深基坑PCMW工法开挖过程离散元数值模拟分析

深基坑稳定性问题是重要的工程问题,其中,有效支护结构是保证基坑工程顺利实施的基础。本文引入离散元法,提出了基坑及支护结构建模和数值模拟方法。采用紧密堆积离散单元构建模型初始地层,引入了离散单元团簇模型来构建表面较为光滑的管桩。以南京某深基坑工程为例,采用三维离散元模拟软件MatDEM3D构建几何模型,并根据土体的力学性质设定相应单元的力学参数。数值模拟中,通过预平衡操作实现土层的压实,进而模拟了基坑开挖过程中土体和管桩的变形。将数值模拟结果与实测监测数据进行了对比分析,评价了基坑支护结构的有效性。这种基坑离散元数值模拟方法在基坑开挖过程的稳定性预判和支护结构的有效性评价上具有潜在的应用前景。     

大冶铁矿露天转地下开采的离散元数值模拟研究

离散单元方法特别适合于节理比较发育的岩体。对于模拟和分析矿山中因采矿引起的围岩松动和冒落等力学行为是比较有效的。用离散单元法研究了大冶铁矿狮子山采区露天转地下开采，采用充填法、崩落法采掘对露天边坡和围岩的影响及围岩变形规律，并得出了相应的结论，为设计和方案的选用提供了一些有益的根据。     

A dimensional analysis of scaling viscosity and velocity in DEM of constant strain rate tests on asphalt

This paper presents the results from discrete element modelling (DEM) of an idealised (sand) asphalt mixture under constant strain rate (velocity) compressive loading using the Burgers viscoelastic model. Using dimensional analysis it is shown that the effect of scaling applied velocity is the same as that of scaling both viscosities in the Burgers model by the same factor. This has been shown to be the case for a bonded aggregate, and it also has been shown to be applicable even when bond breakage occurs within the sample. This scaling method will be of great benefit in modelling tests on asphalt under different constant strain rates, simply by scaling both viscosities to minimise computational time.     

Elastoplastic analysis of jointed rocks using a coupled finite element and boundary element method

This paper presents a coupled, elastoplastic, finite element and boundary element method for the two-dimensional, non-linear analysis of anisotropic jointed rock. The non-linear and anisotropic behaviour of a jointed rock mass is simulated by representing the mass as an equivalent anisotropic, elastoplastic continuum, so that the influence of the jointing system is ‘smeared’ across the continuum, i.e. the individual joints are not modelled as discrete entities. Numerical examples have been solved to verify the capability, accuracy and efficiency of the present technique. The proposed technique has also been applied to the analysis of tunnel excavation problems in plane strain. The effects of anisotropy and non-linearity of the jointed rock mass during excavation have been investigated in some detail.     

掘削卵砾石地层颗粒离散元模拟中的细观参数取值讨论

卵砾石地层被掘削时,其主要破坏模式并非一般的宏观整体剪切破坏,而是刀具切入卵砾石间的缝隙,将卵砾石颗粒剥离出原始地层,该过程较为契合颗粒离散元的物理力学假设。为确定掘削工况下的颗粒材料最优细观参数,对不同的颗粒接触法向刚度、接触刚度比、粒间摩擦系数、颗粒形状、颗粒尺寸等的颗粒材料开展了截割三维仿真试验,并分析研究了不同细观参数对掘削效果的影响。计算结果显示：颗粒接触法向刚度、接触刚度比的多种细观参数组合可以对应同一个宏观弹性模量值,接触刚度比大的细观参数组合的抗掘削能力更大。颗粒形状、粒间摩擦系数的多种细观参数组合可以对应同一个内摩擦角值,形状复杂的颗粒材料具有更大的抗掘削能力。在宏观参数相同的情况下,平均粒径更大的颗粒材料抗掘削能力更大。因此,利用颗粒离散元模拟掘削卵砾石地层问题时,除需保证虚拟颗粒材料的宏观整体剪切破坏响应与真实材料基本一致外,还需根据材料的抗掘削能力进一步标定细观参数,以获得更贴近实际情况的模拟效果。文章提出的方法可以为其他颗粒离散元掘削工况数值模拟中的参数标定提供参照依据。     

