黑鲷精子发生过程中的超微结构变化

在超微结构上研究了黑鲷（Sparus macrocephalus）精子发生过程中细胞形态结构的变化和细胞器的变化规律。观察到在精子发生的不同时期细胞核形态变化、染色质浓缩且由分散向集中分布;线粒体的数目、分布位置及超微结构发生的演变规律及高尔基体和溶酶体等细胞器的行为变化。     

3种鲈形目鱼类精子发生早期的超微结构研究

采用透射电镜技术,研究了3种鲈形目鱼类褐菖鲉Sebastiscus marmoratus、黑鲷Sparus macrocephalus及平鲷Rhabdosargus sarba(Forskal)精子发生早期精原细胞、初级精母细胞及次级精母细胞的超显微结构变化。结果表明,3种鱼生精细胞形态结构及代谢活动变化主要体现在核的变化、线粒体数目与结构的变化及高尔基体和溶酶体的行为变化。3种鱼核的变化基本一致:细胞核由近圆形或椭圆形转变为多角形;核质逐渐浓缩;核仁从明显结构至完全消失。褐菖鲉精原细胞时期线粒体分布较多,并出现拟染色质与线粒体相粘附;而平鲷与黑鲷精原细胞时期的线粒体分布较少,无拟染色质。3种鱼高尔基体与溶酶体的变化也有相似性。黑鲷的初级精母细胞中还观察到典型的环层状的髓样小体的结构。     

异源精子诱导栉孔扇（Chlamys farreri）雌核发育二倍体早期胚胎的细胞学研究及GISH鉴定

采用紫外线遗传失活的太平洋牡蛎精子作激活源,经6-DMAP加倍诱导栉孔扇贝第二极体抑制型雌核发育二倍体;运用石蜡切片显微技术,对雌核发育二倍体卵子早期胚胎发育过程中的核相变化进行观察;采用荧光原位杂交（GISH）技术对担轮幼虫期胚胎进行检测。结果显示,紫外线处理过的精子入卵后发生一次轻微膨胀,形成雄性原核,但不形成染色体,而是浓缩为致密的染色质小体（DCB）,DCB或滞留于两卵裂球的分裂沟上或进入其一的细胞质中,不与雌原核融合;GISH检测结果显示,在早期胚胎中没有检测到外源太平洋牡蛎精子的遗传物质。实验结果可为研究异精诱导栉孔扇贝雌核发育二倍体提供细胞学依据。     

异源精子诱导栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)雌核发育二倍体早期胚胎的细胞学研究及GISH鉴定

采用紫外线遗传失活的太平洋牡蛎精子作激活源,经6-DMAP加倍诱导栉孔扇贝第二极体抑制型雌核发育二倍体;运用石蜡切片显微技术,对雌核发育二倍体卵子早期胚胎发育过程中的核相变化进行观察;采用荧光原位杂交(GISH)技术对担轮幼虫期胚胎进行检测.结果显示,紫外线处理过的精子入卵后发生一次轻微膨胀,形成雄性原核,但不形成染色体,而是浓缩为致密的染色质小体(DCB),DCB或滞留于两卵裂球的分裂沟上或进入其一的细胞质中,不与雌原核融合;GISH检测结果显示,在早期胚胎中没有检测到外源太平洋牡蛎精子的遗传物质.实验结果可为研究异精诱导栉孔扇贝雌核发育二倍体提供细胞学依据.     

太平洋牡蛎雄核发育卵中核行为的细胞学观察

利用荧光显微镜观察太平洋牡蛎正常卵子与雄核发育卵子在受精过程、减数分裂和卵裂早期中的核相变化。雄核发育单倍体是将强度为2.8mW.cm-2.s-1的紫外线照射30s的卵子与正常精子受精后得到的。结果表明,尽管紫外线照射并没有影响卵子的成熟分裂及雌性、雄性原核的形成,但使它们的发生过程滞后。在第1卵裂中期,雄核发育卵子中雌性原核并不像雄性原核一样形成染色体,而是形成1个浓缩的染色质小体(DCB)。第1卵裂后期,DCB不参与核分裂。第1卵裂结束时,DCB位于2个分裂球其中之一的细胞质内或在赤道板处被分割成2部分。实验结果首次提供了太平洋牡蛎雄核发育的细胞学证据。     

