GIS技术在生态环境地质评价中的应用

针对生态环境地质调查与评价的特点,建立了应用GIS技术进行生态环境地质评价的基本思路和技术流程,提出了相关图形-属性数据库建立的要点,阐述了生态环境地质评价的基本步骤,并对有关指标体系的选取、分析评价模型等做了重点分析。     

GIS技术在区域矿产资源勘查评价中的应用

在分析国内外ＧＩＳ技术在矿产资源预测及评价等方面的应用现状及进展基础上。提出了ＧＩＳ技术应用中应解决的几个关键总理２,地基于ＧＩＳ的矿产资源评价的实施步骤。     

遥感与GIS技术支持下的湖北省生态环境综合分析

在遥感与地理信息系统技术支持下，应用主成分分析法对湖北省全省生态环境质量状况进行了综合评价，得出了湖北省全省生态环境质量状况分级图。在定义生态环境背景指数和土地资源利用程度指数的基础上，通过生成生态环境背景图和土地利用程度图，分析了生态环境背景与土地利用程度的关系，通过相关分析证明土地资源利用程度与生态环境背景有着明显的相关关系，生态环境的好坏决定了土地资源利用程度的高低。同时，对湖北省生态环境演变机制及其驱动因子进行了一些探讨。     

DRASTIC模型评价地下水系统脆弱性中的GIS应用——以河北沧州地区为例

地下水是水资源的重要组成部份,地下水污染危害人的健康,影响人们的生产和生活,查明某一地区地下水容易受污染的可能性即地下水脆弱性,能为管理决策部门提供合理开发地下水资源,防治地下水污染的科学规划和管理依据。在脆弱性评价工作中,应用GIS技术完成地下水系统脆弱性编图,并进行地下水环境保护功能分区,是查明某一示范区地下水脆弱性的可靠手段和科学依据。本文以河北省沧州地区为例,以DRASTIC模型的七项评价因子为脆弱性评价指标,利用MAPGIS为平台实现地下水脆弱性编图,方便从事地下水工作的管理人员及时掌握地下水污染动态、空间分布及演化趋势。     

中国西南部岩溶山区生态环境脆弱性评价

中国西南部岩溶山区属于典型的生态环境脆弱区，其地壳表层石漠化现象日趋严重。通过分析人类活动和生态环境之间的关系，确定了适合该区的生态环境脆弱性判断的主要关键指标。在此基础上，利用层次分析法确定这些关键因子对该地区生态环境脆弱性影响程度的大小，并利用建立的模型对岩溶山区的生态环境脆弱性进行了综合的半定量评价。评价结果将其生态环境分为5类：极端脆弱区、严重脆弱区、中等脆弱区、轻度脆弱区、潜在脆弱区，并针对各脆弱区的特点提出相应的生态防治对策。     

遥感与GIS支持下的南桐矿区水土流失评价与区划

以重庆市南桐矿区为研究对象,运用遥感和GIS技术获取对水土流失影响较大的植被覆盖度、地形坡度、土地利用类型等信息并进行空间叠加分析,计算了水土流失类型及面积。研究结果表明,南桐矿区水土流失面积262.91km2,侵蚀模数2281t/(km2?a),水土流失强度以轻度和中度为主,其中轻度流失132.37km2,中度流失108.95km2。根据区域地貌类型以及水土流失特征,将研究区水土流失划分为盆边低山丘陵中强度流失区、北部坪状低山中轻度流失区和盆边中山轻度流失区三个类型区,盆边低山丘陵中强度流失区以中度流失为主;北部坪状低山中轻度流失区以轻度流失为主;盆边中山轻度流失区虽然以轻度流失为主,但微度流失也占有相当部分的比重。      

基于GIS与DRASTIC模型的白银市白银区地下水脆弱性评价

以白银区地下水为研究对象,在地下水环境调查评估的基础上,选取对影响研究区地下水脆弱性最主要的7个指标,建立DRASTIC地下水脆弱性评价模型,利用GIS技术分别对各指标进行分析,绘制各项指标分级图,在此基础上通过叠加分析得到评价结果,并进行分级分区.结果表明,研究区地下水脆弱性整体较低,吴家窑、白杨树沟、宋家湾一带地下...     

