陈蒿(Artemisia capillaris)和芦苇(Phragmites australis)群落为研究对象,运用HYDRUS-1D垂向一维数值模拟,量化了湿地GSPAC系统界面水分通量,阐明了典型丰水年(2012年)和枯水年(2013年)鄱阳湖湿地植被群落的蒸腾用水规律和水源组成.结果表明:(1)茵陈蒿和芦苇群落土壤-大气界面的年降水入渗量为1570~1600 mm,主要集中在雨季4-6月,占年总量的60%;植物-大气界面的年蒸腾总量分别为346~470 mm和926~1057 mm,其中7-8月植被生长旺季最大,占年总量的40%~46%;地下水-根区土壤界面的向上补给水量受不同水文年水位变化的影响显著,地下水年补给量分别为15~513 mm和277~616 mm,主要发生在蒸散发作用强烈和地下水埋深较浅的时段.(2)植被蒸腾用水分为生长初期(4-6月)和生长旺季(7-10月)2个阶段,丰水年植被的整个生长期蒸腾用水充足,枯水年植被生长旺季的蒸腾用水受到严重水分胁迫,实际蒸腾量仅为潜在蒸腾量的一半左右.(3)不同水文年湿地植被生长旺季的水源贡献不同:丰水年茵陈蒿群落以地下水补给为主,芦苇群落以湖水和地下水补给为主;枯水年茵陈蒿群落以降水和前期土壤水储量为主,芦苇群落以地下水补给为主.本研究结果有助于揭示湿地植被的水分利用策略,为阐明湖泊水情变化与植被演替的作用机理提供参考依据.     

Inundation and isolation: dynamics of phytoplankton communities in seasonal inundated flood plain waters of the Lower Odra Valley National Park — Northeast Germany

The flood plains of the Lower Odra are inundated in winter and spring and are desiccated in summer and autumn. Phytoplankton composition as well as its seasonal succession in permanent oxbows and separate lakes were investigated between 1993 and 1996. Solitary centric diatoms were the characteristic phytoplankton taxa of these flood plain waters. They dominated the main channel non-seasonally, the flood plains during the entire inundation phase and long periods of the isolation phase. Only during long phases of low mixing (maximal 1.5-2 months in summer) separate water bodies were dominated by Cyano- and/or Dinophyceae. This special feature of the Lower Odra Valley is explained by the Inundation-Isolation-Model of phytoplankton development influenced by inundation. Out of a high diverse algal spectrum of 495 taxa, specialities such as 9 endangered taxa and 6 halophilous taxa were discussed. Additionally, taxon specific cell-volumes and maxima of biovolumes were given.     

渭河干流和秦岭北麓典型支流底栖动物群落结构及水质生物评价

为摸清渭河干流及源于秦岭北麓典型支流的大型底栖动物群落特征,本研究于2017年10月和2018年5月对渭河干流及秦岭北麓5条典型支流共40个样点的大型底栖动物进行调查,并利用Margalef丰富度指数和生物指数BI生物指数对河流水质进行评价.共鉴定大型底栖动物210种,属于5门8纲75科187属.水生昆虫为优势类群,其物种数占总物种数的89.0%,且四节蜉属一种（Baetis sp.）作为绝对优势的物种出现在所有调查河流中.源于秦岭北麓的支流石头河底栖动物总密度最高（616.3 ind./m²）,总生物量最大（5.265 g/m²）;而渭河干流底栖动物总密度最低（125.6 ind./m²）,总生物量最小（0.289 g/m²）.水质较好的秦岭北麓典型支流底栖动物的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数显著高于渭河干流,而Pielou均匀度指数在干支流间的差异性不大.通过Pearson相关分析和多元逐步回归分析得出,淤泥型底质、电导率、pH和硝酸盐氮是影响调查河流底栖动物群落特征的主导因子.丰富度指数法和生物指数法水质评价结果分别显示,渭河干流有73.3%和80.0%的采样点呈中度-重度污染状态,秦岭北麓典型支流有80.0%和68.0%的采样点呈无污染-轻度污染状态.本研究可为渭河流域生态管理与保护提供基础的数据支撑.     

城市河流细菌群落特征及影响因素——以鄱阳湖流域赣江南昌段为例

为了了解赣江细菌群落特征,探讨环境因子对城市河流细菌群落结构组成的影响,本文基于高通量测序分析鄱阳湖流域赣江南昌段2015年4月至2016年3月5个采样点(G1~G5)的细菌群落特征.采用R语言"Vegan"程序包中的"Bioenv"程序、冗余分析方法分析环境因子对河水细菌群落的影响,基于Bayesian统计方法的Source Tracker模型估算南昌城区对赣江细菌群落的改变比例.结果表明:赣江南昌段的优势菌门为放线菌门(Actinobacteria,34.05%)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria,31.59%),其次为厚壁菌门(Firmicutes,15.49%)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes,9.12%);气温和流量是河流细菌群落主要影响因子,其中气温是影响OTU丰度的最佳单参数,影响门丰度的最佳单参数是流量;水文气象条件(气温和流量)对河流细菌群落的影响大于水化学指标,包括营养盐(溶解有机碳、总磷和铵态氮)、水化学离子(HCO_3~-、Cl~-、NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、Na~+、K~+和Mg~(2+))和重金属元素(Mn、Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、As、Ba和Fe).除Proteobacteria外,其余门的细菌相对丰度在5个采样点之间不存在显著差异;Source Tracker模型结果表明南昌城区对赣江细菌群落结构组成的影响为6.33%~34.67%,对赣江南支细菌群落的影响显著高于其他河段;南昌城区对细菌群落的影响较小,主要的影响门类为Proteobacteria.     

三峡水库长江干流及其支流枯水期浮游植物多样性与水质

2010年4月对长江干流和26条支流未淹没区与回水区的浮游植物进行调查.结果表明,硅藻、绿藻和蓝藻共占浮游植物种类的93.33%～93.88%.干流优势种类有1门1种、未淹没区有3门6种、回水区有5门6种,出现率分别为15.38%、9.23%和25.00%.回水区现存量平均值最高、未淹没区其次、干流最低.现存量组成在干流、未淹没区和回水区之间有差异,绿藻所占比例干流最高,硅藻所占比例未淹没区最高,隐藻、蓝藻和甲藻所占比例均在回水区最高.Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H’)和Pielou均匀性指数(J),未淹没区最高、干流次之、回水区最低.17条支流回水区H’和8条支流回水区J均低于未淹没区.水质评价显示,轻或无污染断面(采样点)的比例,干流为76.92%,未淹没区为84.62%,回水区为47.06%.19条(73.08%)支流回水区出现中污染或重污染,7条(26.92%)支流未淹没区出现中污染或重污染.三峡工程蓄水对回水区浮游植物与水质影响比长江干流更大.