四川省地震灾害预测与评估系统设计及实现功能

在充分利用和开发先进的地理信息系统技术(GIS)的基础之上,融合近些年工程地震和震害预测研究成果。建立了四川省地震灾害预测与评估系统。该系统可对发生在四川省境内的破坏性地震所造成的建筑物破坏、人员伤亡和灾民安置人数及经济损失,快速高效地做出科学意义的预测与评估,其结果可作为各级政府和相关部门部署紧急救灾工作和灾区恢复重建的重要依据。     

上海地震灾害情景构建数据库建设

上海市地震灾害情景构建数据库建设以上海“十五”应急基础数据库为基础,结合“十一五”联动协同灾情数据库,增加灾情构建的单体建筑物、生命线等数据,形成符合上海需求的高精度、多数据的特色数据库。本文从上海市地震灾害情景构建数据库的作用、数据收集方式、来源及数据处理等出发,阐述该数据库的特色。     

STUDY ON THE MRF-BASED METHOD FOR DAMAGED BUILDINGS EXTRACTION FROM THE SINGLE-PHASE SEISMIC IMAGE

Earthquake events are one of the most extraordinarily serious natural calamities, which not only cause heavy casualties and economic losses, but also various secondary disasters. Such events are devastating, and have far-reaching influences. As the main disaster bearing body in earthquake, buildings are often seriously damaged, thus it can be used as an important reference for earthquake damage assessment. Identifying damaged buildings from post-earthquake images quickly and accurately is of real importance, which has guidance meaning to rescue and emergency response. At present, the assessment of earthquake damage is mainly through artificial field investigation, which is time-consuming and cannot meet the urgent requirements of rapid emergency response. Markov Random Field(MRF)combines the neighborhood system of pixels with the prior distribution model to effectively describe the dependence between spatial pixels and pixels, so as to obtain more accurate segmentation results. The support vector machine(SVM)model is a simple and clear mathematical model which has a solid theoretical basis; in addition, it also has unique advantages in solving small sample, nonlinear and high-dimensional pattern recognition problems. Thus, in this paper, a Markov random field-based method for damaged buildings extraction from the single-phase seismic image is proposed. The framework of the proposed method has three components. Firstly, Markov Random Field was used to segment the image; then, the spectral and texture features of the post-earthquake damaged building area are extracted. After that, Support Vector Machine was used to extract the damaged buildings according to the extracted features. In order to evaluate the proposed method, 5 areas in ADS40 earthquake remote sensing image were selected as experimental data, this image covers parts of Wenchuan City, Sichuan Province, where an earthquake had struck in 2008. And in order to verify the applicability of this method to different resolution images, an experimental area was selected from different resolution images obtained by the same equipment. The experimental results show that the proposed method has good performance and could effectively identify the damaged buildings after the earthquake. The average overall accuracy of the selected experimental areas is 93.02%. Compared with the result extracted by the widely used eCognition software, the proposed method is simpler in operation and can improve the extraction accuracy and running time significantly. Therefore, it has significant meaning for both emergency rescue work and accurate disaster information providing after earthquake.     

云南鲁甸6.5级地震灾害特点浅析

通过对2014年8月3日云南鲁甸6.5级地震震害开展实地调查,对灾区破坏情况进行总体介绍,并就各烈度区特征和建筑物震害、地震地质灾害、工程结构震害进行分析,初步得出本次地震的一些震害特点.一是灾区人口密度大,人员死亡较集中.人员死亡主要集中在Ⅷ和Ⅸ度区.二是地震振动强,灾区破坏严重.本次地震震源深度12km,极震区烈度高达Ⅸ度,震源破裂在11s内集中释放.三是抗震能力弱,房屋破坏严重.灾区属国家级贫困区,农村民居抗震能力弱,且多数民房坐落在河谷陡坡上,边坡效应加重房屋震害,重灾区砖木和土木房屋成片损毁、倒塌.四是灾区条件恶劣,救灾难度大.震区活动断裂密集发育、地质破碎疏松、地形崎岖不平,又恰值雨季,诱发极其严重次生地质灾害,导致人员伤亡,造成灾区大面积交通、通信、电力中断,救援物资与救援力量无法及时发挥作用.     

