He Iwi Kotahi Tatou Trust: Post-development practices in Moerewa,Northland

This paper examines community development projects in Moerewa, a small town in Te Tai Tokerau (central Northland) decimated by industrial decline in the late 1980s. It builds on a series of conversations with Ngahau Davis of He Iwi Kotahi Tatou Trust, which has sought to revitalise Moerewa by challenging conventional understandings of development. The paper is part of an on-going engagement with the Trust, which includes involving it with a second year undergraduate field course. In the paper, we argue for the political and theoretical potential of post-development inquiry and practice in communities like Moerewa.     

Socio‐economic and ecological challenges of small‐scale fishing and strategies for its sustainable management: A case study of the Old Brahmaputra River,Bangladesh

Socio‐economic and ecological challenges faced by the small‐scale fishers dependent on the Old Brahmaputra River, Bangladesh are assessed using a combination of questionnaire survey, co‐monitoring of fish catch, focus group discussions and key informant interviews. Results reveal that the fishers are involved in professional, seasonal or subsistence fishing. Fish catches from the river have declined significantly because of overfishing, destructive use of fishing gear, water pollution, siltation, rapid urbanization and human encroachment, thereby threatening the health of the river ecosystem as well as the future of small‐scale fishing. We evaluate various social, economic and ecological challenges faced by the fisher communities. We propose a conceptual framework that recognizes linkages among social, economic and ecological aspects in devising a sustainable river fisheries management system. We recommend effective legal enforcement of policies and regulations, strong institutional collaboration and active fisher community participation in management to ensure sustainable use of the resource base.     

African Inland Fisheries: Experiences with Co-Management and Policies of Decentralization

Most countries in Africa have promoted some form of decentralized fisheries management either as discrete co-management projects or as a component of broader decentralization processes that cut across other sectors. These initiatives were shaped by an international policy narrative that emphasises participation in decision making and development. A review of fisheries decentralization experiences in Cameroon, Niger, Nigeria, and Malawi reveals marked differences in purpose, strategy, and performance. In general, co-management projects are limited by their ability to scale up new practice and to maintain viable and representative management institutions. In other cases, the decentralization process is not well supported politically or locally or does not articulate with fisheries policy. Experiences of decentralization in other sectors provide useful lessons. Acknowledging the informal institutional environment or realpolitikof fisheries and the rural economy could provide opportunities to better manage and review the process of decentralization.     

The Geography of Fish: The Use of Remote Sensing and Spatial Analysis Tools in Fisheries Research

Rather than seeing the oceans as an expansive void, researchers using acoustic technologies can detect the heterogeneity of biological resources and view the marine environment as a three-dimensional landscape. Underwater remote sensing, using acoustics, provides high resolution maps of the spatial distribution of organisms in aquatic ecosystems. Analyzing the spatial pattern of species distribution within the water column and the impact of that organization on ecological processes bridges the fields of fisheries and spatial analysis. Tools and concepts familiar to geographers, such as remote sensing, GIS, and landscape ecology, contribute to the investigation of large lake and marine ecosystems.     

The Geography of Fish: The Use of Remote Sensing and Spatial Analysis Tools in Fisheries Research

Rather than seeing the oceans as an expansive void, researchers using acoustic technologies can detect the heterogeneity of biological resources and view the marine environment as a three-dimensional landscape. Underwater remote sensing, using acoustics, provides high resolution maps of the spatial distribution of organisms in aquatic ecosystems. Analyzing the spatial pattern of species distribution within the water column and the impact of that organization on ecological processes bridges the fields of fisheries and spatial analysis. Tools and concepts familiar to geographers, such as remote sensing, GIS, and landscape ecology, contribute to the investigation of large lake and marine ecosystems.     

Place attachment and community activism at the coast: The case of Ngunguru,Northland

The politics of place precipitated by a development proposal for a privately owned sandspit in Ngunguru, Northland, is examined in this article. It centres on residents' place attachment and the ways in which this helped to inform community resistance to development. A framing analysis of 23 stakeholder interviews conducted in 2008–2009 was carried out by the authors. Place attachment was centred on holistic appreciation of the sandspit's special values. A widespread view that exercise of private property rights over the site was deeply problematic was informed by this appreciation. Community ties were enhanced by shared perceptions of a threat to the sandspit.     

Gendering Marine Conservation: The Politics of Marine Protected Areas and Fisheries Access

Drawing on ethnographic case studies from Madagascar, this research shows that multiple marine conservation projects have institutionalized inequitable access to marine recourses along gendered lines. Despite discursive and institutional shifts toward more “collaborative” and “community-based” conservation programing, there is a deficiency of women’s nominal as well as effective participation in community management organizations. This research shows that conservation organizations’ focus on proximate drivers of marine resource use, or a politics of picking the “low-hanging fruit,” over ultimate drivers such as global commodity chains, places disproportionate emphasis on marine spatial enclosures and restricting specific, and gendered, harvest methods. To address gender bias concerning access to and control over natural resources, we must go beyond the rhetoric of “community involvement” to address gendered inequalities in conservation decision making, and whose interests are served by conservation projects.     

