1850年以来呼伦湖沉积物无机碳埋藏时空变化

湖泊沉积物碳埋藏及其驱动机制是陆地生态系统碳循环及全球变化研究的热点问题之一,但以往湖泊碳循环的研究大多局限于有机碳,较少考虑无机碳的地位和作用.我国干旱-半干旱地区湖泊众多、无机碳储量丰富,在区域碳循环过程中的作用日益突出,因此探讨这些地区湖泊沉积物无机碳埋藏变化对深入理解区域碳循环具有重要意义.本研究通过对内蒙古高原呼伦湖15个沉积岩芯样品无机碳含量(TIC)的测定,结合沉积岩芯210Pb、137Cs年代标尺,分析了1850年以来呼伦湖无机碳埋藏速率时空变化,并揭示了影响呼伦湖无机碳埋藏的主要因素.结果表明,1980s之前,呼伦湖无机碳含量总体维持在相对稳定的低值,1980s之后开始快速增加,且近百年来呼伦湖平均无机碳含量在不同湖区差异不显著.1850年以来呼伦湖无机碳埋藏速率变化范围约为7.10～74.29 g/(m2·a),平均值约为36.15 g/(m2·a),且大体上可分为3个阶段,即1900s以前相对稳定的低值阶段、1900s-1950s期间的快速增加阶段以及1950s以来的波动增加阶段,各阶段无机碳埋藏速率平均值分别约为10.40、26.29和41.00 g/(m2·a).空间上,呼伦湖无机碳埋藏速率整体表现为中部高、南北两端低的分布格局,这可能与湖心水动力条件相对稳定,有利于碳酸盐沉积有关.此外,呼伦湖无机碳埋藏速率与湖区温度变化呈显著正相关,而与周边人类活动影响关系不明显,表明在未来全球变暖背景下,呼伦湖无机碳埋藏速率将进一步增加,湖泊在区域碳循环中的作用将更加显著.     

近百年来洱海沉积物有机碳埋藏时空变化

湖泊沉积物有机碳埋藏是陆地碳循环中重要的环节,对全球碳平衡起着重要的作用.洱海是云贵高原第二大淡水湖,目前对洱海生态环境变化、重金属与营养盐污染等已展开了较为深入的研究,但对近百年来沉积物有机碳埋藏时空变化与驱动因素缺乏系统的分析.本文通过对洱海北部湖区典型岩芯（编号EH2012）以及其他湖区13个沉积岩芯中有机碳（OC）含量的分析,结合湖泊生态环境与气候因子变化,研究了近百年来沉积物有机碳埋藏时空变化特征与影响因素.C/N摩尔比值表明洱海沉积物中OC以湖泊内源为主,不同湖区岩芯中OC含量变化趋势基本相似.以EH2012岩芯为例,OC含量历史变化可分为3个阶段：1970年以前,表现出较稳定的低值;1970-2000年,OC含量逐渐增加;2000年以来,OC含量增加更加明显并达到近百年来的最大值.近百年来,EH2012岩芯有机碳累积速率（OCAR）呈逐渐增加趋势,变化范围为7.9~87.2 g/（m²·a）,平均OCAR（OCAR）为24.1 g/（m²·a）;OCAR变化与OC含量和区域气温呈显著正相关,全球变暖与营养驱动下的湖泊生产力提高可能是近年来OCAR增加的主要原因之一.基于重金属Cd污染初始时间建立的时标,1982年以来不同湖区OCAR为17.1~44.7 g/（m²·a）,采用克里金插值得到的全湖OCAR均值为31.4 g/（m²·a）;不同湖区OCAR与磷累积速率呈显著正相关,指示了湖泊营养水平对有机碳埋藏空间变化的重要影响.     

湖泊底泥疏浚环境效应:Ⅰ.内源磷释放控制作用

通过为期一年的疏浚模拟试验,在试验室培养疏浚与对照柱样研究了底泥疏浚对内源磷释放的控制效果．结果发现,疏浚表层30cm能够有效的消减沉积物中不f司形态磷含量与孔隙水中PO4^3-P含量．在一年的试验周期内,疏浚和对照柱沉积物-水界面的PO4^3-P通量分别为-143．8至14．4与-237．3至3047．6μg／（m^2·d）,疏浚柱沉积物-水界面的磷通量总体上低于未疏浚对照的磷通量,尤其是在温度较高的月份,从2006年3-10月疏浚柱沉积物-水界面磷释放通量显著低于未疏浚对照柱,疏浚沉积物的磷的释放潜力低于未疏浚对照沉积物．研究结果表明,在外源磷得到有效控制的前提下,底泥疏浚是消减研究区内源磷负荷有效的技术手段．     