凡纳滨对虾精子发生的超微结构研究

对凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeus vannamei精子发生的过程进行了透射电镜的观察.结果表明,成熟凡纳滨对虾精巢为指状,分16叶.凡纳滨对虾精子发生分为精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞、精子细胞和精子5个时期.染色质经历了从以异染色质为主变为高度凝聚状态,再经解聚为弥散絮状的变化过程.核膜由完整转变为不完整.凡纳滨对虾精子发生过程中仅见线粒体、内质网、核糖体细胞器的参与,未见有典型的高尔基体结构的出现.顶体由内质网囊泡团和线粒体囊泡共同转变而来.精子的棘突以及亚顶体区需在输精管的中后端形成,而非在精巢中形成.纳精囊内精子比储精囊内精子的棘突细长.     

用孔隙水中氯离子浓度异常估算天然气水合物含量

水分子与烃类气体沉积物孔隙中结合形成水合物的过程中,只吸取孔隙中的淡水,而盐类物质不能进入水合物的晶体结构,在水合物形成过程中会引起局部孔隙水离子浓度的浓缩,增加周围沉积物孔隙水的盐度;而当水合物分解时,孔隙水就会被稀释,使得钻孔获得的水合物样品比不含水合物的样品具有更低的盐度.因为C1-是浅层海洋没积物孔隙水中一种丰富且保守的离子,C1-离子浓度变化通常被用来监测天然气水合物的形成和分解.……     

冰冻成因卤水的水化学标志──Ⅰ.卤水的δD值

于１９９８年－７月间进行了一系列有关海水结冰析盐和海水蒸发浓缩形成卤水的室内模拟实验,并对实验中得到的冰样和卤水样进行了化学组成和同位素组成分析。实验结果表明,与原来的海水相比,在上述两个自然物理过程中形成卤水的δＤ值随卤水浓度的升高表现出两个明显相反的变化趋势：在海水结冰析盐形成卤水过程中,卤水的δＤ值表现出逐渐降低的趋势;而在海水蒸发浓缩过程中,卤水的δＤ值却表现出逐渐增高的倾向。因此,对同一     

长竹蛏精子发生和精子的超微结构观察

利用透射电镜观察长竹蛏Solen strictus精子发生和精子的超微结构,揭示了从精原细胞发育为精子过程中超微结构的变化。其过程主要包括:生精细胞体积逐级减小,细胞核由椭圆形转变为圆形,染色质以颗粒状形式浓缩,内质网和高尔基体分泌的前顶体颗粒融合形成前顶体囊、前顶体囊最终形成顶体,线粒体逐渐融合与发达,以及中心体移动及鞭毛形成。精细胞的分化可分为4个时期。成熟精子属原生型,全长约38—43μm,由头部、中段和尾部3部分组成。头部顶体较短,约为核径的五分之一,呈倒置的碗状,轴向纵切面为马鞍形,顶体物质为分布均匀的高电子密度物质;亚顶体腔几乎伸达顶体的顶端,内含均匀的较低电子密度物质。细胞核呈圆球形,无核前窝,但有一浅的核后窝。中段由4—5个椭圆形线粒体和2个相互垂直的中心粒组成。尾部为典型的“9 2”型结构。     

海湾扇贝体内一种球型病毒样颗粒及宿主细胞病理学

利用透射电镜对养殖中罹患“性腺萎缩症”的海湾扇贝（Argopecten irradians）做了观察,结果显示,在病贝的消化盲囊上皮细胞中感染有一种病毒样颗粒。该颗粒近球形,无囊膜,直径50～80nm。同时在细胞质内观察到许多泡状的包涵体以及病毒样颗粒的形成过程。受感染组织的病理学变化主要表现为细胞核染色质减少,核膜膨胀、部分溶解;内质网肿胀、核糖体脱落,线粒体嵴退化,溶酶体数量增多。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.