基于地震动参数的城市建筑物震害模拟——以兰州市城关区为例

首先利用最短断层法烈度衰减模型分别模拟两次地震的地震动参数空间分布,并通过与实际地震的极震区对比,验证该模型模拟地震烈度的可靠性.然后,基于模拟的地震烈度空间分布和建筑物的结构类型、层高等信息,采用结构弹塑性时程分析方法对兰州市城关区建筑物进行三维震害模拟.研究结果表明:最短断层法是一个模拟历史地震烈度空间分布较好的模...     

基于12322平台的江苏省地震应急灾情速报系统的设计与应用

通过分析地震应急救援工作中对灾情信息的需求,提出了“地震应急灾情”的概念,设计了基于12322平台的江苏省地震应急灾情速报系统。本文详细介绍了该系统的设计框架、基本功能和应用效果。系统主要包括短信和微信两大模块,短信模块主要面向非地震系统人员,通过手机短信形式向社会灾情速报员发送灾情邀请短信,灾情速报员只需简单回复灾情代码“1”—“4”即可。微信模块主要面向地震系统工作人员,通过微信企业号“苏震12322”自动推送地震信息并完成灾情收集工作。经过近1年的试运行,系统能够在震后迅速完成灾情信息的收发与数据处理工作,并以“天地图”为地理底图实时直观地展示已上报的灾情信息。     

汶川8.0级特大地震极震区不同结构形式建筑物震害简析

对汶川地震中极震区的现场震害调查资料进行了统计分析,分析了钢筋混凝土框架结构、砖混结构、底框架结构3种结构形式的破坏特征和受损原因。分析表明,经抗震设防的房屋震害明显低于未经抗震设防的房屋,实现了预期的抗震设防目标;在经抗震设计的房屋中,钢筋混凝土框架结构的表现是最好的,其次是砖混结构,表现最差的是底框架结构。     

A preliminary report on the Great Wenchuan Earthquake

The May 12, 2008 Great Wenchuan Earthquake has resulted in more than 68,858 deaths and losses in the hundreds of billions RMB as of May 30, 2008, and these numbers will undoubtedly increase as more information becomes available on the extent of the event. Immediately after the earthquake, the China Earthquake Administration （CEA） responded quickly by sending teams of experts to the affected region, eventually including over 60 staff members from the Institute of Engineering Mechanics （IEM）. This paper reports preliminary information that has been gathered in the first 18 days after the event, covering seismicity, search and rescue efforts, observed ground motions, and damage and loss estimates. The extensive field investigation has revealed a number of valuable findings that could be useful in improving research in earthquake engineering in the future. Once again, this earthquake has shown that the vertical component of ground motion is as significant as horizontal ground motions in the near-source area. Finally, note that as more information is gathered, the numbers reported in this paper will need to be adjusted accordingly.     

社区防震减灾模式的刍议

社区是城市的重要组成单元,社区防震减灾能力的提高对于推进城市防震减灾事业具有重要作用。社区防震减灾能力的提高依赖于地震科学,社会科学和经济科学的交叉发展。本文结合沈阳市防震减灾日城市社区宣传活动和问卷调查结果分析了目前城市防震减灾工作上的存在的问题,针对这些问题进行了探索和研究,提出了“社区防震模式”的一些新的理念和相应的一些工作方法,可以看出推进“社区防震减灾”工作有利于地震部门更好的服务社会,有助于推动全社会防震减灾事业的进一步发展。     

Characteristics of Seismic Damage of Buildings: Constraints from Tilt Photography Technology