澜沧江某水电站右坝肩工程边坡倾倒变形问题的数值模拟研究

澜沧江某水电站处于青藏高原东部边缘地带,属于高山峡谷地形地貌,高地应力环境,岩体卸荷裂隙很发育,使得倾倒变形和岩体质量、断裂活动及地震构造一样成为影响工程边坡岩体稳定的主要因素。针对工程边坡的大变形问题可采用离散元的数值模拟分析方法。通过建立理论开挖和工程边坡开挖离散元模型,可分别得出倾倒变形破坏机理发展过程为初期弱倾倒变形岩体的层内剪切错动、强倾倒变形岩体的层内拉张变形、强倾倒变形岩体的切层张-剪破裂及极强倾倒破裂岩体的折断张裂(坠覆)破裂和工程边坡的变形范围、确定开挖面及加固方式等。通过工程边坡模型的计算结果和现场地质调查成果的比较表明,计算结果和实际情况基本吻合。     

基于有限元法对深基坑围护桩水平位移的分析

利用有限单元法,通过有限元程序来进行模拟计算。将所研究问题假定为平面应变问题;岩土体为理想弹塑性模型,采用平面四节点等参单元,遵循适于岩土的Drucker—Prager屈服准则;桩与岩土体之间通过设置接触单元来模拟基坑围护桩桩与岩土体的相互作用,重点分析建筑物与基坑的不同距离、基坑围护桩的刚度变化和围护桩底端土体物理力学参数变化时基坑开挖对围护桩变形的影响。     

基坑垮塌的离散元模拟及冗余度分析

目前基于构件设计的基坑设计理论使得很多支护体系缺乏必要的冗余度,并导致了众多基坑事故。将离散元方法引入到基坑垮塌模拟和冗余度研究中,提出了基于局部破坏的冗余度分析模拟方法。进而以探究支撑端部连接对支护结构冗余度的影响为例,对两种连接情况的基坑的破坏过程进行了模拟,对其中的连续破坏现象进行了分析,并将模拟结果与实际工程进行了对比。结果表明,支护体系冗余度的提高可以有效地抵抗连续破坏的发生,防止基坑在局部损伤情况下,由一种形式的破坏引发其他形式的破坏,由局部破坏导致整体崩溃。另外,模拟结果也验证了离散元法在基坑破坏模拟中的适用性与可行性,为类似地下工程的破坏模拟和基坑冗余度的深入研究提供了参考。     

Soil-structure interaction in shield tunnelling in soft soil

The development and extension of large cities creates a need for multiple shallow tunnels in the soft ground of building areas. Prediction of the ground settlement caused by the tunnel excavation is a major engineering challenge. A numerical simulation using a finite element method was implemented in the aim of developing a procedure to predict the movement induced by shield tunnelling in soft soil. This study describes a two-dimensional modelling and compares two procedures. The first procedure is done in a simple way (called “deconfinement modelling”) simulating the excavation using a stress decrease vector exerted on the excavation boundary (inside the tunnel) described by a stress release scalar parameter λ (named the “deconfinement factor”). The second procedure is composed of a complete stage of modelling (called “phase modelling”) taking into account different phases which simulate the different kinds of interactions between the tunnel and the soil (deconfinement, lining installation, pore pressure applied on the lining, and weight of the lining). Using a shallow lined tunnel with homogeneous soil conditions, the two procedures are analysed and compared. Then, the second modelling procedure is applied to the case of the metro of Lyon where field data have been obtained. Observations of the results and comparison with the experimental data demonstrate that the proposed modelling is adequate for the analyses of settlement induced by tunnelling in soft soil.     