太湖河蚬时空格局

2006年12月-2007年11月对太湖河蚬种群进行了周年逐月调查.河蚬在分布区的年均密度和生物量分别为265.7ind./m2和100.9g/m2,在夏、秋季均达到高值.根据壳长频数分布的周年变化,太湖河蚬一年一代,繁殖期主要在5-7月份.河蚬主要分布在贡湖湾、马迹山以南区域、西南湖区和小梅港沿岸区域.分析表明,太湖中河蚬的空间分布表现出明显的差异性,这种差异性受到多种因素的综合影响.在北部梅梁湾和竺山湾湖区湖泊中的低溶氧量是限制河蚬生长的最重要因素;在贡湖湾、马迹山以南湖区和西南部湖区,各种生境条件和底质性质适合河蚬的生长繁殖,其密度和生物量的最高值出现在贡湖湾的中心区域(820.0ind./m2,522.9g/m2);在东太湖湖区浮游植物密度较低,底质中有机质较少,食物来源是影响河蚬分布的较重要因素.     

Sedimentation in arctic proglacial lakes: Mittivakkat Glacier,south‐east Greenland

Several sediment cores were collected from two proglacial lakes in the vicinity of Mittivakkat Glacier, south‐east Greenland, in order to determine sedimentation rates, estimate sediment yields and identify the dominant sources of the lacustrine sediment. The presence of varves in the ice‐dammed Icefall Lake enabled sedimentation rates to be estimated using a combination of X‐ray photography and down‐core variations in ¹³⁷Cs activity. Sedimentation rates for individual cores ranged between 0·52 and 1·06 g cm⁻² year⁻¹, and the average sedimentation rate was estimated to be 0·79 g cm⁻² year⁻¹. Despite considerable down‐core variability in annual sedimentation rates, there is no significant trend over the period 1970 to 1994. After correcting for autochthonous organic matter content and trap efficiency, the mean fine‐grained minerogenic sediment yield from the 3·8 km² basin contributing to the lake was estimated to be 327 t km⁻² year⁻¹. Cores were also collected from the topset beds of two small deltas in Icefall Lake. The deposition of coarse‐grained sediment on the delta surface was estimated to total in excess of 15 cm over the last c. 40 years. In the larger Lake Kuutuaq, which is located about 5 km from the glacier front and for which the glacier represents a smaller proportion of the contributing catchment, sedimentation rates determined for six cores collected from the centre of the lake, based on their ¹³⁷Cs depth profiles, were estimated to range between 0·05 and 0·11 g cm⁻² year⁻¹, and the average was 0·08 g cm⁻² year⁻¹. The longer‐term (c. 100–150 years) average sedimentation rate for one of the cores, estimated from its unsupported ²¹⁰Pb profile, was 0·10–0·13 g cm⁻² year⁻¹, suggesting that sedimentation rates in this lake have been essentially constant over the last c. 100–150 years. The average fine‐grained sediment yield from the 32·4 km² catchment contributing to the lake was estimated to be 13 t km⁻² year⁻¹. The ¹³⁷Cs depth profiles for cores collected from the topset beds of the delta of Lake Kuutuaq indicate that in excess of 27 cm of coarse‐grained sediment had accumulated on the delta surface over the last approximately 40 years. Caesium‐137 concentrations associated with the most recently deposited (uppermost) fine‐grained sediment in both Icefall Lake and Lake Kuutuaq were similar to those measured in fine‐grained sediment collected from steep slopes in the immediate proglacial zone, suggesting that this material, rather than contemporary glacial debris, is the most likely source of the sediment deposited in the lakes. This finding is confirmed by the ¹³⁷Cs concentrations associated with suspended sediment collected from the Mittivakkat stream, which are very similar to those for proglacial material. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Methan- und Sauerstoffhaushalt im mesotrophen Lungernsee

Prealpine Lake Lungern shows in spite of low primary production rates (120 g C/m². year) and full winter overturns a complete oxygen depletion in the deepest hypolimnion (65–70 m below surface) towards the end of summer stagnation. Periodical examinations of O₂- and CH₄-concentrations, CH₄-oxidation rates and temperature in the water column during 1975/76 enabled an O₂-balance of Lake Lungern. The direct measurement of the CH₄-flux at the sediment-water-interface and of the CH₄-concentrations in sediment cores as well as the determination of the age of methane bubbles lead to the conclusion, that the hypolimnic oxygen depletion is partly due to the oxidation of fossile methane penetrating the lake from below.      