In this paper, the tilt photography data acquisition and three-dimensional modeling of the Tashkurgan M_S5.5 earthquake in Xinjiang are conducted using the tilt photography system of the Rotor UAV. The three-dimensional model is used to interpret the earthquake damage on buildings in the mega-earthquake area in order to acquire different-level house damage in the Kuzirun village disaster area. In addition, the characteristics of seismic damage on typical buildings are analyzed. The results show that the main collapsed houses in the mega-earthquake area are sand-stone buildings, of which about 39% are sand-stone buildings. Several brick-wood buildings and brick-concrete buildings are seriously damaged, while the buildings with frame structures are mainly slightly damaged, and the houses near the macro-epicenter of the earthquake are all in good conditions. Three-dimensional tilt photography technology can vividly display the scene of earthquake disaster, and can provide significant demonstration in building damage degree together with detailed analysis of disaster situation.     

汶川8.0级地震中汶川县城房屋震害及其加固情况分析

依据5.12汶川地震中汶川县城(威远镇)11个区域共522栋房屋的房屋安全鉴定报告,深入统计分析房屋的震害情况及特点。结果表明,县城房屋倒塌较少,但破坏程度较重。破坏多集中在低层房屋以及砌体结构和木结构,而钢筋混凝土框架及高层房屋破坏较轻。结合房屋的破坏情况,对县城房屋的维修和加固情况进行分类统计,分析维修加固中出现的问题,并提出了相应建议。     

河北省灾害评估与辅助决策系统中地理信息数据库的建设

简要介绍了“首都圈防震减灾系统工程”的子系统———河北省灾害评估与辅助决策系统 ,并对系统中地理信息数据库的内容与关键技术进行论述。     

Site amplification in the Kathmandu Valley during the 2015 <Emphasis Type="Bold">M</Emphasis>7.6 Gorkha,Nepal earthquake

The 25th April 2015 M7.6 Gorkha earthquake caused significant damage to buildings and infrastructure in both Kathmandu and surrounding areas as well as triggering numerous, large landslides. This resulted in the loss of approximately 8600 lives. In order to learn how the impact of such events can be reduced on communities both in Nepal and elsewhere, the Earthquake Engineering Field Investigation Team (EEFIT) reconnaissance mission was undertaken, aiming to look at damage patterns within the country. Passive, microtremor recordings in severely damaged areas of the Kathmandu Valley, as well as at the main seismic recording station in Kathmandu (USGS station KATNP) are used to determined preliminary shear wave velocity (V_s) profiles for each site. These profiles are converted into spectral acceleration using the input motion of the Gorkha earthquake. The results are limited, but show clear site amplification within the Siddhitol Region. The resulting ground motions exceed the design levels from the Nepalese Building Codes, indicating the need for site-specific hazard analysis and for revision of the building code to address the effect of site amplification.     

Seismic fragility assessment of RC frame structure designed according to modern Chinese code for seismic design of buildings

Following several damaging earthquakes in China,research has been devoted to find the causes of the collapse of reinforced concrete(RC) building sand studying the vulnerability of existing buildings.The Chinese Code for Seismic Design of Buildings(CCSDB) has evolved over time,however,there is still reported earthquake induced damage of newly designed RC buildings.Thus,to investigate modern Chinese seismic design code,three low-,mid-and high-rise RC frames were designed according to the 2010 CCSDB and the corresponding vulnerability curves were derived by computing a probabilistic seismic demand model(PSDM).The PSDM was computed by carrying out nonlinear time history analysis using thirty ground motions obtained from the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center.Finally,the PSDM was used to generate fragility curves for immediate occupancy,significant damage,and collapse prevention damage levels.Results of the vulnerability assessment indicate that the seismic demands on the three different frames designed according to the 2010 CCSDB meet the seismic requirements and are almost in the same safety level.     