遥感与GIS技术应用探讨

RS(遥感)、GISC地理信息系统)作为新兴的具有极大应用价值的信息科学技术，在最近十余年取得了巨大发展，并在国民经济和社会发展中发挥出越来越大的作用。本文将通过实例对这两大技术在社会可持续发展中一些关键问题上的应用作一些基本探讨。包括遥感技术在国土资源调查中的应用(其中具体从土地资源、水资源、森林资源的调查过程涉及的遥感技术作讨论)；遥感技术在环境监测和城市建设中的应用；并从农作物生产、地质矿产和综合减灾三方面对遥感技术的基础应用方面作了论述。另外，本文还对G1S技术的概念和特点作了简要介绍，并从区域到局部、从宏观到微观上对其应用成果作了阐述。     

晋江流域生态环境脆弱性评价

针对晋江流域的生态地质问题,应用Getis-Ord Gi*统计模型、Calinski-Harabasz指数评价聚类模型等评价方法,从脆弱性分级、主控因素、聚集特征三方面开展脆弱性评价,建立晋江流域生态环境脆弱性评价模型。整体来看,晋江流域西溪比东溪脆弱,上游比下游脆弱;晋江流域东南部城市聚集区脆弱性的主控因素为建筑用地、初级生产力与土壤有机质,中西部茶叶种植区的主控因素为茶叶的过度种植;脆弱性高值聚集区域在安溪县感德镇以及永春县湖洋镇一带。在上述分析的基础上,对晋江流域茶园种植分布现状合理性进行评估,给出具体的茶园空间优化建议。     

基于RS和GIS的乌江流域生态安全度变化评价

乌江流岩溶地貌发育,水土流失、石漠化问题均较突出,生态环境极其脆弱,为了了解乌江流域生态安全状况及存在问题,文章基于RS和GIS技术,在分析流域土地利用/覆盖变化和景观格局时空变化特征基础上,从自然环境、社会经济、景观生态3方面构建生态安全度评价指标体系,将熵权法与属性识别模型相耦合,对流域41个地区进行生态安全度评价。结果显示:2000年贵州省乌江流域生态安全度属于差、较差、中等、较好的面积分别为745.8 km2、15 212.2km2、40 670.7km2、9 361.4km2,所占比重分别为1.13%、23.05%、61.63%、14.19%;2010年属于差、较差、中等、较好所占面积分别为4 330.5km2、12 254.1km2、42 804.0km2、6 591.4km2,所占比重分别为6.58%、18.57%、64.86%、9.99%;2000年和2010年乌江流域均缺少生态安全等级为好的地区,而2010年较2000年生态安全等级较差的地区面积增加,较好的面积却减少,表明流域生态环境整体呈恶化趋势;流域上游、中游地区较下游地区的生态安全状况偏差,生态本底脆弱、人地矛盾突出、水土流失、石漠化等是影响上游地区生态安全度的主要原因,中游地区受矿产资源开采及大城市人口聚集的影响,下游地区受水电资源过度开发影响。      

Coastal erosion hazard and vulnerability assessment for southern coastal Tamil Nadu of India by using remote sensing and GIS

The measurement and recording of the height and spatial extent reached by coastal storm surges is fundamental to scientific progress in understanding these phenomena. Such information is required for better prediction and for risk assessment. Model-based evaluation of increasing delta vulnerability, for example, cannot be tested without long-term, consistent, and sustained observation of actual events. Also, storm surges occur within the temporal context of tidal variation, which must first be characterized through observation. Present standard approaches for measuring storm surges are not optimum. Thus, tidal gauges provide information at one point, whereas the heights reached by surges vary spatially. Also, post-surge ground surveys are expensive, laborious, and commonly lack comparison to similar data obtained for previous surges or for high tides. The advent of moderate spatial resolution, high temporal resolution remote sensing initiated by the launch of the two NASA MODIS sensors greatly reduces these constraints. For over a decade, daily coverage of most coastal land areas, though restricted by cloud cover, has systematically captured the maximum extents reached by both high tides and by storm surges. Automated water classification algorithms are now transforming the incoming image data into GIS water boundary files, again at daily or near-daily time steps. This paper provides a retrospective view of sample storm surges as mapped via these sensors and describes: (a) the present, MODIS-based surface water surveillance system, (b) the mapping enhancement to be provided by frequent-repeat, wide-swath satellite radar imaging, and (c) the emerging prospects for routine global surveillance of storm surge events. Such will be necessary if long-term trends are to be recognized, characterized, and understood, along coastal zones now being affected by both increasing subsidence and rising sea level.     

