Sound speed dispersion characteristics of three types of shallow sediments in the southern yellow sea

To accurately characterize sound speed dispersion of shallow sediments in the Southern Yellow Sea, three types of sediments, i.e., silt, clayey silt, and silty clay, were selected to measure the sound speeds at 25–250?kHz. Over the frequency range, the sound speeds vary approximately from 1,536 to 1,565?m?s^?1 in silt sediment, from 1,511 to 1,527?m?s^?1 in clayey silt sediment, and from 1,456 to 1,466?m?s^?1 in silty clay sediment. The sound speed exhibits a slow increase with frequency in a nearly linear gradient, but these three types of sediments have different sound speed dispersion characteristics. The silt sediment with relatively coarse grains has the most significant sound speed dispersion, while the sound speed dispersions of the two others are relatively weak. Comparison between the measured dispersions and the model predictions shows that the grain-shearing model can match the measured data at most of frequencies. Nevertheless, when the grain bulk modulus was assigned 3.2?×?10¹⁰?Pa according to relevant references, the Biot–Stoll model predictions were higher than the measured values at high frequencies; when it was assigned a relatively small value of 2.8?×?10¹⁰?Pa, the model predictions achieved optimal matching with the measured values.     

Tomographic mapping of sediments in shallow water

Sediment compressional wave speeds were estimated using broad-band data in range-dependent environments. The environment was assumed as mildly range dependent and was modeled using adiabatic theory. The inversion scheme was based on group speed-dispersion behavior. A genetic algorithm (GA) combined with a neighborhood approach was used for the search. The top layer of sediment was mapped in the shelf region using acoustic data from explosive sources collected on a vertical line array.     

西太平洋马尔库斯-威克海山区沉积物中生物硅含量分布

分析了大洋40航次在西太平洋马尔库斯-威克海山区山间海盆采集的表层沉积物中生物硅和有机质的含量,并对其分布特征和来源进行了初步的研究。结果表明,马尔库斯-威克海山区附近海域深海表层沉积物中生物硅含量总体较低,含量在0.88%～12.41%之间,平均含量为2.19%,分布上呈现西南含量高,向东北方向递减的趋势;深海表层沉积物中有机碳含量较低,δ¹³C同位素组成分布与生物硅相同。沉积物柱状样的研究表明研究区在过去的100～200 ka期间表层水体中硅质生物的初级生产力是逐渐增加的。     

黄海潮间带和浅海表层沉积物中植物DNA提取和PCR扩增的方法学探索

海洋沉积物中的植物信息具有重要的生态学和古环境意义,但传统方法只能通过研究沉积物中的孢粉获取植物信息。随着分子生物学的进步,探索利用海洋沉积物中的植物分子多样性解释全球变化成为了一种新的尝试。文章首次尝试了对海洋沉积物中的植物DNA进行提取与PCR扩增,通过使用不同的DNA提取方法(DNA提取试剂盒)和PCR扩增条件[2倍浓缩的PCR扩增预混合溶液(Mix)退火温度、循环数、DNA模板量以及引物],探索海洋沉积物中植物DNA提取和PCR扩增的方法,并在采自黄海潮间带以及浅海表层的沉积物中进行了检验。共尝试了32种方法,结果表明:强力土壤微生物DNA提取试剂盒(DNeasy PowerSoil)以及2×TransTaq HiFi PCR SuperMixⅠ是较好的DNA提取与扩增条件;对于潮间带表层沉积物样品,最佳退火温度为55°C,最佳循环数为55个循环;而对于浅海表层沉积物样品,最佳退火温度为59°C,最佳循环数为45个循环;此外,相对于rbcL引物, gh引物的扩增结果更好。这项研究首次成功提取并扩增了海洋沉积物中的植物DNA,以期应用于海洋沉积物中植物分子多样性的分析,为研究全球...     

Organic matter content and particle size modifications in mangrove sediments as responses to sea level rise

Mangroves sediments contain large reservoirs of organic material (OM) as mangrove ecosystems produce large quantities and rapidly burial OM. Sediment accumulation rates of approximately 2.0 mm year⁻¹, based on ²¹⁰Pb_ex dating, were estimated at the margin of two well-developed mangrove forest in southern Brazil. Regional data point to a relative sea level (RSL) rise of up to ∼4.0 mm year⁻¹. This RSL rise in turn, may directly influence the origin and quantity of organic matter (OM) deposited along mangrove sediments. Lithostratigraphic changes show that sand deposition is replacing the mud (<63 μm) fraction and OM content is decreasing in successively younger sediments. Sediment accumulation in coastal areas that are not keeping pace with sea level rise is potentially conducive to the observed shifts in particle size and OM content.     

