Two drifting paths of Sargassum bloom in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea during 2019-2020

The macroalgal blooms of floating brown algae Sargassum horneri are increasing in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea during the past few years. However, the annual pattern of Sargassum bloom is not well characterized. To study the developing pattern and explore the impacts from hydro-meteorologic environment, high resolution satellite imageries were used to monitor the distribution, coverage and drifting of the pelagic Sargassum rafts in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea from September 2019 to Au...     

细弱红翎菜(Solieria tenuis)的物种鉴定及其在青岛市琅琊台湾海域的生长调查研究

2021年7月末至10月初,位于黄海沿岸的青岛市西海岸新区琅琊台湾贡口拦海坝处出现大量悬浮生长的大型红藻。为明确该类群的分类地位,探究其生物学特征,对该处红藻群体展开了实地调研,并采集相关样本开展了形态鉴定和分子系统发育分析。该群体主要由一种红藻组成,藻体紫红色、圆柱形,质软多肉,高度可达20cm,不规则互生分枝,分枝基部强烈缢缩、顶端尖细;藻体主轴横截面观可见较小的含色素外皮层细胞以及较大的近圆形假薄壁细胞和分布在髓层中央的散乱、疏松的丝状细胞。结合分子标记rbc L和cox I基因的系统发育分析结果,该物种被鉴定为细弱红翎菜(Solieria tenuis Zhang et Xia)。与历史研究记录不同,贡口拦海坝处的细弱红翎菜群体缺乏固着器和繁殖结构,悬浮性营养生长,所在海域丰富的氮磷营养可能为其快速生长提供了物质基础,在生长高峰期该群体总生物量约6 t (干重),是一次局部区域性小规模“藻华”。细弱红翎菜的悬浮生态型和暴发性增殖现象表明该物种可能具有较强的环境适应性,其生理特征和潜在的生态风险需进一步关注。     

苏北浅滩养殖筏架附生绿藻入海过程在黄海绿潮形成中的作用

本研究采用现场定量观测为主的研究方法,在2017年5月期间对苏北浅滩竹根沙收紫菜养殖筏架作业过程进行跟踪调查;对养殖筏架绠绳附生绿藻自然脱落和收筏架作业过程人为刮落附生绿藻,以及收筏架作业前后入海的漂浮绿藻生物量进行定量观测。结果表明:筏架绳附生绿藻自然脱落率低,为3.58%±0.78%;收筏架作业过程中绠绳上刮落绿藻生物量为(12±3)kg湿重/根,由此估算2017年整个苏北浅滩刮落的生物量估算可达到万吨湿重;收筏架作业后海域漂浮绿藻生物量是作业前的7.6倍。研究结果进一步明确了收筏架作业过程中人为刮落绿藻是目前筏架附生绿藻最主要的入海方式。刮落绿藻是海水中漂浮绿藻的主要来源,其生物量对南黄海绿潮的规模大小有重要的影响。研究结果为绿潮防控措施的制定和实施提供科学依据。     

Gametogenic development and spawning of the razor clam,Zenatia acinaces in northeastern New Zealand

The potential exists for New Zealand to exploit already established markets for razor clams through development of fisheries or aquaculture industries for the New Zealand razor clam, Zenatia acinaces. However, fishery or aquaculture development for Z. acinaces requires an understanding of the reproductive cycle including the timing of gametogenic development and spawning. The reproductive cycle of Z. acinaces was studied over an 11‐month period from May 2000 to March 2001 at Kennedy Bay, Coromandel Peninsula, using qualitative standard histological analysis and quantitative measures of oocytes. Histological analysis indicated that Z. acinaces is dioecious and gametogenic development was synchronous between the sexes. Gametogenesis began in June with gametes maturing quickly and by August/September (late winter/ early spring) most razor clams were ripe. Spawning began as early as September (spring) although spawning mainly occurred during October. By December (summer), nearly all clams were completely spent. From January 2001 most clams could not be sexed as all residual gametes were resorbed. Razor clams remained in this stage during March 2001. Spawning began when the water temperature was around its lowest, c. 15°C. Monthly mean number of eggs/follicle was sensitive to changes in reproductive development, closely following patterns observed in the qualitative stagings. Patterns of monthly mean oocyte diameters did not adequately describe the spawning events observed in qualitative analyses. Sex ratios were equal over the size range (69–99 mm shell length) of clams that could be sexed. The data presented in this study provide valuable information on the timing of spawning events for Z. acinaces, necessary for developing sustainable management strategies and selecting broodstock for aquaculture.     