基于遥感与GIS技术的什邡市土地损毁变化分析

以什邡市为研究区域,借助GIS技术,将空间多源数据集成,反演地震灾区土地灾毁情况,对什邡市2007年～2008年土地利用情况动态变化进行分析。经研究表明,研究区在未受外力影响时,土地利用景观格局相对稳定;在地震及次生灾害的外力作用下,有林地、疏林地、草地的形变较大,城镇用地,农村居民用地,以及耕地受地震影响也有损毁。利用遥感技术进行灾区土地利用动态变化分析的研究思路和方法,将为灾区生态环境影响的回顾评价提供重要的参考与借鉴。     

Drought risk assessment using remote sensing and GIS techniques

Beginning with a discussion of drought definitions, this review paper attempts to provide a review of fundamental concepts of drought, classification of droughts, drought indices, and the role of remote sensing and geographic information systems for drought evaluation. Owing to the rise in water demand and looming climate change, recent years have witnessed much focus on global drought scenarios. As a natural hazard, drought is best characterized by multiple climatological and hydrological parameters. An understanding of the relationships between these two sets of parameters is necessary to develop measures for mitigating the impacts of droughts. Droughts are recognized as an environmental disaster and have attracted the attention of environmentalists, ecologists, hydrologists, meteorologists, geologists, and agricultural scientists. Temperatures; high winds; low relative humidity; and timing and characteristics of rains, including distribution of rainy days during crop growing seasons, intensity, and duration of rain, and onset and termination, play a significant role in the occurrence of droughts. In contrast to aridity, which is a permanent feature of climate and is restricted to low rainfall areas, a drought is a temporary aberration. Often, there is confusion between a heat wave and a drought, and the distinction is emphasized between heat wave and drought, noting that a typical time scale associated with a heat wave is on the order of a week, while a drought may persist for months or even years. The combination of a heat wave and a drought has dire socio-economic consequences. Drought risk is a product of a region’s exposure to the natural hazard and its vulnerability to extended periods of water shortage. If nations and regions are to make progress in reducing the serious consequences of drought, they must improve their understanding of the hazard and the factors that influence vulnerability. It is critical for drought-prone regions to better understand their drought climatology (i.e., the probability of drought at different levels of intensity and duration) and establish comprehensive and integrated drought information system that incorporates climate, soil, and water supply factors such as precipitation, temperature, soil moisture, snow pack, reservoir and lake levels, ground water levels, and stream flow. All drought-prone nations should develop national drought policies and preparedness plans that place emphasis on risk management rather than following the traditional approach of crisis management, where the emphasis is on reactive, emergency response measures. Crisis management decreases self-reliance and increases dependence on government and donors.     

基于RS和GIS技术青藏高原湖泊动态变化研究

以青藏高原70年代MSS影像数据与2000年ETM影像数据为主要信息源，基于RS和GIS技术研究近30年来青藏高原湖泊面积的动态变化。结果表明：近30年来在部分湖泊面积减小的情况下青藏高原湖泊总面积和数量是增加的，其面积增加3316．52km^2，但在各区域具有不同的变化趋势。     

A methodology using GIS, aerial photos and remote sensing for loss estimation and flood vulnerability analysis in the Supersano-Ruffano-Nociglia Graben, southern Italy

The impact of calamitous meteoric events and their interaction with the geological and geomorphological environment represent a current problem of the Supersano-Ruffano-Nociglia Graben in southern Italy. Indeed, severe floods take place on a frequent basis not only in autumn and winter, but in summer also. These calamities are not only triggered by exceptional events, but are also amplified by peculiar geological and morpho-structural characteristics of the Graben. Flooding often affects vast agricultural areas and consequently, water-scooping machines cannot remove the rainwater. These events cause warnings and emergency states, involving people as well as socio–economic goods. This study represents an application of a vanguard technique for loss estimation and flood vulnerability analysis, integrating a geographic information system (GIS) with aerial photos and remote sensing methods. The analysis results clearly show that the Graben area is potentially at greatest flood vulnerability, while along the Horsts the flood vulnerability is lower.     