浅海沉积物分类方法研讨

浅海沉积物分类方法已比较成熟,国内外目前普遍采用的是谢帕德分类和福克分类两种方案.然而,通过对大量调查数据分析发现,国内浅海沉积物分类定名方法和方式并不完全一致.结合前人的研究,文章对两种分类方案进行了评述,深入探讨了目前沉积物定名不统一的原因主要是由于分类方案引用不完整,缺少对含砾沉积物的分类以及分类手段多样,缺乏规...     

Characterization of shallow ocean sediments using the airborne electromagnetic method

Experimental airborne electromagnetic (AEM) survey data collected in Cape Cod Bay are used to derive continuous profiles of water depth, electrical depth, water conductivity, and bottom sediment conductivity. Through a few well-known empirical relationships, the conductivities are used, in turn, to derive density, porosity, sound speed, and acoustic reflectivity of the ocean bottom. A commercially available Dighem III AEM system was used for the survey without any significant modification. The helicopter-borne system operated at 385 and 7200 Hz; both were in a horizontal coplanar configuration. The interpreted profiles show good agreement with available ground truth data. Where no such data are available, the results appear to be very reasonable. Compared with the shipborne electrode array method, the AEM method can determine the necessary parameters at a much higher speed with a better lateral resolution over a wide range of water depths from 0 to perhaps 100 m. The bottom sediment conductivity that can be measured by the AEM method is closely related to physical properties of sediments, such as porosity, density, sound speed, and, indirectly, sediment types that might carry broad implications for various offshore activities.     

Acoustic reflectors in the surface layers of deep sea sediments

Using ultrasonic scanning it is possible to display the position of an acoustic discontinuity within a sediment core and the amplitude of the reflected signal which results from it. From these results it has been possible to examine the effect of variations in the geotechnical properties on the reflection of compressional waves at normal incidence within the core at a frequency of 100 kHz. The occurrence of acoustic reflectors in the surface layers of North Atlantic sediments has also been examined.Two ultrasonic scanning systems for the non-destructive testing of marine sediment cores have been developed. The performance of the two systems has been evaluated using the results from measurements made on a suite of marine sediment cores from the North Atlantic in conjunction with X-ray scanning and geological analysis of the same cores.     

Cross thermocline mixing effect due to tide in the shallow sea

Using the data specially observed on the Bohai Sea oil platform by the authors for studying thermocline for two weeks, the thermocline depth, the temperature and the salinity of the layers below and above the thermocline were numerically modelled. The model is based on the Stigebrandt model and some important supplements are made in this paper in accordance with the local condition of the sea. The modelling results fit well in the observations. It is proved that the entrainmem due to both the tide and the wind can give rise to rather intense mixing cross the thermocline. This process makes the temperature rising below the thermocline,and causes the nutrient increasing above it,which has important significance for the marine physical environment and the marine organism.     

浅海圆柱形人工岛结构地震响应

根据能量守恒原理导出计算人工岛自振频率的能量公式,浅海人工岛可按剪切型结构进行动力计算,动水压力和动土压力对结构振型参与系数的影响很小,可以忽略。地震时人工岛内回填土只有一部分有效质量参与地震响应,通过模型试验,高径比小于1/3的人工岛回填土有效质量系数在0.2左右。有效质量系数随土壤粘结力的增大而提高,随高径比的增大而增大。一般圆柱形人工岛结构的振型参与系数可采用1.2。     

The calculation of turbulent characteristics in a shallow sea

Turbulent characteristics and current velocity are calculated in the framework of a quasistationary model for a shallow sea, using the equations for Reynolds stress transport and for the rate of dissipation. The paper shows that the ‘negative viscosity’ effect manifests itself in the near-bottom layer, related to energy transfer from pulse motions of turbulent flow to the mean ones. Translated by Vladimir A. Puchkin.     

Eddy viscosity and tidal cycles in a shallow sea

The very pronounced spring-neap tidal cycle in the South Australian Gulfs leads to an unusually large variation in the magnitude of the tidal currents. Measurements of the currents in these Gulfs show that the non-tidal circulation depends on the strength of the tidal currents and hence on the spring-neap cycle. A simple model is produced in which the vertical eddy viscosity is a function of both wind strength and tidal currents. Results from the model agree with the observations and suggest a means whereby variations in tidal mixing may be accounted for in hydrodynamic modelling of the circulation in shallow seas.     