Environmental cues and seasonal reproduction in a temperate estuary: a case study of Owenia collaris (Annelida: Polychaeta,Oweniidae)

Coordination of gametogenesis and spawning during restricted breeding seasons increases availability of mates, fertilization rates, and often success of offspring. Orton’s Rule predicts water temperature as the dominant environmental cue for gametogenesis or spawning in temperate invertebrates. Crisp’s Rule predicts that species producing planktotrophic larvae will time their reproduction to ensure optimal nutrition for the larvae. Owenia collaris (Annelida: Oweniidae) is a temperate polychaete that produces planktotrophic larvae that remain in the water column for several weeks. Reproductive phenology and its relationship to the environment were investigated in an estuarine population of O. collaris using field and laboratory studies. Owenia collaris produced mature gametes between March and September each year during the productive season between the spring and fall transitions when day lengths were 12 h or more, alkalinity was 8.1 or higher, and temperature was 11 °C or higher. Gamete production was not related to seasonal changes in salinity or benthic phytoplankton concentrations and gametes were present prior to the spring phytoplankton bloom. In laboratory experiments, production of gametes was influenced somewhat by manipulating day lengths but not adult food. The association with predictable and stable environmental cycles (day length) and a broad spawning season suggest that this species is unlikely to mis-match with larval food availability which would lead to reduced availability of recruits in any given year, supporting Crisp’s Rule. Our data do not support the hypothesis that reproductive timing in this species is driven by access to excess energy required by adults to initiate the production of gametes. Our data also do not support Orton’s premise that temperature is the primary controlling factor of reproduction in this temperate marine invertebrate.     

浒苔孢子在不同材料基质上的附着萌发差异性研究

本研究针对黄海绿潮早期发生过程,以浒苔生殖细胞附着生长特征为切入点,以其主要原因藻种浒苔(Ulva prolifera)为材料,对比研究了不同材料附着基质对浒苔孢子附着萌发的影响。发现孢子在2—6h内的附着率达到80%,尤其是在前2h内的附着速率最快,而且在不同材料的基质上都能完成附着萌发,但萌发数量存在显著差异性,孢子在紫菜养殖筏架相关材料(塑料、竹片、尼龙网衣、塑料网衣)上的萌发率显著高于浅滩、礁石和养殖池相关材料(细砂、海泥、石块)。浒苔孢子还可以在藻段上完成附着萌发,而橡胶和鱼粉袋相关材料对浒苔孢子的萌发存在抑制作用。对比浒苔孢子和配子的萌发特性发现两者有异同点,两者在塑料、竹片等筏架相关材料上萌发率均较高,而孢子在藻段以及橡胶浸出液和鱼粉溶液中的萌发数均显著高于配子。本研究发现紫菜养殖筏架更有利于浒苔孢子的附着萌发,这进一步说明苏北浅滩数十万亩的紫菜养殖筏架在绿潮早期形成过程中为浒苔孢子提供了重要的附着基质。本研究结果将为探讨紫菜养殖筏架在绿潮早期发生过程中的重要作用,并为养殖筏架防附着材料的选用提供参考。     