Seismic response estimation method for earthquake‐damaged RC buildings

This study proposes a procedure for identifying spectral response curves for earthquake‐damaged areas in developing countries without seismic records. An earthquake‐damaged reinforced concrete building located in Padang, Indonesia was selected to illustrate the identification of the maximum seismic response during the 2009 West Sumatra earthquake. This paper summarizes the damage incurred by the building; the majority of the damage was observed in the third story in the span direction. The damage was quantitatively evaluated using the damage index R according to the Japanese guidelines for post‐earthquake damage evaluation. The damage index was also applied to the proposed spectral response identification method. The seismic performance of the building was evaluated by a nonlinear static analysis. The analytical results reproduced a drift concentration in the third story. The R‐index decreased with an increase in the story drift, which provided an estimation of the maximum response of the building during the earthquake. The estimation was verified via an earthquake response analysis of the building using ground acceleration data, which were simulated based on acceleration records of engineering bedrock that considered site amplification. The maximum response estimated by the R‐index was consistent with the maximum response obtained from the earthquake response analysis. Therefore, the proposed method enables the construction of spectral response curves by integrating the identification results for the maximum responses in a number of earthquake‐damaged buildings despite a lack of seismic records. Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

建筑物结构易损性分析及抗震性能比较

历次地震的震害表明，地震造成的经济损失和人员伤亡与建筑物的破坏程度有很大的关系，对建筑物的抗震性能进行分析具有十分重要的现实意义。根据“安徽省合肥市防震减灾信息系统”中合肥市中市区房屋的抗震资料，用结构易损性分析方法对各类房屋的抗震性能进行了分析，得出按Ⅶ度设防的建筑物遭遇Ⅶ度地震时，多层砌体房屋和底层框架砖房以轻微破坏和中等破坏为主，多层钢筋混凝土框架房屋基本完好为主的结论。     

Building damage in Dujiangyan during Wenchuan Earthquake

A field damage survey of 1,005 buildings damaged by the Wenchuan Earthquake in Dujiangyan City was carried out and the resulting data was analyzed using the statistical method. It is shown that buildings that were seismically designed achieved the desired seismic fortification target; they sustained less damage than the non-seismically designed buildings. Among the seismically designed buildings investigated, RC frame buildings performed the best in terms of seismic resistance. Masonry buildings with a ground story of RC frame structure were the second best, and masonry buildings performed the worst. Considering building height, multistory buildings sustained more severe damage than high-rise buildings and 2- and 3-story buildings. Compared to residential buildings, public buildings, such as schools and hospitals, suffered more severe damage.     

地震现场搜救力量部署辅助决策系统研究

综合考虑灾区人口、建筑物结构类型、破坏程度、压埋人员情况、救援队能力等因素,运用相关模型和知识,结合专家评分,得出地震救援优先级,在此基础上研究地震救援力量部署.系统运用地理信息系统( GIs)、全球定位系统(GPS)技术和智能空间决策技术,结合震害预测、地震灾情快速获取技术等,为救援队指挥调配救援力量提供辅助决策,提...     

底层框架砖房的震害预测方法

随着城市建设的发展和人口密度的增大，地震对人类的危害变得越来越大，做好建筑物震害预测工作具有非常重要的现实意义，根据“合肥市防震减灾信息系统”中合肥市中市区底层框架砖房的抗震调查资料，用结构易损性分析方法对该类房屋的未来震害进行了预测分析。     

基于面向对象的高分辨率遥感建筑物震害信息提取与评估

为了快速地确定地震等自然灾害引起的受灾区域范围,并对其受灾程度进行及时评估,本文采用面向对象的建筑物检测方法,基于高分辨率遥感影像所包含的地物几何结构和纹理特征信息,提出了一种建筑物震害信息提取与评估的方法和技术流程.在此基础上,以2010年玉树M_S7.1地震部分地区地震前后的QuickBird影像为例,对受灾区域震前、震后建筑物的形状、面积等信息进行提取,提取精度分别为88.53%和90.21%,对该区域建筑物变化信息进行提取所获取的建筑物变化信息精度为79.68%,统计变化区域像素个数,确定变化面积为15 923.52 m2,占研究区域总面积的68.16%,因此评估其为中重度受灾区域.本文结果与实地考察结果一致,证实了这种快速的震害信息提取与评估流程切实有效,能够快速评估受灾区,为灾后第一时间抢险及救援提供重要参考.