产免疫调节活性多糖海洋放线菌的筛选

用硫酸苯酚法和实验动物模型检测分离于厦门海区潮间带的996株海洋放线菌胞外多糖产量和体内外免疫增强活性.结果表明,33%的海洋放线菌粗多糖产量大于3g/dm3;在粗多糖产量高的海洋放线菌中有3株菌株的胞外多糖在体内外均具有较好的免疫增强活性,其中链霉菌(Streptomyces sp.)2305菌株的胞外多糖具有较高的非特异性、细胞及体液免疫增强活性.研究结果表明海洋放线菌胞外多糖是免疫调节剂开发的重要资源.     

营养盐水平对四种海洋浮游硅藻胞外多糖产量的影响

4种海洋浮游硅藻(牟勒氏角毛藻、海链藻、三角褐指藻和新月菱形藻)培养在改进的f／2培养基中，研究了不同氮、磷和硅营养水平对它们胞外多糖产量的影响．结果表明，硅藻胞外多糖的生产和释放具有种间特异性，角毛藻和海链藻胞外多糖的生产和释放主要在静止期，而三角褐指藻和新月菱形藻在指数生长期前期和静止期都能生产和分泌较高的胞外多糖；培养液中低浓度磷减少了4种硅藻在静止期胞外多糖的产量，但增加了角毛藻在生长期前期胞外多糖的产量；氮浓度的降低增加了三角褐指藻在指数生长前期胞外多糖的产量，但减少了其他3种藻类胞外多糖的产量；硅浓度的降低对4种硅藻胞外多糖的产量影响不大，在一定程度上还促进了静止期胞外多糖的生产．本研究表明，营养盐水平对硅藻胞外多糖生产的影响因种类和细胞所处生长期不同而存在着很大的差异．     

海洋微生物活性胞外多糖的研究进展

海洋是生命资源的宝库,地球上的生物80％存在于海洋,海洋生物物种远比陆地生物丰富和复杂。海洋微生物是海洋生物的重要组成部分,是重要的海洋自然资源。近些年来,海洋微生物胞外多糖独特的化学结构和生物活性研究在海洋生态学、微生物学特别是药学领域受到广泛关注,海洋微生物胞外多糖的结构及生物活性研究取得了显著进展。     

产胞外多糖极地微生物的筛选及其胞外多糖对大菱鲆免疫活力的初步研究

采用苯酚硫酸法和醇沉淀法,从600余株南极微生物中筛选得到10株胞外多糖产量较高的菌株.分子鉴定与系统发育分析表明,9株菌株属于假交替单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas),1株属于嗜冷杆菌属(Psych robacter).对10株菌株进行发酵培养,发酵液经醇沉、除蛋白、冷冻干燥后得到粗胞外多糖.其中菌株3-3-1-2的胞外多糖产量达0.6 g/L.对粗多糖产量较高的4株菌所产的胞外多糖进行免疫活性试验,粗胞外多糖20#3在注射3d时,实验组AKP活性比对照组增加了39％,CAT活性比对照组增加了24％,二者均差异显著(P＜0.05),注射5d时,ACP活性比对照组增加了20％,差异显著(P＜0.05),总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性比对照组增加了14％,差异极显著(P＜0.01);粗胞外多糖33-1-2在注射3d时,实验组AKP活性比对照组增加了12％,差异不显著(P＞0.05),注射5d时,酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性比对照组增加了24％,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性比阳性对照组增加了5％,二者均差异显著(P＜0.05).研究结果表明,菌株20#3与3-3-12产生的胞外多糖对大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maxoimus)具有显著的免疫促进作用.由此可知,筛选出的极地细菌胞外多糖20#3和3-31-2可显著提高大菱鲆非特异性免疫力,可作为水产饲料添加剂应用于大菱鲆的生产养殖.     

