Dynamics of inelastic base‐isolated structures subjected to analytical pulse ground motions

Structural design code provisions worldwide prescribe relatively small seismic force reduction factors for seismically base‐isolated structures, making their response to design‐level earthquake excitation essentially elastic. This paper uses the method of dimensional analysis to prove that; in most cases, this is not a conservative design approach but a necessity that emerges from the dynamics of base‐isolated structures. It is shown that allowing typical base‐isolated structures to yield results in large displacement ductility demands for the structure. This phenomenon is caused by the change in the nature of the ground motion excitation as it is transmitted to the structure through the seismic base isolation system as well as by the change in the distribution of displacements between the structure and the isolation bearings caused by yielding of the isolated structure. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

平面不规则混凝土框架结构非线性静力分析侧向力计算方法的研究

针对平面不规则混凝土框架结构，考虑地震作用对其产生的附加扭转振动效应，提出了两种计算侧向力分布的方法。通过对一平面不规则框架结构进行推覆分析，得到各楼层侧移、层间问侧移角和塑性铰分布情况，并与时程分析结果进行了比较分析。结果表明，两种方法推覆分析得到的塑性铰分布情况与时程分析得到的情况相符合，楼层侧移和层间位移角与时程分析结果吻合也较好，并且从结果精度上看，分层法的误差要小一些。     

On the evaluation of seismic response of structures by nonlinear static methods

In the most recent seismic codes, the assessment of the seismic response of structures may be carried out by comparing the displacement capacity, provided by nonlinear static analysis, with the displacement demand. In many cases the code approach is based on the N2 method proposed by Fajfar, which evaluates the displacement demand by defining, as an intermediate step, a single degree‐of‐freedom (SDOF) system equivalent to the examined structure. Other codes suggest simpler approaches, which do not require equivalent SDOF systems, but they give slightly different estimation of the seismic displacement demand. The paper points out the differences between the methods and suggests an operative approach that provides the same accuracy as the N2 method without requiring the evaluation of an equivalent SDOF system. A wide parametric investigation allows an accurate comparison of the different methods and demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed operative approach. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

近断层脉冲型地震动作用下隔震结构地震反应分析

隔震结构在远震场地减震效果良好，但是近断层地震动的明显的长周期速度和位移脉冲运动可能对隔震建筑等长周期结构的抗震性能和设计带来不利影响，需要深入探讨。本文首先讨论近断层地震动的长周期脉冲运动特征，然后以台湾集集地震8条典型近震记录和其它4条常用近震记录以及4条远震记录作为地震动输入，对两幢安装铅芯橡胶隔震支座的钢筋混凝土框架隔震结构进行非线性地震反应时程分析，通过比较探讨了算例计算结果，定量说明隔震结构的近震脉冲效应显著，是隔震设计不容忽视的问题。     

Nonlinear incremental analysis of fire-damaged r.c. base-isolated structures subjected to near-fault ground motions

Amplification of structural response of r.c. base-isolated structures is expected under near-fault ground motions, yet there is a lack of knowledge of their behavior in the case of fire. To investigate the nonlinear seismic response following a fire, an incremental dynamic analysis is carried out on five-storey r.c. base-isolated framed buildings with fire-protected High-Damping-Laminated-Rubber Bearings (HDLRBs), designed in line with the Italian seismic code. Horizontal components of near-fault ground motions characterized by forward-directivity or fling-step pulse-type are considered. The nonlinear seismic response of base-isolated structures in a no fire situation is compared with that in the event of fire, at 45 (i.e. R45) and 60 (i.e. R60) minutes of fire resistance, assuming both damaged (i.e. DS) and repaired (i.e. RS) stiffness conditions. Five fire scenarios are considered assuming the fire compartment confined to the area of the first level (i.e. F1), the first two (i.e. F1/2) and the upper (i.e. Fi, i=3–5) levels, with the parametric temperature–time fire curve evaluated in accordance with Eurocode 1. The nonlinear seismic analysis is performed by using a step-by-step procedure based on a two-parameter implicit integration scheme and an initial-stress-like iterative procedure. At each step of the analysis, plastic conditions are checked at the critical (end) sections of the girders and columns, where thermal mapping with reduced mechanical properties is evaluated with the 500 °C isotherm method proposed by Eurocode 2. A viscoelastic model with variable stiffness properties in the horizontal and vertical directions, depending on the axial force and lateral deformation, simulates the response of an HDLRB.     