Hollow Cylinder Tests on Boom Clay: Modelling of Strain Localization in the Anisotropic Excavation Damaged Zone

Boom Clay is extensively studied as a potential candidate to host underground nuclear waste disposal in Belgium. To guarantee the safety of such a disposal, the mechanical behaviour of the clay during gallery excavation must be properly predicted. In that purpose, a hollow cylinder experiment on Boom Clay has been designed to reproduce, in a small-scale test, the Excavation Damaged Zone (EDZ) as experienced during the excavation of a disposal gallery in the underground. In this article, the focus is made on the hydro-mechanical constitutive interpretation of the displacement (experimentally obtained by medium resolution X-ray tomography scanning). The coupled hydro-mechanical response of Boom Clay in this experiment is addressed through finite element computations with a constitutive model including strain hardening/softening, elastic and plastic cross-anisotropy and a regularization method for the modelling of strain localization processes. The obtained results evidence the directional dependency of the mechanical response of the clay. The softening behaviour induces transient strain localization processes, addressed through a hydro-mechanical second grade model. The shape of the obtained damaged zone is clearly affected by the anisotropy of the materials, evidencing an eye-shaped EDZ. The modelling results agree with experiments not only qualitatively (in terms of the shape of the induced damaged zone), but also quantitatively (for the obtained displacement in three particular radial directions).     

Multiscale insights into classical geomechanics problems

We pay a revisit to some classical geomechanics problems using a novel computational multiscale modelling approach. The multiscale approach employs a hierarchical coupling of the finite element method (FEM) and the discrete element method. It solves a boundary value problem at the continuum scale by FEM and derives the material point response from the discrete element method simulation attached to each Gauss point of the FEM mesh. The multiscale modelling framework not only helps successfully bypass phenomenological constitutive assumptions as required in conventional modelling approaches but also facilitates effective cross‐scale interpretation and understanding of soil behaviour. We examine the classical retaining wall and footing problems by this method and demonstrate that the simulating results can be well validated and verified by their analytical solutions. Furthermore, the study sheds novel multiscale insights into these classical problems and offers a new tool for geotechnical engineers to design and analyse geotechnical applications based directly upon particle‐level information of soils. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Negative skin friction on single piles in a layered half-space

Settlement of the surrounding soil due to surcharge placement may give rise to negative skin friction developed in piles. In this paper, a simple discrete element approach using subgrade reaction method is proposed to analyse negative skin friction on single piles. The pile is embedded in a two-layer soil where the upper soil layer undergoes consolidation while the lower soil layer acts as a stiffer bearing stratum. Two different and uncoupled deformation modes, one at the pile shaft and the other at the pile toe have been assumed in the determination of the soil stiffness. The effects of a compressible bearing stratum and embedment length of the pile in the bearing stratum are considered in the analysis. This simple approach is verified by comparison with rigorous methods of modelling the soil as an elastic continuum. Three reported case histories are analysed and the computed results are shown to be in reasonable agreement with the field measurements.     

A new excavation analysis method for slope design using discrete fracture network based polyhedral modelling

A method to analyse potential excavation geometries, termed excavation isoplethogram, has previously been proposed for use in civil or mining engineering. The results are typically presented in the form of a contour plot identifying orientations of proposed excavation planes that may lead to large volumes (or masses) of unstable blocks and wedges. In this paper, a novel algorithm is proposed to utilise the probabilistic discrete fracture network approach to quantify the risk associated with various slope designs. The method is applied using open cut mine data in order to demonstrate its potential for decision making in mine design and operations.     

岩质边坡动态开挖模拟的复合单元模型

复合单元法是一种具有高效建模能力的数值模拟方法,适合用于岩质边坡的动态设计,能够实现模型中结构面、加固措施和开挖面三部分的快速调整。目前复合单元法已经完成对结构面和加固措施的模拟,但还未实现对开挖面及开挖过程的模拟。针对该问题,借鉴复合单元法中结构面模拟的方法,同时结合新的开挖算法,建立了复合单元开挖模型,并使用FORTRAN语言编制了相应的程序。基于边坡开挖算例,与有限元结果的对比,验证新方法的可行性。     

DEM investigation of installation responses of jacked open-ended piles

Acta Geotechnica - This paper presents a discrete element modelling of the installation responses of rigid open-ended piles with different diameters. A two-dimensional model of granular soil is...     