Der Einfluss von Kohlenwasserstoffen auf die Ökologie der Bakterien im aeroben Seesediment

Two different hydrocarbon loadings of sediment cores were analyzed 4 times during 21 days. Applied methods were: Direct count, isolation of more than 100 colonies on a diluted plate-count agar and estimation of 42 attributes (282 levels), followed by a single link clustering and calculation of the information basing on attribute level (i.e. negative entropy). Loading of 100 g fuel oil/m²·sediment caused a depletion of germs and information. Full restoration could not be observed. When 10 g fuel/m² was applied there was no significant effect, but if algae were supplied too, the effect was similar to using 100 g/m². An extrapolation of the results gives a tolerance of hydrocarbon loading for Lake Constance or Lake Zug of 10 to 20 times the load present, but effects on fishes or fishfood were not considered.     

长江中下游湖泊沉积物生物可利用磷分布特征

利用化学提取方法对太湖6个样点,巢湖4个样点和龙感湖3个样点的表层沉积物和沉积物柱样进行了生物可利用磷(BAP)测定．北太湖表层沉积物的平均含量为259．5mg／kg,而西部湖区平均含量为114 6mg／kg,湖心区平均含量为40．6 mg/kg,而东太湖平均含量为50．7 mg／kg,呈显著北高南低的特点．巢湖西部湖区表层沉积物的BAP平均含量为 254．2 mg／kg,而东部湖区BAP含量降低为101．9mg／kg．龙感湖表层沉积物BAP平均含量为67．8 mg／kg．显著表明污染程度较高的湖区沉积物的BAP相应较高．BAP在沉积物中随深度呈指数降低,显示生物可利用磷在沉积作用下向稳定的非活性磷转化．夏季沉积物中的BAP由于生物活性的增强向溶解态活性磷转化过程增强,显示为较低的BAP含量．BAP 含量与水体溶解态活性磷呈正相关关系,且该相关性在BAP含量较低的样点好于高BAP的样点．     

Sedimentary inputs and oxygen uptake by the sediment in Lake Geneva (Switzerland)

Sediment cores and sediment traps were collected twice a month in two 35 m deep stations of Lake Geneva (Switzerland). The organic input sedimenting to the bottom is equal to 157 g C m⁻²y⁻¹ in station 1, to 214 g C in station 2. In spite of this difference, the oxygen uptake by the sediment (OUS) is similar in both locations (46–47 g C m⁻²y⁻¹). The oxygen uptake by the matter sedimenting to the bottom (OUSM) is respectively 45 g C m⁻²y⁻¹ and 41 g C in stations 1 and 2. The equivalence between OUS and OUSM implies that most of the sedimented matter arriving to the bottom is directly oxidized at the sediment surface. In station 1, OUS is positively correlated to OUSM, and OUSM is positively correlated to chlorophyll-a concentrations in the water column (0–20 m) one week before sediment sampling. In location 2, OUS is positively correlated to the percentage of organic carbon and nitrogen in the sedimented matter, negatively to its C:N ratio. Increasing allochthonous inputs have a negative influence on benthic respiration. At both sites, OUS is not directly related to macrobenthic biomass or to temperature of bottom water.     

中国新疆博斯腾湖现代碳库效应研究

碳库效应存在影响了¹⁴C测年的准确性,制约了沉积物在湖泊研究中的应用。本文研究位于典型西风环流带的新疆博斯腾湖现代碳库效应,结合同位素地球化学、水化学等方法,探讨了博斯腾湖碳库效应的影响机制。研究结果表明,博斯腾湖最大现代碳库年龄为3535年,最小为现代碳,集中在670~945年。而过去碳库效应集中在1033~2200年。深水区表现为碳库年龄较小且稳定;在入湖口碳库效应最大,富水生植物浅水区碳库效应最小。与过去碳库年龄相比较,现代碳库效应整体表现更为年轻。研究发现,博斯腾湖口受流域外源“死”碳影响,深水区受湖水与大气CO₂交换率差异影响,富水生植物浅水区可能受水生植物光合作用影响。此外,核爆效应也对博斯腾湖现代碳库效应产生了影响,可能导致最高约1000年的年代误差。利用深水区放射性碳比活度(pMC)平均值与大气碳比活度差值(~18%),得出深水区沉积物存在约846年现代碳库效应,再经核爆效应校正后得出博斯腾湖存在最高约1800年碳库效应。     