Accuracy of nonlinear static procedures for the seismic assessment of shear critical structures

The nonlinear behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) members represents a key issue in the seismic performance assessment of structures. Many structures constructed in the 1980s or earlier were designed based on force limits; thus they often exhibit brittle failure modes, strength and stiffness degradation, and severe pinching effects. Field surveys and experimental evidence have demonstrated that such inelastic responses affect the global behavior of RC structural systems. Efforts have been made to consider the degrading stiffness and strength in the simplified nonlinear static procedures commonly adopted by practitioners. This paper investigates the accuracy of such procedures for the seismic performance assessment of RC structural systems. Refined finite element models of a shear critical bridge bent and a flexure‐critical bridge pier are used as reference models. The numerical models are validated against experimental results and used to evaluate the inelastic dynamic response of the structures subjected to earthquake ground motions with increasing amplitude. The maximum response from the refined numerical models is compared against the results from the simplified static procedures, namely modified capacity spectrum method and coefficient method in FEMA‐440. The accuracy of the static procedures in estimating the displacement demand of a flexure‐critical system and shear‐critical system is discussed in detail. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

结构高度对静力弹塑性分析结果的影响

简要介绍了静力弹塑性分析方法(Pushover法)的原理、计算步骤和影响分析结果的主要因素．并通过实例比较了pushover分析结果与非线性动力分析结果,分析了高度、荷载分布模式因素对分析结果的影响。     

Identification of critical ground motions for seismic performance assessment of structures

A method is established to identify critical earthquake ground motions that are to be used in physical testing or subsequent advanced computational studies to enable seismic performance to be assessed. The ground motion identification procedure consists of: choosing a suitable suite of ground motions and an appropriate intensity measure; selecting a computational tool and modelling the structure accordingly; performing Incremental Dynamic Analysis on a non‐linear model of the structure; interpreting these results into 50th (median) and 90th percentile performance bounds; and identifying the critical ground motions that are close to these defining probabilistic curves at ground motion intensities corresponding to the design basis earthquake and the maximum considered earthquake. An illustrative example of the procedure is given for a reinforced concrete highway bridge pier designed to New Zealand specifications. Pseudodynamic tests and finite element based time history analyses are performed on the pier using three earthquake ground motions identified as: (i) a Design Basis Earthquake (10% probability in 50 years) with 90 percent confidence of non‐exceedance; (ii) a Maximum Considered Event (2% probability in 50 years) representing a median response; and (iii) a Maximum Considered Event representing 90 percent confidence of non‐exceedance. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaluation of the damping modification factor for structures subjected to near-fault ground motions

The damping modification factor (DMF) has been extensively used in earthquake engineering to describe the variation of structural responses due to varied damping ratios. It is known that DMFs are dependent not only on structural dynamic properties but also on characteristics of ground motions. DMFs regulated in current seismic codes are generally developed based on far-fault ground motions and are inappropriately used in structural design where pulse-like near-fault ground motions are involved. In this paper, statistical investigation of the DMF is performed based on 50 carefully selected pulse-like near-fault ground motions. It is observed that DMFs for pulse-like ground motions exhibit significant dependence on the pulse period T _p in a specific period range. If the period of the structure in response is close to the pulse period, the DMF attains the same level as that derived from far-fault ground motions; as the period of the structure is considerably larger or smaller than the pulse period T _p , the response reduction effect by the increased damping ratio is generally small, except for large earthquakes with long pulse periods, which exhibit significant reduction of response for structures with periods smaller than T _p . Based on the statistical results of DMFs, the empirical formulas for estimating DMFs for displacement, velocity and acceleration spectra are proposed, the effect of structural period, pulse period and damping ratio are considered in the formulas, and the formulas are designed to satisfy the specific reliability requirement in the period range of 0.1 < T/T _p  < 1, which is of engineering interest.     