Conjoint analysis of small‐boat recreational fishers in New Zealand

Conjoint analysis is a useful technique to assist recreational managers formulate policy, and develop strategies to efficiently and effectively distribute resources. Accurate estimates of the value of natural resources remain challenging, despite the development of a number of decision analysis techniques. This recreation geography study uses conjoint analysis to examine the relative importance of attributes associated with small‐boat recreational fishing experiences and demonstrates the value of conjoint analysis as a non‐market valuation tool. We found that the choices associated with companionship are the most important factors of recreational fishing and more tangible attributes such as the quality of launch facilities and catch probability are the least important factors.     

The state and its agencies in coastal resources management: The political ecology of fisheries management in Pattani, southern Thailand

Various stakeholders contribute to the current state of resource management in the inshore fisheries of Pattani, southern Thailand. Taking the state, empowered by national legislation, as the main agent of enforcement, this paper uses an actor-oriented approach derived from political ecology to evaluate how key agents in state agencies at provincial and district levels translate Thai political and legal systems at the local level; more specifically, how cross-scalar institutional linkages and translations affect coastal resources management and the access of village-based, small-scale fishermen to coastal resources. The paper shows that trans-scalar interpretations have created a space of contestation and negotiation in resource governance at the local level that reveals intrastate tensions. Based on extensive fieldwork, the paper demonstrates that access to environmental resources at the local level is highly influenced or regulated by the unequal power relations between different actors at various levels.     

美国休闲渔业资源空间分布与多中心治理

休闲渔业是美国最受欢迎的户外活动之一,在发展过程中为美国创造了巨大的经济和社会效益,并形成多主体参与的治理机制。文章在分析美国休闲渔业发展现状的基础上,运用最邻近指数、缓冲区分析、泰森多边形和关联维数测度,对佛罗里达州休闲渔业资源分布特征进行空间分析。结果显示,美国休闲渔业形成以淡水为主、咸水为辅的发展格局,其中佛罗里达州休闲渔业资源呈现集聚式、非均衡分布特征,80%的垂钓点位于海岸线20 km以内,各垂钓点之间形成紧密的关联作用。联邦政府、地方政府、行业组织和休闲渔业参与者之间形成的多中心治理模式,能够匹配美国休闲渔业大区域分散、小区域集聚的空间分布特征,适应参与主体多样化、需求差异化的发展需要。有鉴于此,针对中国休闲渔业存在的问题,提出应通过借鉴美国“自下而上”的多中心治理机制,建设服务型政府、行业协会灵活增权以及休闲渔业企业融合创新等措施,推动中国休闲渔业科学管理和高质量发展。     

Yellow River Basin management and current issues

Soil loss, water shortage, flooding, sedimentation and water pollution are the major problems affecting the sustainable development of the Yellow River basin. Their impacts and management strategies are briefly discussed in this paper. The integrated management strategy, which includes one ultimate goal, four standards, nine countermeasures, and the concept of “three Yellow Rivers,” is a contemporary management strategy and represents the vision of the Chinese government and engineers for the sustainable development of the Yellow River basin.     

黄河流域管理与当前存在的问题

1TheYellowRiverBasinThe Yellow River, with a drainage area of 752,000 km2 and a length of 5,464 km, is the second largest river in China (Figure 1). This river, recognized as the cradle of Chinese civilization, is one of the most complicated and challenging rivers in the world in terms of erosion and sedimentation control, flood defense, and water resource management. The river basin is mostly arid and semi-arid, with a long-term average annual runoff depth of 77 mm and a mean annual input …     

From Moral to Markets: The Rhetoric of Responsibility and Resource Management in European Union Fisheries Policy

Ecological, economic, and social sustainability has been prioritized by the European Union in its proposal for a reformed Common Fisheries Policy (CFP), but it is recognized that there is a lack of knowledge concerning the objectives of these three aspects. Addressing the issue of how these objectives are given meaning as policy is being articulated, two Swedish seminars where fisheries’ stakeholders discuss the proposal for a reformed CFP are analyzed. The analysis shows how fish become defined as a specific kind of resource and how their status as a resource is framed as a moral issue. Once morally charged the resource is subjected to valorization through economic modeling. As a result, the potential for sustainability in fisheries becomes conditional upon the creation of new markets.     

Impediments to community fisheries management: Some findings in Kompong Pou commune,Krakor District in Cambodia's Tonle Sap

This paper broadly assesses some reasons why co‐management of inland fisheries by resource users and state agencies in Cambodia remains difficult to realize. Our survey of the resources, human capacity and associated de facto mechanisms for achieving community fisheries (CFi) objectives among fishing communities of Krakor District, located along Tonle Sap Lake, found these mobilizations at a crossroads in terms of empowered institutional and legal frameworks. Although the commune is a local administrative authority in the context of Cambodia's evolving decentralization and deconcentration (D&D) reform process, decision making and accountability in natural resource management have yet to be transferred to, or opened to participation from, local and subcommune level stakeholders and agencies. Furthermore, the institutional links between the commune council and CFi are ambiguous. This lack of linkages between central government, state agencies and CFi has left fisherfolk struggling to survive against more powerful competing interests. The preliminary findings presented here suggest that the achievement of sustainable CFi management in the Tonle Sap Lake remains problematic without local level decision making powers, sustained funding of CFi and related local government, and partnership between key shareholders in rural development programmes that recognize and encompass women's roles in natural resource management.     