An object-based image analysis for building seismic vulnerability assessment using high-resolution remote sensing imagery

Building seismic vulnerability assessment plays an important role in formulating pre-disaster mitigation strategies for developing countries. The occurrence of high-resolution satellite sensors has greatly motivated it by providing a promising approach to obtain building information. However, this also brings a big challenge to the accurate building extraction and its coherent integration with the assessment model. The main objective of this paper is to investigate how to extract building attributes from high-resolution remote sensing imagery using the object-based image analysis (OBIA) method, so as to accurately and conveniently assess building seismic vulnerability by the combination of in situ field data. A general framework for the assessment of building seismic vulnerability is presented, including (1) the extraction of building information using OBIA, (2) building height estimation, and (3) the support vector machine (SVM)-based building seismic vulnerability assessment. Particularly, an integrated solution is proposed that merges the strengths of multiple spatial contextual relationships and some typical image object measures, under the unified framework to improve building information extraction at different scale levels as well as for different interest objects. With the aid of 35 building samples from two powerful earthquakes in China, the cloud-free WorldView-2 images and some building structure parameters from field survey were used to quantity the grades of building seismic vulnerability in Wuhan Optics Valley, China. The results show that all 48 buildings among the study area have been well detected with an overall accuracy of 80.67 % and the mean error of heights estimated from building shadow is less than 2 m. This indicates that the integrated analysis strategy based on OBIA is suitable for extracting the building information from high-resolution remote sensing imagery. Additionally, the assessment results using SVM show that the building seismic vulnerability is statistically significantly related to structure types and building heights. Both the proposed OBIA method and its integration strategy with SVM are easily implemented and provide readily interpretable assessment results for building seismic vulnerability. This reveals that the proposed method has a great potential to assist urban planners for making local disaster mitigation planning through the prioritization of intervention measures, such as the reinforcement of walls and the dismantlement of endangered houses.     

Toward a rapid probabilistic seismic vulnerability assessment using satellite and ground-based remote sensing

Natural hazards such as earthquakes threaten millions of people all around the world. In a few decades, most of these people will live in fast-growing, inter-connected urban environments. Assessing risk will, therefore, be an increasingly difficult task that will require new, multidisciplinary approaches to be tackled properly. We propose a novel approach based on different imaging technologies and a Bayesian information integration scheme to characterize exposure and vulnerability models, which are among the key components of seismic risk assessment.     

Evaluation of effective management plan for an agricultural watershed using AVSWAT model,remote sensing and GIS

In the present investigation, an effort has been made to identify the critical sub-watersheds for the development of best management plan for a small watershed of Eastern India using a hydrological model, namely, AVSWAT2000. A total of 180 combinations of various management treatments including crops (rice, maize ground nut and soybean), tillage (zero, conservation, field cultivator, mould board plough and conventional practices) and fertilizer levels (existing half of recommended and recommended) have been evaluated. The investigation reveled that rice cannot be replaced by other crops such as groundnut, maize, mungbean, sorghum and soybean since comparatively these crops resulted in higher sediment yield. The tillage practices with disk plough have been found to have more impact on sediment yield and nutrient losses than conventional tillage practices for the existing level of fertilizer. Sediment yield decreased in the case of zero tillage, conservation tillage, field cultivator, moldboard plough, and conservation tillage as compare to conventional tillage. Lowest NO₃–N loss was observed in zero tillage in all the fertilizer treatments, whereas field cultivator, moldboard plough and disk plough resulted in increase of NO³–N loss. As compared to conventional tillage, the losses of soluble phosphorus were increased in moldboard plough. The losses of organic nitrogen were also increased as fertilizer dose increased. After zero tillage the conservation tillage preformed better in all the fertilizer treatments as per loss of organic nitrogen and organic phosphorus is concerned. It can be concluded that the sediment yield was found to be the highest in the case of disk plough followed by moldboard plough, field cultivator, conventional tillage, field cultivator and least in zero tillage practices. The nutrient losses were found to be in different order with tillage practices, resulted highest in disk plough tillage practices. In view of sediment yield and nutrient losses, the conservation tillage practice was found to be the best as the sediment yield is less than the average soil loss whereas nutrient loss is within the permissible limit.