南海大鹏湾海洋卡盾藻赤潮发生的环境背景

根据１９９１年２－３月，大鹏湾盐田水域的理化、水文、气象、海况的动态变化和大鹏湾底泥中发现海洋卡盾藻孢囊的事实，从生态学的角度分析并提出了１９９１年３月２０－２１日发生在大鹏湾盐田水域的海洋卡盾藻赤潮形成过程和机理。分析结果认为，此次赤潮应从３月７－１０日的水温急升而引发的孢囊一齐萌芽开始，此后在东南风引起的表层风海流作用下，营养细胞逐渐在湾西北部的盐田水域聚集，而１６－１９日水 营养盐和金属元素     

2018年南黄海浒苔绿潮发展规律及氮组分的作用探究

根据2018年南黄海漂浮态浒苔(Ulva prolifera)绿潮规模卫星监测数据以及春、夏季(4月和7月,绿潮前后)水文环境要素和氮营养盐等数据,对2018年绿潮发展规律及不同氮组分在其中的作用进行分析。结果表明:浒苔于4月25日在江苏南通近海首次发现,随后其向北漂移增殖扩展在6月29日达到最大规模,8月中旬消失。绿潮漂移区域集中在122°E以西近海并呈现两个明显的发展阶段:35°N以南江苏近海绿潮快速增殖阶段和35°N以北山东半岛外海域绿潮聚积衰退阶段。各氮营养盐组分受径流输入、冷水团以及生物活动等因素影响,呈现明显的区域和季节特征。不同绿潮阶段受氮营养盐影响不同,绿潮快速增殖阶段,丰富的氮营养盐(总溶解氮(TDN)>20 μmol/L和溶解无机氮(DIN)>20 μmol/L)是浒苔藻快速繁殖生长的物质基础,此阶段为整个绿潮发展提供了主要的氮支撑且以DIN为主要形态。绿潮聚积衰退阶段,较低的可利用氮(DIN<2 μmol/L和尿素(urea-N)<1.5 μmol/L)不利于浒苔藻持续繁殖生长,此阶段内有机氮(如urea-N)在绿潮后期的氮支撑中起到重要作用。     

Occurrence of Codium fragile subspecies tomentosoides in New Zealand waters

Codium fragile (Sur.) Hariot subsp. tomentosoides (Van Goor) Silva is reported from Auckland Harbour. Although macroscopically similar to native forms of C. fragile, the subspecies can be positively identified by utricle anatomy. Its vigorous growth and efficient dispersal by asexual reproduction, and possibly by vegetative fragments, have resulted in a rapid spread to adjacent localities. These features suggest that the plant could be a nuisance to the shellfish industry as it has been in North America. The manner in which this weed was introduced is not clear, but transportation as a fouling organism, on ships is most probable.     

珠母贝亲贝催熟培育和催产技术的研究

对不同来源珠母贝(Pinctada margaritifera)亲贝分别进行海上浅吊疏养促熟和室外水泥池人工催熟培育,且采用阴干、藻液、温度、低盐度刺激和异性产物诱导亲贝排放精卵,比较不同方法、不同来源亲贝性腺发育及亲贝开始排放时间、排放率、受精率和幼虫畸形率情况.结果表明,室外水泥池人工催熟法亲贝性腺成熟度比浅吊疏养促熟法好、死亡率低;相同培育方法,北部湾亲贝比海南亲贝性腺成熟快,但死亡率高;阴干刺激3 h+藻液刺激1 h+异性产物诱导,性腺达到第四期(排放期)的亲贝才排放,且排放的性细胞成熟度好,受精率高,幼虫畸形率低.     