东巢湖沉积物水界面氮、磷、氧迁移特征及意义

以东巢湖近城市湖湾沉积物为研究对象,在沉积物氮、磷营养盐分析的基础上,采用沉积物柱状芯样静态释放模拟法定量评估研究区域沉积物—水界面氨氮、溶解性活性磷酸盐营养盐释放潜力,利用微电极非损伤测定技术获得沉积物—水微界面溶解氧(DO)剖面分布及微界面DO消耗和扩散特征.结果表明:东巢湖近城市湖湾沉积物氮、磷污染物蓄积量较高,受TN、TP污染程度较重.沉积物内源氨氮、磷酸盐释放明显,平均释放速率分别达到32.44 mg/(m~2·d)和1.25mg/(m~2·d),区域内沉积物已成为水柱中氮、磷营养盐的污染源.研究区域上覆水体处于好氧状态,沉积物—水微界面平均DO穿透深度(OPD)达到5.3 mm,平均DO扩散通量为4.56 mmol/(m~2·d),表现出良好的DO扩散能力.沉积物内源氨氮和磷酸盐释放能力与表层沉积物TN/TP物质含量及沉积物—水微界面DO穿透深度有关,在沉积物氮、磷污染较重的情况下,DO穿透深度越低越有利于氮、磷污染物从沉积物向上覆水体释放.     

Impact of environmental variables on spatial and seasonal internal phosphorus loading in a mesoeutrophic lake

Strzeszynskie Lake was formerly a slightly eutrophic (meso-eutrophic) water body. The aim of the current research was to define variables on both spatial and seasonal internal phosphorus loading from bottom sediments at five stations located in zones varying in depth, oxygenation, macrophyte presence, and uses of the neighboring catchment area. Ex situ experiments done with the use of intact bottom sediment cores have shown that the highest phosphorus release occurred in the deepest part of the lake and reached 3.6?mg?P/m²d under anoxic conditions during summer thermal stratification. In turn, the internal loading from littoral sediments, which were well aerated all year round, was clearly lower. Furthermore, phosphorus accumulation in the bottom sediment was observed to reach a maximum of 1.45?mg?P/m² d in autumn. A comparison of the internal loading intensity in lake zones with different land uses of the neighboring catchment area has shown slightly higher values at stations adjacent to the forest catchment area than those used for recreation. Changes in the land use of the catchment area of Strzeszynskie Lake, especially the increase in impermeable surfaces, have led to an increased inflow of external loads after heavy rains, resulting in deterioration in water quality and a delayed increase in internal loading.     

The burial efficiency of organic carbon in the sediments of Lake Kinneret

Even though lake sediments constitute a significant long-term carbon sink, studies on the regulation of carbon burial in lakes sediments have, to date, been surprisingly few. We investigated to what degree the organic carbon (OC) being deposited onto the bottom of Lake Kinneret (Israel) is buried in the sediment at four different sites with varying degrees of oxygenation and varying supply of allochthonous particles from the River Jordan. For estimation of the OC burial efficiency (OC BE), i.e., the ratio between buried and deposited OC, we calculated OC burial from dated sediment cores, and calculated OC deposition using three different approaches. Calculation of OC deposition from sediment trap-derived mass deposition rates multiplied with the OC content of surface sediment yielded OC BE values that were at odds with published values for sediments dominated by autochthonous OC sources. Calculation via sediment trap data on organic matter flux collected within the Lake Kinneret monitoring program, as well as calculation of OC deposition as the sum of OC burial plus OC mineralization, returned fairly congruent estimates of OC BE (range 10–41%), but only if the sediment trap data were corrected for the proportion of resuspended particles in the traps. Differences in OC BE between sites were small, indicating that OC source (common to all sites) was a more important regulator of OC BE in Lake Kinneret than oxygen exposure or mineral particles characteristics.     