An Integrated Numerical Modelling–Discrete Fracture Network Approach Applied to the Characterisation of Rock Mass Strength of Naturally Fractured Pillars

Naturally fractured mine pillars provide an excellent example of the importance of accurately determining rock mass strength. Failure in slender pillars is predominantly controlled by naturally occurring discontinuities, their influence diminishing with increasing pillar width, with wider pillars failing through a combination of brittle and shearing processes. To accurately simulate this behaviour by numerical modelling, the current analysis incorporates a more realistic representation of the mechanical behaviour of discrete fracture systems. This involves realistic simulation and representation of fracture networks, either as individual entities or as a collective system of fracture sets, or a combination of both. By using an integrated finite element/discrete element–discrete fracture network approach it is possible to study the failure of rock masses in tension and compression, along both existing pre-existing fractures and through intact rock bridges, and incorporating complex kinematic mechanisms. The proposed modelling approach fully captures the anisotropic and inhomogeneous effects of natural jointing and is considered to be more realistic than methods relying solely on continuum or discontinuum representation. The paper concludes with a discussion on the development of synthetic rock mass properties, with the intention of providing a more robust link between rock mass strength and rock mass classification systems.     

Numerical Procedure for Dynamic Simulation of Discrete Fractures Due to Blasting

Summary  This paper describes development of a generic nonlinear, dynamic modelling technique to simulate discrete rock fractures due to blasting using the finite element method. The element elimination technique together with a brittle, Rankine failure-type material model are used as a means to simulate the initiation and growth of fractures in the rock under the effect of blast-induced dynamic pressure pulse. Dynamic loads representing ideal and non-ideal detonations are simulated and a new method, termed as optimised pressure profile, is proposed to approximate the pressure-time profile of the blast load to model the dynamic load. Comparison of numerical model results with previously reported observations from the literature reveals the ability of the model as a predictive tool and supports the validity of the developed modelling procedure. Author’s address: Hani S. Mitri, Department of Mining, Metals and Materials Engineering, McGill University, 3450 University Street, Montreal, Canada H3A 2A7     

Setting up virgin stress conditions in discrete element models

In the present work, a methodology for setting up virgin stress conditions in discrete element models is proposed. The developed algorithm is applicable to discrete or coupled discrete/continuum modeling of underground excavation employing the discrete element method (DEM). Since the DEM works with contact forces rather than stresses there is a need for the conversion of pre-excavation stresses to contact forces for the DEM model. Different possibilities of setting up virgin stress conditions in the DEM model are reviewed and critically assessed. Finally, a new method to obtain a discrete element model with contact forces equivalent to given macroscopic virgin stresses is proposed. The test examples presented show that good results may be obtained regardless of the shape of the DEM domain.     

基于水平集法的非均质岩石建模及水力压裂传播特性研究

基于水平集法的基本思想,讨论了含有不同类型包裹体分布的岩石的二维和三维有限元建模方法。对于二维有限元模型的建立,考虑了以椭圆形为例的规则包裹体的周期分布、位置及包裹体大小均随机变化的多种情况。建议了包裹体和基岩之间界面的材料特性过渡处理方法。同时给出了含有非规则形状包裹体的建模方法。对于三维有限元模型的建立,则考虑了以任意大小椭球体为例的包裹体分布情况。该种建模方法的优点是对于不同的含有任意分布的包裹体的岩石试件,均可以采用相同的有限元网格,即,材料特性的变化不受有限元网格的制约。该法缺点是增加了计算资源。最后结合基于弥散裂缝模型的水力压裂数值计算方法,模拟了含有不同包裹体分布的岩石试件的水力压裂传播特点。     

基于离散元模拟和微震监测的白鹤滩水电站左岸地下厂房稳定性分析

针对白鹤滩水电站地下洞室群开挖过程围岩稳定问题,基于离散单元法的数值仿真软件3DEC,研究开挖卸荷作用对围岩变形和破坏的影响;引入微震监测技术,对洞室围岩内部微破裂演化实时监测和分析,并将数值模拟结果与微震监测数据对比分析;借助常规位移监测研究围岩宏观变形的时空演化规律,验证数值模拟和微震监测结果的准确性。研究结果表明,围岩损伤与现场施工状态密切相关,同时受各种地质结构影响;数值模拟得到的围岩变形特征与微震监测得到的微震事件聚集规律基本一致,且与常规监测结果对应良好,采用三维离散元数值模拟和微震监测技术相结合的综合研究方法,能够较好地描述围岩在开挖卸荷作用下的力学行为,有效评估洞室围岩的损伤特征和潜在风险区域。