拉恩氏菌Rahnella sp. PJT09发酵产胞外多糖的研究

研究拉恩氏菌(Rahnella sp. PJT09)胞外多糖的发酵条件,并进行多糖结构分析。通过单因素试验及正交试验确定拉恩氏菌Rahnella sp. PJT09发酵产糖的最适培养基组成为(g/L):蔗糖40,酵母膏3,NaCl 0.5,ZnCl20.3,K2HPO41;最佳发酵条件为每250 mL三角瓶装液量为100 mL,接种量为3%(体积分数),初始pH值为6.0,28℃,160 r/min培养54 h。在此条件下,Rahnella sp. PJT09多糖产量可达18.51 g/L。采用高效凝胶渗透色谱技术(HPGPC)测定了多糖的分子量,13C-NMR技术确定多糖的结构。研究表明,Rahnella sp. PJT09多糖为重均分子量320 kDa的-β2→6-D-果聚糖。     

海洋微藻胞外产物研究进展

海洋微藻是海洋生态系统中的最主要初级生产者 ,具有种类多、数量大、繁殖快等特点 ,在海洋生态系统的物质循环和能量流动中起着极其重要的作用。Ｆｏｇｇ１９６６年和Ｈｅｌｌｅｂｕｓｔ１９７４年研究发现,海洋微藻在生长过程中会不断向周围环境中释放多种代谢产物,如碳水化合物、氨基酸、酶、脂类、维生素、有机磷酸、毒素、挥发性物质以及抑制和促进因子等。这些产物统称为胞外产物 (Ｅｘｔｒａｃｅｌｌｕｌａｒｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｓ,ＥＣＰ)。胞外多聚物 (Ｅｘｔｒａｃｅｌｌｕｌａｒｐｏｌｙｍｅｒｉｃｓｕｂｓｔａｎｃｅ ,ＥＰＳ)是胞…     

盐田藻垫细菌的分离及其胞外多糖的初步研究

从连云港台南盐场采集藻垫,在去除底泥等杂物的藻类层中分离出5株不同的细菌（编号为A,B,C,D和E）。经VITEK-32鉴定,A和B可能是鲁氏不动杆菌（Acinetobacterlwoffii）或琼氏不动杆菌（Acinetobacterjunii）,C为溶血巴斯德菌（Pasteurellahaemolytica）,D为尿素放线杆菌（Actinobacillusureae）,E未鉴定出结果。在所试验的盐度范围内,细菌A、B和C的最适生长盐度都为25,细菌D的最适生长盐度为50～100,细菌E的最适生长盐度为25～50。细菌A,B,C,D和E细菌胞外多糖产率分别为0.628,0.362,0.177,0.269,0.719g/g细胞干质量。细菌A,B,C,D和E胞外多糖的糖醛酸质量分数分别为5.4%,9.9%,7.4%,9.8%和23.4%,均不含蛋白质,均无乳化、絮凝及凝胶活性。实验结果显示细菌胞外多糖是构成盐田藻垫胶质的重要组成部分,但从其物化性质看,细菌胞外多糖对藻垫的胶结和黏附性没有直接的影响。     

细菌胞外多糖的研究进展

多糖在自然界高等植物、藻类、细菌及动物体内均有存在,分布极广。通常植物和藻类来源的多糖较为普遍,但近些年来,微生物来源的多糖越来越引起人们的广泛注意。尤其是细菌和真菌的胞外多糖,因其易于分离纯化而且产量高等优点在工业生产中颇受人们青睐。     

紫球藻胞外多糖抗辐射的生物学活性研究

研究了单细胞红藻紫球藻（Porphyridium sp.)对^60Coγ－射线辐射后小鼠免疫功能的影响。紫球藻胞外多糖（Plysaccharide of Porphyridium sp.PSP）在体内对小鼠免疫功能具正调节作用,具体表现为显著提高小鼠脾细胞增殖水平,自然杀伤（Natural Killer Cell,NK细胞）杀伤活性和白细胞介素2（Interleukin 2,IL-2)活性。IL－2可以激活T细胞,增强NK细胞的活性,改善^60Coγ－射线辐射引起的免疫功能低下而对机体造成的不利影响,使小鼠的免疫功能达到甚至超过正常水平。     