新疆乌伦古湖大型底栖无脊椎动物的群落结构

乌伦古湖是我国十大内陆淡水湖之一,同时也是新疆维吾尔自治区的第二大湖泊和主要渔业基地.近年来,随着气候变化和人为因素的影响,湖区水体营养状况、生物群落组成等均发生了较大变化.为揭示该湖大型底栖无脊椎动物的群落结构特征及其对生态系统变化的响应,2006年11月至2008年7月设28个采样点对大型无脊椎底栖动物的群落结构特...     

贵州红枫湖沉积物磷赋存形态及沉积历史

采集了云贵高原深水湖泊红枫湖现代沉积物未受扰动的柱状样品,通过分析不同形态沉积磷在沉积剖面上的分布特征,并结合沉积物样品柱的210Pb、137Cs年代学研究结果,揭示了红枫湖现代沉积过程中不同形态沉积磷的早期成岩改造的时间变化序列,以及沉积磷外源输入负荷的历史变化.采用Ruttenberg法分析沉积磷的地球化学赋存形态,研究表明,红枫湖沉积物中有机磷和铁结合态磷是沉积磷的主要赋存形态,分别占沉积全磷的60%和28%.沉积磷在垂直剖面上的分布特征显示,红枫湖现代沉积过程中,沉积磷在最终埋藏前可能发生非常剧烈的形态转化和再迁移,尤其是有机磷和铁结合态磷的成岩改造可能是湖泊系统磷循环质量平衡的重要方面.年代学数据同时表明,近年的人为活动导致湖泊系统(包括沉积物)磷负荷的显著增加.     

Sediment characteristics and wind-induced sediment dynamics in shallow Lake Markermeer, the Netherlands

In 2007/08, a study was undertaken on the sediment dynamics in shallow Lake Markermeer (the Netherlands). Firstly, sediment characteristics were determined at 49 sites in the lake. Parameters such as median grain size and loss on ignition showed a spatial as well as water depth related pattern, indicating wind-induced sediment transport. Highly significant correlations were found between all sediment parameters. Lake Markermeer sediment dynamics were investigated in a sediment trap field survey at two permanent stations in the lake. Sediment yields, virtually all coming from sediment resuspension, were significantly correlated with average wind speeds, though periods of extreme winds also played a role. Sediment resuspension rates for Lake Markermeer were high, viz. on average ca. 1,000 g m⁻² day⁻¹. The highly dynamic nature of Lake Markermeer sediments must be due to the overall shallowness of the lake, together with its large surface area (dynamic ratio = [√(area)]/[average depth] = 7.5); wind-induced waves and currents will impact most of the lake’s sediment bed. Indeed, near-bed currents can easily reach values >10 cm/s. Measurements of the thickness of the settled “mud” layer, as well as ¹³⁷Cs dating, showed that long-term deposition only takes place in the deeper SE area of the lake. Finally, lake sediment dynamics were investigated in preliminary laboratory experiments in a small “micro-flume”, applying increasing water currents onto five Lake Markermeer sediments. Sediment resuspension started off at 0.5–0.7 cm/s and showed a strongly exponential behaviour with respect to these currents.     

Changes in carbon and nitrogen cycling in a floodplain lake over recent decades linked to littoral expansion,declining riverine influx,and eutrophication

This study aimed to understand changes in the biogeochemical processing of organic matter (OM) in response to multiple stressors (e.g., littoral area expansion, wastewater input, and hydrological regulation) in East Dongting Lake (Central China) over the past 60 years, using analyses of total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), C/N ratios, δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N, and diatoms from 2 sediment cores collected from the littoral and central parts of the lake. OM mainly originated from phytoplankton and C₃ plant‐derived soil OM based on the ranges of C/N ratios (from 7 to 11) and δ¹³C (between ?27‰ and ?23‰). Littoral area expansion due to siltation caused an increasing influx of terrestrial soil OM in the 1980s and the 1990s, subsequently lowering δ¹³C values and rising C/N ratios in both sediment cores. Meanwhile, higher δ¹⁵N was linked to a high influx of isotopically heavy nitrate from urban and agricultural wastewaters. After 2000, slight decreases in TOC and TN in the littoral area were attributable to reducing inputs of external OM, likely linked to declining sediment influx from the upper reaches resulting from the Three Gorges Dam impoundment. Contrasting increases in TOC, TN, and C/N ratios in the central part indicated a high influx of terrestrial soil OM due to the declining distance from the shoreline with littoral area expansion. Declining δ¹⁵N values after 2000 indicated an increase in N₂‐fixing cyanobacteria with eutrophication. Changes in diatom assemblages in both the littoral and central zones reflected nutrient enrichment and hydrological alterations. These results indicate that littoral expansion, declining riverine influx, and anthropogenic nutrient inputs are potential driving forces for the biogeochemical processing of OM in floodplain lakes. This study provides sedimentary biogeochemical clues for tracking past limnological conditions of floodplain lakes that are subjected to increasing disturbances from hydrological regulation and eutrophication.     