黄海浒苔绿潮及其溯源研究进展

2007-2012年,黄海连续6a暴发了大规模绿潮。分析了过去5a国内外对黄海绿潮以及绿潮形成种浒苔的研究进展,并总结了对黄海绿潮浒苔溯源的主要观点。结合国内外对绿潮浒苔生物学研究结果,深入分析了大规模黄海绿潮暴发的关键要素(绿潮形成种、近海海水富营养化和其它海洋环境因子)以及生物生态学机制,根据已知的结果推演黄海绿潮全年发生发展过程。据此,认为黄海绿潮大暴发与江苏省近岸海域海水富营养化密切相关,辐射沙洲的浒苔微观繁殖体(孢子、配子及其不同发育程度的显微个体)在绿潮暴发过程中扮演重要角色。     

Seasonal development of Calanus finmarchicus in relation to phytoplankton bloom dynamics in the Norwegian Sea

Seasonal development of Calanus finmarchicus was studied in relation to the physical environment and phytoplankton bloom dynamics in the Norwegian Sea during eight basin-scale surveys from March to August 1995. Our main objective was to gain new knowledge about the life cycle of C. finmarchicus and its adaptation to the physical and biological environment of the Norwegian Sea. Time of spawning, estimated by temperature-dependent back-calculations from the occurrences of copepodite stage 1 (CIs), varied by water mass and occurred mainly during the phytoplankton pre-bloom and bloom periods. Recruitment to CI of the year's first generation (G1) generally occurred during the bloom and late bloom. The seasonal development of C. finmarchicus was progressively delayed from Coastal to Atlantic and to Arctic water, and from south to north within Atlantic and Arctic waters. This delay was partly linked to the phytoplankton bloom development that followed the same pattern, but development of C. finmarchicus also showed an increasing tendency to lag behind the phytoplankton development in colder waters. This may explain why C. finmarchicus are less successful in colder water. The consumption of nitrate was used as proxy for the seasonal history of phytoplankton development to aid interpretation of the lifecycle of C. finmarchicus. This approach allows us to align phytoplankton bloom and copepod development sequences despite temporal and geographical variation in bloom development, which otherwise tend to cause variability in quasi-synoptic and large-scale data. Two generations of C. finmarchicus were found in southern and northern regions of Coastal Water, and in southern Atlantic Water. In northern Atlantic Water and in Arctic Water, one generation was observed.     

福建北部海域海地瓜（Acaudina molpadioides）的性腺发育研究

海地瓜(Acaudina molpadioides)是一种低值海参,本研究运用组织学和形态学方法对福建北部海域海地瓜的性腺发育特征及其周年变化进行了研究,并进一步探究了性别比、生殖周期、精卵排放类型、繁殖季节等繁殖生物学相关内容。结果表明,雌、雄海地瓜的性腺发育均可划分为休止期(Ⅰ)、发育早期(Ⅱ)、增长期(Ⅲ)、成熟期(Ⅳ)、部分排放期(Ⅴ)和排空期(Ⅵ),雌、雄性腺发育程度基本同步。海地瓜性腺发育有明显的周年变化规律:大多数海地瓜在5月性成熟后开始陆续排放配子,配子排放过程中伴随着生殖管的自体破坏然后重生,即性腺开始新一轮发育,新的生殖细胞在11月开始生成并逐步发育直至翌年5月成熟。海地瓜性别比接近1∶1,生殖周期为1年,繁殖期为5-8月(夏季),属于多次排精卵类型。     

山东田横岛海域长牡蛎性腺发育及生化成分周年变化

为了阐明青岛近海长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)性腺发育周期及生化成分周年变化,于2019年4月—2020年3月,对青岛田横岛海区长牡蛎的性腺发育周期、生化成分(糖原、脂肪、蛋白质)的周年变化与环境因子(温度、盐度、叶绿素a)关系进行研究。研究显示,调查区长牡蛎性腺发育周期分为两个阶段:休止期(10—12月)和配子发生期(1—9月)。少部分长牡蛎配子发生于温度较低的1月(5.4℃),随着温度升高配子逐渐发育成熟,在6月温度较高(20℃)和叶绿素a浓度较大(1.67μg·L^-1)情况下,配子进入排放期。在配子发生期间,随着配子的成熟,条件指数和卵径在5月达到最大值,在配子排放后降低。生化成分含量为:在冬末春初浮游植物繁殖期间糖原含量储存在长牡蛎各组织中,随着性腺发育,各组织的糖原含量逐渐下降,为配子发育提供能量,这表明贮藏在各组织的糖原是配子发生期间的主要能源物质;性腺-内脏团的脂肪和蛋白质含量随着卵径增加呈上升趋势,产卵后其含量显著下降,表明脂肪和蛋白质与配子发育密切相关。研究结果表明,田横岛海域长牡蛎配子的发育方式为保守种模式。     