Behavior of moment‐resisting frame structures subjected to near‐fault ground motions

Near‐fault ground motions impose large demands on structures compared to ‘ordinary’ ground motions. Recordings suggest that near‐fault ground motions with ‘forward’ directivity are characterized by a large pulse, which is mostly orientated perpendicular to the fault. This study is intended to provide quantitative knowledge on important response characteristics of elastic and inelastic frame structures subjected to near‐fault ground motions. Generic frame models are used to represent MDOF structures. Near‐fault ground motions are represented by equivalent pulses, which have a comparable effect on structural response, but whose characteristics are defined by a small number of parameters. The results demonstrate that structures with a period longer than the pulse period respond very differently from structures with a shorter period. For the former, early yielding occurs in higher stories but the high ductility demands migrate to the bottom stories as the ground motion becomes more severe. For the latter, the maximum demand always occurs in the bottom stories. Preliminary regression equations are proposed that relate the parameters of the equivalent pulse to magnitude and distance. The equivalent pulse concept is used to estimate the base shear strength required to limit story ductility demands to specific target values. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

强震作用下砌体结构倒塌过程仿真分析

四川汶川地震中大量砌体房屋倒塌,造成巨大人员伤亡。为研究和预防砌体结构震害,本文概述了多层砌体房屋的主要震害特点,研究了砌体结构地震倒塌分析方法、失效单元与结构倒塌等关键技术问题。利用动力有限元程序LS-DYNA模拟了砌体结构的倒塌过程。仿真计算的结果与真实倒塌过程吻合较好,说明通过合理选取计算参数和计算模型,可以对这种特殊的复杂破坏过程进行模拟分析和仿真。通过再现倒塌过程,发现了结构在强震作用下的薄弱环节,为提高砌体结构抗震性能研究、建立结构防倒塌机制提供了有力的技术支撑。     

二维复杂工程场址设计地震动的修正分析方法

地震安全性评价中工程场地设计地震动通常采用一维等效线性化水平成层的分析模型，但对一些较复杂的场地条件，如蓄能电站所处场地，仅考虑一维场地是不够的，而需考虑二维场地的影响。常规采用的二维有限元很难考虑诸多因素，为工程设计带来了很大的困难。提出了可考虑二维复杂工程场地影响的设计地震动的修正分析方法和简化方法，该方法还可考虑非线性对场地的影响及吸能边界等因素，而且计算简单，并易于同常用的一维等效线性化方法结合。实例分析结果合理，对工程场地地震动的确定具有重要意义。     

近场地震作用下考虑二阶效应的混凝土框架抗震分析

利用钢筋混凝土柱的试验结果,验证OpenSees程序用于钢筋混凝土结构非线性分析的可行性。以此为基础,对钢筋混凝土框架结构在远场地震、近场非脉冲地震与近场脉冲地震作用的性能进行非线性时程分析,研究框架结构在三类地震作用下的反应以及二阶效应对结构反应的影响。针对近场脉冲地震对结构进行增量动力分析(IDA)和易损性分析,分别得到结构的IDA曲线、易损性曲线和近场脉冲地震作用下二阶效应对结构抗震性能的影响。分析结果表明,在三类地震作用下,近场脉冲地震导致的二阶效应对结构抗震性能的影响最为显著,结构抗震设计中宜考虑二阶效应的影响。     

Seismic reliability assessment of classical columns subjected to near‐fault ground motions

A methodology for the performance‐based seismic risk assessment of classical columns is presented. Despite their apparent instability, classical columns are, in general, earthquake resistant, as proven from the fact that many classical monuments have survived many strong earthquakes over the centuries. Nevertheless, the quantitative assessment of their reliability and the understanding of their dynamic behavior are not easy, because of the fundamental nonlinear character and the sensitivity of their response. In this paper, a seismic risk assessment is performed for a multidrum column using Monte Carlo simulation with synthetic ground motions. The ground motions adopted contain a high‐ and low‐frequency component, combining the stochastic method, and a simple analytical pulse model to simulate the directivity pulse contained in near source ground motions. The deterministic model for the numerical analysis of the system is three‐dimensional and is based on the Discrete Element Method. Fragility curves are produced conditional on magnitude and distance from the fault and also on scalar intensity measures for two engineering demand parameters, one concerning the intensity of the response during the ground shaking and the other the residual deformation of the column. Three performance levels are assigned to each engineering demand parameter. Fragility analysis demonstrated some of the salient features of these spinal systems under near‐fault seismic excitations, as for example, their decreased vulnerability for very strong earthquakes of magnitude 7 or larger. The analysis provides useful results regarding the seismic reliability of classical monuments and decision making during restoration process. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