产胞外黑色素海洋菌的鉴定及发酵条件优化

从山东近海海域沉积物的微生物筛选中获得了一株高产胞外黑色素的菌株QJNY82,通过对该菌株菌落形态特征观察、生理生化检验及16S rDNA序列测定,初步确定该菌株为发光杆菌属细菌.通过对菌株QJNY82的胞外产物进行红外光谱分析,得到该细菌的胞外产物为黑色素,纯化后的黑色素的红外光谱图与标准黑色素（SIGMA）的红外光谱图一致,且该细菌所产黑色素的理化性质与标准黑色素具有一致性.该海洋菌株具有产黑色素速度快,产量高且不需要L-酪氨酸诱导的特点,而且经L-酪氨酸诱导后,可显著提高菌株QJNY82胞外黑色素的产量,在L-酪氨酸的含量为0.75 g/dm3、盐度为30、pH值为8.0、温度为28℃的条件下,菌株黑色素产量是未加L-酪氨酸的3.5倍,其产量达1.325g/dm3.鉴于菌株QJNY82具有产黑色素的特性,将成为发光杆菌属的一个新的菌种资源.     

Marine reserve establishment and on-going management costs: A case study from New Zealand

While there is considerable international research focused on the conservation outcomes of marine protected areas (MPAs) and marine reserves (MRs) there is little information on the economic cost to establish and manage these protected areas. This study estimated the MR pre-establishment and establishment costs for the Taputeranga Marine Reserve (TMR) in New Zealand (NZ) and determined the annual management costs for this reserve and four further NZ MRs. Finally, the cost to local rock lobster fishers resulting from the displaced fishing effort once the TMR had been established was estimated. This research found that the TMR pre-establishment cost was approximately NZ$508,000, and the establishment process cost was approximately NZ$353,000. The annual management costs across the five reserves ranged between NZ$43,200 and NZ$112,500 between 2008/09 and 2010/11. The annual fishers displacement cost at TMR was approximately NZ$22,000 per annum. This research showed that on a unit area basis, small MRs in NZ are just as expensive to maintain as large MRs. This study also highlighted how volunteer effort helped to considerably reduce the monetary cost of the MR pre-establishment process. This research increases our understanding of establishment and management costs, and supports future planning of MRs both within NZ and internationally.     

EU marine strategy framework directive (MSFD) and marine spatial planning (MSP): Which is the more dominant and practicable contributor to maritime policy in the UK?

This paper is a comparative analysis of the contribution to UK marine governance of two recent EU initiatives: the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) and Marine Spatial Planning (MSP). MSFD imposed a duty on Member States to achieve Good Environmental Status (GES) in four regional seas, while MSP required Member States to replace their fragmented, sector-based system of maritime decision making with an integrated approach. This paper explains MSFD and MSP, examines their relationship, and compares their practicability, concluding that MSP is both the more dominant and the more practicable instrument, reflecting the UK's preference for sustainable development over conservationism in marine policy. A recent proposal by the European Commission to make MSP and integrated coastal management a Directive reinforces the UK position.     

Comparative analysis of factors influencing spatial distributions of marine protected areas and territorial use rights for fisheries in Japan

As increasingly large extents of the global oceans are being managed through spatial measures, it is important to identify area characteristics underlying network distributions. Studies discerning spatial patterns in marine management have disproportionately focused on global networks. This paper instead considers the single country context of Japan to illuminate within-country drivers of area-based conservation and fishery management. A dataset containing potentially relevant socioeconomic, environmental, and fisheries factors was assembled and used to model prefecture-level counts of marine protected areas (MPAs) and territorial use rights for fisheries (TURFs) throughout Japan's waters. Several factors were found to significantly influence the number of TURFs in a particular area, whereas MPA patterns of use remain largely unexplained. TURFs are frequently noted as more suitable for managing fisheries of low mobility species and our analysis finds greater use of TURFs in areas that rely heavily on benthic catch. The number of trading ports was also found to be positively related to TURF distributions, suggesting economic infrastructure may influence the use of this fisheries management tool. In-line with global analyses, MPA patterns of use were not found to be significantly related to any of the potential explanatory variables after correcting for the number of statistical comparisons that were carried out. Differences in our ability to model the use of TURFs and MPAs may arise due to the narrower objectives associated with the former (e.g., income, employment) in comparison to the often broad and varied goals that motivate use of the latter.     

