中国海域油气资源潜力分析与黄东海海域油气资源调查进展

2019年是青岛海洋地质研究所重建40周年。40年来,研究所根据公益性油气资源调查的基本定位,按照"立足黄东海、面向中国海、辐射全球海"的空间业务布局,紧密围绕国家和社会重大需求、瞄准国际海洋科技前沿,以摸清中国海域油气资源家底、掌握资源分布状况、实现新区新层系油气突破、服务国家能源战略和海洋强国战略为己任,持续开展了中国海域油气资源区域评价与黄东海盆地油气资源调查,大体分为海域及邻区沉积盆地对比研究、中国海域区域评价战略研究和黄东海海域新区新层系油气资源调查3个阶段。先后主持编制了中国海域沉积盆地分布图和油气资源勘探开发(动态)形势图,开展了海域及邻区含油气盆地对比、中国海域油气勘探开发形势动态分析和油气资源区域评价战略研究、黄东海海域油气资源调查研究与评价,取得了一批原创性的成果。主要体现在:①海域油气资源早期评价技术和沉积盆地深部地震探测技术取得突破性进展;②中国海域油气资源丰富,下一步的调查与勘探方向包括:新层系、近海天然气、富生烃凹陷潜山油气藏、南海深水油气、南海生物礁和非常规天然气;③明确了南黄海盆地的基底性质、海相盆地地层层序和构造区划、侏罗纪前陆盆地特征、海相盆地的油气地质条件和有利区带;④明确了东海中生代盆地的地层层序、盆地结构和两期盆地性质、"大东海"中生代地层分布特征、中生界油气地质条件和有利区带;⑤发现了南黄海古生界古油藏。上述成果和认识为海洋油气资源调查与勘探的下一步工作奠定了坚实的基础。     

南黄海盆地油气勘探现状及存在问题

南黄海盆地是下扬子地块向海洋的延伸,区内发育巨厚的中、古生界海相地层,但目前针对海相地层的油气勘探程度还相对较低。研究区前新生代残留盆地油气勘探涉及的科学问题非常多,难度也非常大。通过大量的文献调研,对目前南黄海盆地目前的油气勘探现状进行了详细总结,在此基础上提出了目前该区油气勘探亟待解决的一些关键问题,为今后南黄海盆地中、古生代油气勘探做出方向性探索。     

黄海海域陆相中生界地震反射特征及靶区优选

利用前人对黄海海域油气勘探成果，作者对北黄海盆地，南黄海盆地北部坳陷陆相中生界进行了研究。结果认为：黄海海域陆相中生界分布广、厚度大、具有良好的生、储、盖组合，是该区下步油气战略性调查的首选目标。并提出北黄海陆相中生界油气勘探应以东部凹陷为主，同时兼顾中部凹陷。南黄海北部坳陷近期油气勘探重点应选择北部凹陷和加大东北凹陷的研究力度。南黄海南部坳陷陆相中生界油气勘探重点放在南五和南七凹陷。     

地震调查在南黄海崂山隆起的发现及其石油地质意义

崂山隆起位于南黄海中部,是南黄海中、新生代盆地的隆起构造单元,其调查与研究程度极低,新近系之下是否有沉积地层一直没有得到资料的证实。近年来战略性油气地质调查工作在该区新近系之下发现了层状地层,根据地震反射特征分析、重磁震联合反演和区域地质对比,推测为海相古生界,是下扬子区古生界的海上延伸。这一发现对推动南黄海海域油气新领域、新层位的调查与勘探具有重要的石油地质意义。     

北黄海盆地与朝鲜安州盆地和中国胶莱盆地的对比

北黄海盆地位于黄海北部,是我国油气地质与勘探开发研究相对最为薄弱的海域,在研究的3个盆地中,北黄海盆地系海域含油气盆地,面积5万km^2,迄今我国尚未钻井;朝鲜安州盆地系跨海陆域盆地,面积最小,但是钻井最多;中国胶莱盆地则为最邻近北黄海盆地的陆域沉积盆地,目前有少量钻井,并是胜利油田外围勘探盆地。在前人研究基础上,利用后两者钻井地质与野外剖面调查的测试研究成果,初步对比了3个沉积盆地地层岩性沉积与含油气性的特征。     

南黄海盆地海相中-古生界地震探测技术攻关历程及效果

南黄海盆地是迄今为止中国近海唯一未发现油气田的大型沉积盆地,具有陆相中-新生界和海相中-古生界2套油气勘探层系.海相中-古生界厚度大、分布广,地震资料成像品质差一直是制约其油气勘探的关键问题.针对中-古生界的地震探测技术攻关经历了地震地质研究、技术攻关和技术突破与应用3个阶段.在第1阶段工作的基础上,以区内地震地质条件...     

崂山隆起寒武系油气勘探前景预测——对比四川盆地和苏北盆地

南黄海盆地是下扬子克拉通板块的主体,也是我国唯一尚未获得油气突破的海区。尤其是崂山隆起,目前只有1口钻井,勘探程度极低,制约了油气勘探的进程。然而,南黄海盆地的烃源岩、储层、盖层和成藏条件与四川盆地和苏北盆地存在着相似的地方。对比分析四川盆地和苏北盆地寒武系可以发现:2个盆地的烃源岩丰度高,厚度大,TOC平均含量分别达4%和3.32%,都是较好的烃源岩;储层以震旦系和寒武系白云岩为主,裂隙发育使储层具有较高的孔隙度和渗透率;成藏模式包括新生古储、古生新储和自生自储。在缺少资料的情况下,通过类比四川盆地和苏北盆地来推测南黄海崂山隆起寒武系的油气地质特征和油气勘探前景。对比分析认为,崂山隆起寒武系具有较大的油气勘探前景,应加快勘探进程。     

台西盆地新生界油气地质勘探与开发

台西盆地是我国投入工作量较少和在盆地西部(海峡中心线以西)油气勘探工作程度较低的地区；但是在盆地东部(包括海峡中心线以东和台湾陆地地区)已经有相当的油气发现。通过对海峡两岸油气地质与周边区域地质构造的调查研究和二维地震剖面分析表明，台西盆地是直接遭受菲律宾海板块俯冲作用和台湾地体独特弧陆碰撞构造作用影响的含油气盆地。碰撞岛孤前锋与岛弧带地震活动频繁，严重破坏了盆地原型的地质构造特征。台西盆地早期为断陷盆地性质，晚期为典型岛孤后盆地性质，构造区划为东西两个坳陷带发育四凹两凸。中新生代沉积盆地表现为典型下部断陷型和上部坳陷型盆地结构，最大沉积厚度8000～10000m，沉积主洼形态较好，晚—早第三纪是盆地主要的勘探目的层系。     

北黄海盆地中新生代地层特征

北黄海盆地为华半上一中新生代含油气地，盆地内存在新生界和中生界两套生烃层系，盆地基本是朝鲜安州盆地的外延，根据安州盆地的勘探经验，其中生界应为盆地内主要的烃源层和勘探目的层。     

广州幅（F49）南半幅—海南岛幅（E49）海域新生代沉积盆地分布和油气资源

南海北部陆缘大陆架是新生代含油气盆地的主要分布区，１：１００万广州幅（Ｆ４９）南半幅一海南岛幅（Ｅ４９）范围内包含了北部湾盆地、莺歌海盆地、琼东南盆地、珠江口盆地等。本文是该图幅矿产图及其说明书的基础上系统介绍和油气盆地分布、沉积、油气资源概况，地南海北部陆缘盆地油气资源勘探、远景评价具有重要意义。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.