预应力混凝土结构非线性地震反应分析

本文针对预应力混凝土与普通混凝土不同的受力特点,提出了适合于分析预应力混凝土结构抗震性能的非线性有限元模型。模型首先将混凝土结构离散为杆单元,然后对各杆单元按分层组合原理分成许多混凝土层、预应力钢筋层和普通钢筋层,计算混凝土分层单元、预应力钢筋和普通钢筋的应力和应变,最后,根据钢筋与混凝土之间的粘结－滑移关系高速钢筋变形,根据混凝土弹性模量调整结构及杆单元变形,通过对普通混凝土构件和三个预应力混凝     

偏心结构非线性地震反应分析的一种简化方法

本文建立了基于结构状态方程和偏心结构体系的层剪力-扭矩等效屈服EYST面概念的求解平扭耦联非线性地震反应的分离-予估-修正递推算法，编制了相应的计算程序。通过与三个单层偏心结构模型的破坏性地震模拟试验结果的对比，验证了小变形阶段平-扭耦联地震反应算法的实用性和可靠性。算例表明，该程序数据处理量小，运算快捷，便于应用。     

Structural pounding between adjacent buildings subjected to strong ground motions. Part I: The effect of different structures arrangement

The effect of different structures configurations on the collision between adjacent planar RC building frames subjected to strong earthquakes is examined in this paper. Two 5‐storey and two 8‐storey frames, regular or with setbacks, are combined together to produce nine different pairs of adjacent RC structures. These pairs of buildings are subjected to six strong ground motions that are absolutely compatible with the design process. Various parameters are investigated such as maximum displacements, permanent displacements, members' ductility and internal forces and interstorey drift ratios. It is concluded that the effect of collision of adjacent frames seems to be unfavourable for most of the cases and, therefore, the structural pounding phenomenon is rather detrimental than beneficial. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

多点激励下LRB隔震桥梁地震反应分析

研究了地震地面运动多点激励,即空间变化效应对装有铅芯橡胶支座（Lead Rubber Bearing）的连续梁桥地震反应的影响。首先,利用三角级数法生成了拟合规范反应谱的多点人工地震动时程;然后利用非线性时程分析法数值仿真并比较了某五跨LRB隔震连续梁桥在一致激励、仅考虑地震动行波效应、仅考虑地震动部分相干效应、同时考虑行波和部分相干效应以及同时考虑行波、部分相干和局部场地土效应等七种工况下结构的减震效果。行波效应和部分相干效应对铅芯橡胶支座隔震桥梁影响不大,而局部场地土效应对该类桥梁的地震反应分析影响很大,应该引起重视。     

Orthogonal expansion of ground motion and PDEM-based seismic response analysis of nonlinear structures

This paper introduces an orthogonal expansion method for general stochastic processes.In the method,a normalized orthogonal function of time variable t is first introduced to carry out the decomposition of a stochastic process and then a correlated matrix decomposition technique,which transforms a correlated random vector into a vector of standard uncorrelated random variables,is used to complete a double orthogonal decomposition of the stochastic processes. Considering the relationship between the Hartl...     

Skyline‐based ground motion selection method for nonlinear time history analysis of building structures

This paper develops a novel ground motion selection procedure for nonlinear time history analysis of critical structures. The skyline query originated from computer science is first introduced, including its concept and related algorithms. Then, the ground motion selection procedure based on skyline query is developed. Meanwhile, a new five‐dimensional vector‐valued intensity measure is defined as a critical ingredient of the selection procedure to measure the damage potential of ground motions. Finally, the process of the selection procedure is illustrated through examples of three shear models, and its efficiency is also validated. Through the examples of three shear models, the ground motion selection procedure based on skyline query proposed in this paper is proven to be capable of selecting a limited set of ground motions with high damage potentials for the nonlinear time history analysis purpose. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.