北京市工业用水分析与对策

北京市水资源匮乏,为提高工业用水、节水的水平,该文根据北京市宏观经济发展的背景,分析北京市6个典型工业行业用水情况,对工业用水的历史和现状进行评价。结合工业用水存在的问题,提出提高北京市工业节水水平的5项建议与对策：实行工业用水定额管理;加强工业企业中生活用水节水;逐步实现企业用水管理的现代化;继续调整北京市的产业结构;加强企业用水管理,将节水工作落到实处。     

Population and environment in Australia: issues in the next half century

This paper considers the likely future population in Australia to 2050 and is cast within the context of environmental limitations, to which Griffith Taylor alerted the nation in the 1920s and 1930s, and for which he was vilified in several quarters. While acknowledging the relative accuracy of his long-range forecasts, the arguments here depart from environmental determinism, although varying sets of environmental ethics and values are considered in relation to Australia's global responsibilities and international commitments. It is argued that an increase in population to 26 million by 2050 will not place severe stresses on the physical environment, provided environmental and resource management strategies are put firmly in place, and if consumption and resource use practices are significantly modified. An ideological linkage exists between a resurgent Australian nationalism and a number of environmental perspectives, but one which rejects growth and biological diversity among humans while embracing environmentalism. This inward-looking nationalism–environmentalism is seen as harmful both to Australia's moral integrity as a nation, and in local and world citizenship.     

大连市海洋渔业集群空间格局演化与企业区位选择

全球化时代是发展海洋经济的时代,海洋渔业是海洋经济的重要部门,是深耕蓝色国土的重要一步.以典型海洋城市大连市为案例,基于海洋渔业企业视角研究海洋渔业产业,建立海洋渔业企业数据库,运用核密度方法分析大连市海洋渔业企业的空间格局演化规律,建立回归模型重点分析了 2011-2018年海产加工企业在区位选择时的影响因素.结果表...     

生态系统科学研究与生态系统管理

中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所生态系统学科以生态系统生态学研究为核心,通过研制生态系统观测和模拟分析的技术和方法,探索解决区域性/大尺度生态学问题的理论和方法,监测生态系统变化,认知生态系统变化规律,推动生态系统生态学、生物地理生态学、全球变化生态学和生态信息科学技术的发展,创新生态系统管理模式,服务于国家和地方的生态建设、应对全球变化及区域可持续发展。面向国家重大需求,在中国华北平原农业区、南方红壤丘陵林业区、青藏高原农牧区以及黄土高原区等典型区域开展生态系统管理技术与模式的集成与创新研究,着力解决国家生态文明建设和应对全球气候变化中的重大生态学问题,推动区域生态系统管理领域的科技进步。围绕生态系统生态学学科前沿,着重在① 生态系统联网观测、模拟与信息管理,② 生态系统结构、过程与功能,③ 生态系统空间格局与机制,④ 生态系统对全球变化的响应与适应,⑤ 生态系统管理与生态系统服务等五大主要研究方向,系统开展生态系统生态学前沿理论和实践的创新研究,研究成果处于国内和国际生态学研究的科学前沿。     

Ecosystem modelling of coastal lagoons for sustainable management. A case study: Küçüçekmece Lagoon, Turkey

The modelling approach for sustainable management is outlined, the results of management scenarios obtained by the modelling studies are discussed and the results taken from the applications of the best management scenarios are presented as a case study. The best management strategy was observed to be the use of the lagoon as a recreational water body. It may be concluded that the WQRRS ecological model originally developed by the US Corp of Engineers can be used successfully to make a decision between various management strategies for maintaining the sustainability of coastal lagoons.     

Sisterhood and Seine‐Nets: Engendering Development and Conservation in Ghana's Marine Fishery

As processors and marketers of fish, women fishtraders in the Fanti town of Cape Coast, Ghana have become powerful financers and owners of canoes, nets, and other fishing equipment. Since the 1960s, when motors were first introduced to Ghana's artisanal canoe fleet, two interrelated processes have occurred in Cape Coast. First, Ghana's fisheries have become increasingly exploited and—in the case of some species—overfished. Second, the social relations of production in the artisanal sector have shifted from being socially embedded to being more market‐based and impersonal. I argue that two recent Women in Development (WID) projects in particular have contributed to the breakdown of fishtraders’ traditional economic networks and livelihood strategies: (a) loan schemes that target women's associations, and (b) the 1985 Intestate Succession Law, which reconfigured inheritance rights. These WID projects, based on western notions of gender and the household, have created disharmony and mistrust among Cape Coast's fishtraders rather than promoting their “development.” The breakdown of fishtraders’ labor and marketing organizations has resulted in increasingly desperate strategies to get fish, increased degradation of Ghana's marine environment, and uncertainty for the future of the coastal economy.