洪泽湖水沙变化趋势和冲淤时空分布及驱动因素

为了研究洪泽湖水沙特性、变化趋势与冲淤时空分布规律,运用累积距平法、Mann-Kendall趋势与突变检验以及R/S分析法等方法,分析了洪泽湖19502016年的水沙特征;采用地理信息技术,基于1992年和2016年实测地形,对湖区泥沙冲淤空间分布进行了定量计算与分析.结果表明,入湖径流量无明显增加或减少的趋势,输沙量和含沙量呈明显减小趋势,1990年以后含沙量基本稳定在0.2 kg/m^3以下;淮河干流(包括池河)入湖水量和沙量约占入湖总量的89.6%,三河闸出湖水沙占总出湖量的60%.淮干入湖口和溧河洼为主要淤积区域,淤积量分别为2300×10^4和1900×10^4 m^3,平均淤积厚度分别为0.35和0.25 m;其他区域自然冲淤基本平衡.上游水库和河道闸坝的拦沙作用、农业种植结构变化和水土保持、大规模人工采砂等是入湖沙量减少的主要影响因素;湖区水动力特性是泥沙自然淤积主导因素,而湖区库容变化的主因则是人工采砂、围湖造田和围网养殖,且人类活动的影响远大于自然冲淤.     

太湖的泥沙与演变

历史时期,太湖是不断扩展的,其平均扩展速率为0.37km~2/a。据沙量平衡分析与计算表明。因湖岸崩塌和太湖水系的输沙作用,近期太湖的泥沙淤积量为9.28×10~5t/a.泥沙数量虽然不大,但经过长期的积累,对太湖演变具有深刻影响。就自然演变趋势而言,近期太湖面积仍以0.168km~2/a的速率扩大,容积则以3.95×10~5m~3/a的速率减小,太湖正进一步向浅平方向演变。然而,因围湖造田,建国以来,太湖的面积则以4.58km~2/a的速率在减小。     

A comparative study of the hopanoid hydrocarbons in sediments of two lakes (Fuxian and Changdang) with contrasting environments

Biologically configured ββ-hopanes, geologically configured αβ-hopanes and the biogenic hopenes were determined in dated sediment cores from Lake Fuxian in SW China and Lake Changdang in Eastern China in order to investigate anthropogenic influences on the abundance, composition and provenance of hopanoid hydrocarbons in lake sediments. Based on the results, hopenes were prevalent, with maximum values reaching 148.9 μg g⁻¹ TOC in sediments of Lake Fuxian, an oligotrophic deep lake (average depth 89.6 m), where the long water column provided ample potential for the growth of hopene-producing bacteria especially the cyanobacteria. Sediment hopenes have diminished in abundance to values of 13.4–78.5 μg g⁻¹ TOC in Lake Changdang, a eutrophic shallow (average 0.8–1.2 m) body, reflecting comparatively reduced importance of nutrient level on hopene production. Historical trends in hopenes input to the sediments of each lake are strongly dependent on nutrient status. During the last few decades, human-induced eutrophication has greatly boosted bacterial production, enhancing the accumulation of hopenes in sediments. Inputs of petroleum-derived αβ-hopanes were exceptionally high (average 71.2 μg g⁻¹ TOC) in post-1968 sediments from Lake Changdang, their increase coinciding with the advent and acceleration of petroleum product use around the lake, in particular by fishing boats. Lake Fuxian on the other hand, has undergone slower economic development and the appearance of petroleum-derived αβ-hopanes in sediments was delayed to 1990 since when the average value has been 27.1 μg g⁻¹ TOC. The abundance of αβ-hopanes in Lake Changdang has created a marked decrease in the relative contribution of hopenes to total hopanoids since 1968. Conversely, the amounts of αβ-hopanes introduced to Lake Fuxian since 1990 has yet to yield a clear change in the overall proportion of hopenes, but the abundance of ββ-hopanes has declined relative to total hopanoid levels for the period.