Mechanical Characteristics of Light-Weighted Soils Using Dredged Materials

This study investigates the mechanical characteristics of light-weighted soils (LWS) consisting of expanded polystyrene (EPS), dredged clays, and cement through both unconfined and triaxial compression tests. The mechanical characteristics of the compressive strength of LWS are analyzed with varying initial water contents of dredged clays, EPS ratio, cement ratio, and curing pressure. In the triaxial compression test, it is found that the compressive strength of LWS associated with EPS is independent on the effective confining pressure. When both EPS ratio is less than 2% and cement ratio is more than 2%, the compressive strength rapidly decreases after the ultimate value. This signifies that the compressive strength-strain behavior is quite similar to that of the cemented soil. The ground improved by LWS has the compressive strength of 200 kPa associated with the optimized EPS ratio of 3-4% and initial water content of 165-175%. The ultimate compressive strength under both triaxial and unconfined compression tests is almost constant for a cement ratio of up to 2%.     

Mechanical Characteristics of Light-Weighted Soils Using Dredged Materials

This study investigates the mechanical characteristics of light-weighted soils (LWS) consisting of expanded polystyrene (EPS), dredged clays, and cement through both unconfined and triaxial compression tests. The mechanical characteristics of the compressive strength of LWS are analyzed with varying initial water contents of dredged clays, EPS ratio, cement ratio, and curing pressure. In the triaxial compression test, it is found that the compressive strength of LWS associated with EPS is independent on the effective confining pressure. When both EPS ratio is less than 2% and cement ratio is more than 2%, the compressive strength rapidly decreases after the ultimate value. This signifies that the compressive strength-strain behavior is quite similar to that of the cemented soil. The ground improved by LWS has the compressive strength of 200 kPa associated with the optimized EPS ratio of 3–4% and initial water content of 165–175%. The ultimate compressive strength under both triaxial and unconfined compression tests is almost constant for a cement ratio of up to 2%.     

柬埔寨海洋空间规划研究与实践

海洋空间规划是协调用海活动和保护生态环境的海洋综合治理机制,也是提升海洋资源可持续利用和发展蓝色经济的有效工具。《柬埔寨海洋空间规划(2018-2023年)》运用实地调查、综合评价、GIS空间数据分析和专家咨询等技术方法,构建了柬埔寨海洋功能区分类体系,划分了9类33个功能区,制定了功能区管理要求、行动计划和用途管控清单,提出了"发展目标+功能分区+用途管控+实施引导+决策系统"的空间规划编制和实施模式。     

Marine spatial planning in the high seas

Although high seas resources are being exploited, reciprocal legal obligations to protect its environment have not been met. Marine spatial planning (MSP) is clearly a practical way forward, particularly for the high seas, where non-spatial monitoring is difficult, and where data gaps obstruct conventional management approaches. To ensure the effective application of MSP in the high seas, however, some institutional reforms are necessary. This paper outlines the main hurdles, summarizes existing high seas spatial protections, presents an example of a high seas marine protected area that resulted through MSP, identifies three institutional priorities, and suggests three immediate steps.     

盐度和pH对底栖硅藻胞外多聚物的影响

研究了盐度和pH值对底栖硅藻新月筒柱藻(Cylindrotheca closterium(Ehr.)Reimannet Lewin)增殖、蛋白质含量和胞外多聚物(Extracellular Polymeric Substances,EPS)的影响.结果表明新月筒柱藻最适生长的盐度和pH值分别是15和8,属半咸水性生活.高盐度(>15)和低pH值(相似文献   

The new mode of marine planning in the UK: Aspirations and challenges

Since 2009, there has been a shift in UK marine governance with the Marine and Coastal Access Act in which a core mechanism is marine planning, designed to replace a fragmented, ad hoc, and bureaucratic process of marine management with a strategic, integrated, and centralised system. This shift has been justified by the UK government as a more efficient procedure for delivering sustainable development (SD), which is the overarching objective of UK environmental policy. This article, which is based on data from key informant interviews and secondary sources, analyses the shift to understand its aspirations and the challenges facing it. The issues focused on include its holistic approach; its centralising tendencies; its streamlining processes; and its implicit commitment to renewable energy. In these four issues there are tensions between aspirations and challenges, and the conclusion is that the success of the new mode of marine governance depends on satisfactorily resolving these tensions.