泉州湾、围头湾翡翠贻贝海区半人工采苗技术研究

本文对泉州湾和围头湾翡翠贻贝的生殖腺性状、繁殖期、幼虫数量分布、附苗期及海区半人工采苗技术进行了研究。两湾翡翠贻贝繁殖期为5-9月,5月中旬至6月中旬为繁殖盛期,主要的附苗季节在6月中旬和7月上旬。选用胶胎绳和棕绳为采苗器,附苗效果较好;并讨论了投挂采苗器的适宜时间。     

世界水产品绿色养殖比较研究及对中国启示

当前全球渔业捕捞量已接近顶峰局势,水产养殖发展面临巨大环境压力,水产品绿色养殖能满足消费者对优质蛋白需求的同时,还能有效缓解生态问题,保证食品质量安全。水产品养殖绿色发展已成为世界各国的共识,渔业发达国家在一定程度上已形成较完善的绿色水产养殖体系。文章基于全球水产业发展现状和趋势,通过研究欧盟、美国和日本水产品绿色养殖的相关经验,最后结合中国水产养殖业发展现状,提出在建立严格认证标准的基础上,国内政府应加强对“绿色水产品”消费的正确引导;借鉴别国对渔业可持续发展的政策和管理制度;注重关键科学技术的研发,做到产学结合;保障资金的有效投入等相关政策建议。     

Parity and disparity between two Chama oysters: the reproductive biology of the Indo-Pacific C. pacifica Broderip,invasive to the Mediterranean Sea; and C. savignyi Lamy,indigenous to the Red Sea

The Indo-Pacific oyster Chama pacifica Broderip, 1835 (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Chamidae) is rarely found in the Northern Red Sea reefs of Eilat (Gulf of Aqaba), where it is outnumbered by its indigenous congener, Chama savignyi Lamy, 1921. The influx of Eritrean biota from the Red Sea into the Mediterranean Sea via the Suez Canal has led to the formation of massive Chama oyster beds along the Eastern Mediterranean shore. However, unlike the Northern Red Sea, the Eastern Mediterranean Chama beds are dominated by C. pacifica oysters, whereas C. savignyi is absent from this region. In an attempt to understand this difference in their respective distribution, the reproductive biology of both species was compared. Histological analysis of the male and female gonads, monitored monthly from March 2009 to August 2010 in both regions, revealed a similar reproductive cycle, comprising six stages: onset of gametogenesis, advanced gametogenesis, ripe, ready to spawn, spent and sexual rest. Female gonads demonstrated an additional, seventh stage – restoration, coinciding with inferred spawning of ripe gametes. Both species were found to be dioecious spawners, with a single, annual, temperature-dependent inferred spawning period. Chama pacifica was found to reproduce efficiently in maximal Mediterranean seawater temperatures not experienced by the Northern Red Sea Chama populations. This study demonstrates the high invasive potential of an oyster species despite its rarity in its source region.     

莱州群体花鲈渔业生物学特征的研究

笔者对莱州群体花鲈的调查资料为基础,较系统地报告了该群体的形态异质性、群体组成、年龄生长、性成熟与繁殖力、饵料食性以及洄游分布等生物学特征,从而不仅为中日花鲈的物种鉴定、种群划分提供基础资料,并为该鱼的人工增养殖及资源保护提供渔业生物学依据.