Fine-scale acoustic tomographic imaging of shallow water sediments

In acoustic tomographic system capable of performing in situ two-dimensional (2D) acoustic imaging of shallow water sediments is described. This system is capable of resolving inhomogeneities greater than 10 cm and differentiating sound-speed variations greater than 2%, A tomographic inversion is performed in a 2D vertical slice of about 1 m ² (1 m×1 m) using three identical probes, with each consisting of 70 evenly distributed transducers. In normal deployments, two of the probes are oriented vertically and are separated by about 1 meter, and the third is positioned horizontally right above the two vertical probes. The additional horizontal probe greatly improves the horizontal resolution of the system compared to conventional crosshole tomographic setups. Numerical simulations are performed to evaluate the influences of arrival time detection error and transducer position error on the performance of the tomography system. For an arrival time of 500 ns (standard deviation) and a position error of 4 mm (standard deviation), sound-speed anomalies of greater than 0.8% can be correctly predicted near the upper portion (close to the horizontal probe) and are resolvable near the lower portion. A controlled laboratory experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of the system. The location of a polyurethane block (Conap EN22) used as a known target is correctly predicted while the inverted sound speed is about 9% lower than that from its actual value. Field data taken from a saturated muddy site are presented and analyzed. The inverted mean sound speed and attenuation are about 1480 ms^-1 and 20 dBm^-1, respectively     

龟山岛附近海域热液活动流体的来源

台湾东北部龟山岛附近热液活动区流体的来源较为复杂,判断流体来源同时探讨该地区岩浆活动的程度对于龟山岛热液活动研究具有至关重要的意义。通过测定热液流体中的元素浓度和氢氧同位素特征显示:热液流体的微量元素浓度总体上接近海水值,但是通过Mg浓度为0回推得出热液流体的端员组分较为简单,而且有低Cl-浓度的组分(如地下水)加入,所测定热液流体中海水特征是由于取样过程中海水混入所致,氢氧同位素的对应曲线表明热液流体与该地区海水的同位素特征值不一致,并且不是单一龟山岛上地下淡水来源。龟山岛附近热液流体在氢氧同位素值分布特征上与南胡安得富卡洋脊的深水热液活动流体较为一致。可以初步判断龟山岛附近热液活动流体来源主要由两部分组成:深部物质和龟山岛上的大气降水,深部的岩浆物质在上升过程中,发生相分离,分离相在继续上升的过程中遇到下渗的淡水,两者混合构成了热液流体的端员组分。因此龟山岛热液活动的出现是由于深部物质活动造成的,表明目前该地区地壳活动较为活跃。     

哑铃湾网箱养殖海域沉积物中的氮

2003年1月采集了哑铃湾网箱养殖区和非养殖区的沉积物柱状样,对氮的垂直剖面和沉积物-海水界面的通量进行了比较研究。结果表明,养殖区和非养殖区氮的垂直剖面和通量存在很大差异。交换态NH4 -N和交换态氮养殖区随深度的增加而降低,非养殖区随深度的增加而增加;非交换态氮养殖区与非养殖区差异不大;其它各形态氮一般随深度的增加呈降低的趋势。除非交换氮以外,各形态氮的含量表层和近表层养殖区明显高于非养殖区,养殖年限越长含量越高。氮的通量,主要是氨氮的通量,养殖区为80.54mg/(m2.d),非养殖区仅为5.58mg/(m2.d),养殖较长时间现已停养的海区也达到了86.18mg/(m2.d)。     

Field studies of the motion of sediments in the coastal zone of the sea

We present the results of measurements carried out with the help of the “Donnaya Stantsiya” complex of equipment in the coastal zone of the Crimean shelf near Evpatoriya and near the southeast end of the Kosa Tuzla Island. For the same intensity of winds in these regions, the intensities of waves and turbulence in the coastal zone near Evpatoriya are much higher and, hence, the fluxes of suspended sediments are more intense. The accumulated data are intended for the correction of the kinetic model used for the evaluation of the characteristics of the field of suspended sediments in the shallow-water areas.     

长江口及毗邻海区沉积物中磷的分布特征

于2006年6月和2007年4月在长江口及毗邻海区采集了表层沉积物样品,利用水淘选法对沉积物进行了粒径分级,并采用改进后的SEDEX方法对沉积物样品及分粒级沉积物样品进行了磷形态分析。结果表明,2006年6月和2007年4月长江口及毗邻海区沉积物总磷变化分别为12.56~19.64μmol/g和8.99~19.91μmol/g,其中碎屑磷是磷的主要存在形态。可交换态磷、铁结合态磷、有机磷、自生磷灰石磷及难分解有机磷在长江口外的平面分布比较一致,均在紧邻长江口门外、杭州湾外的条状带出现了含量的高值,而在口门内及口门外河口靠海一侧碎屑磷含量较高。不同形态磷在不同粒径沉积物中的含量不尽相同:有机磷、自生磷灰石磷以及难分解有机磷是小于8μm粒级沉积物中磷的主要组成部分,而且其在总磷中所占比例随沉积物粒径的增加而下降;碎屑磷则主要集中在粗沉积物中,为32~63μm及大于63μm粒级沉积物中磷的主要贡献者。沉积物的粒度分异以及各形态磷在不同粒径沉积物中含量的差异,共同影响着河口沉积物中磷的分布。