地震断层面上凹凸体和障碍体含义的解析

由凹凸体和障碍体研究引入的非均匀地震破裂模式,可解释主震前破裂的成因及主破裂之后的应力集中,对地震危险性分析具有重要的理论价值。本文在国内外研究成果的基础上,深入研究了凹凸体和障碍体在地震破裂过程中的作用和意义,解析了凹凸体和障碍体的本质含义,对比分析了两种模式的异同之处,给出了两种模式在不同滑动模型中的适用性,为地震安全性评价提供了有力的理论依据。     

河津地震序列的精定位研究

采用双差定位法,对2010年1月24日发生在山西河津与万荣交界的4.8级地震序列进行重新定位,结果显示,重新定位后,对于本次地震的发震构造,地震现场考察结果依据等震线图、余震分布特征,对震中区附近的主要活动断裂进行逐个排查分析,最终确定为NW向的西辛封断裂.     

Surface fault traces,fault plane solution and spatial distribution of the aftershocks of the September 13, 1986 earthquake of Kalamata (Southern Greece)

A shallow earthquake ofM _S=6.2 occurred in the southern part of the Peloponnesus, 12 km north of the port of the city of Kalamata, which caused considerable damage. The fault plane solution of the main shock, geological data and field observations, as well as the distribution of foci of aftershocks, indicate that the seismic fault is a listric normal one trending NNE-SSW and dipping to WNW. The surface ruptures caused by the earthquake coincide with the trace of a neotectonic fault, which is located 2–3 km east of the city of Kalamata and which is related to the formation of Messiniakos gulf during the Pliocene-Quaternary tectonics. Field observations indicate that the earthquake is due to the reactivation of the same fault.A three-days aftershock study in the area, with portable seismographs, recorded many aftershocks of which 39 withM _S1.7 were very well located. The distribution of aftershocks forms two clusters, one near the epicenter of the main shock in the northern part of the seismogenic volume, and the other near the epicenter of the largest aftershock (M _S=5.4) in the southern part of this volume. The central part of the area lacks aftershocks, which probably indicates that this is the part of the fault which slipped smoothly during the earthquake.     

Inversion of waveform from the data of six moderate strong earthquakes in Chinese mainland to seismic moment tensors and source mechanism

Based on Generalized Seismic Ray Theory (Helmberger, 1968), a new quickly linear inversion method from the data of seismic waveform to seismic moment tensor and source mechanism for domestic earthquake is studied in this paper. Six moderately strong earthquakes which occurred in Chinese mainland in the past few years are studied. The seismic source parameters of these earthquakes, seismic moment tensors, scalar seismic moments, fault plane solutions and source time functionsetc, are obtained. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,15, 261–268, 1993.     

1991年忻州5.1级地震现场考察

介绍了在忻州5.1Ms地震的现场,利用平均震害指数确定宏观震中和烈度划分的工作情况,讨论了几个村庄受害较重的原因以及收集到的宏观前兆异常,并结合构造条件分析了这次地震烈度偏低的原因。     

基于平面波模型重访地震背景噪声互相关及空间自相关(SPAC)

自Aki(1957)提出微震的空间自相关(SPatial AutoCorelation,SPAC)技术以来,SPAC技术一直独立发展,并在工程地震领域获得了广泛应用.近20年来,地震干涉(Seisimic Interferometry,SI)在多个领域引起人们的关注,该技术的核心思想是连续地震背景噪声的互相关函数(Noise Crosscorrelation Function,NCF)可以重建系统的格林函数(Green's Function,GF),对该技术的回溯性研究建立了SPAC和NCF的关系:它们是对同一物理现象的不同描述,SPAC在频率域中描述随机平稳噪声的空间相干,NCF在时间域中描述扩散场的互相关.理论上SAPC和NCF技术要求背景噪声源均匀分布,这样的噪声场可以用平面波叠加来模拟.本文基于平面波模型重访地震背景噪声的互相关和空间自相关技术,从单色平面波的互相关表示出发,对地震背景噪声互相关及空间自相关技术进行评述,试图使这些概念更易于理解.与之前众多研究地震干涉技术的理论相比,本文尤其关注以下几点:(1)基于简单的平面波模型,给出不同维度下,源或台站对方位均匀分布时,平面波互相关对入射波的方位平均和台阵对的方位平均结果,并对格林函数GF和时域互相关函数NCF的关系进行总结.(2)给出声源和(或)交叉台站方位分布不均匀时的互相关表示,指出这种非均匀性对方位的依赖关系,与弱各向异性介质中面波速度的方位依赖关系类似,因此,非均匀源的影响在反演时可能会映射到面波方位各向异性结果中.(3)互相关运算中,哪一个台站是虚拟源.NCF包含因果性和非因果性两部分,NCF的非对称性通常用于研究噪声源的方位分布,但由于源和接收的互易关系,及对互相关运算的不同定义和不同的傅里叶变换习惯,哪一个台站是虚拟源在目前的文献中并不明确.(4)方位平均和时间平均的关系.在SPAC处理中,需要对不同方位分布的台站对进行方位平均,本文从理论上说明,单个平面波入射时,交叉台站互相关系数对台站对的方位平均,等价于单个台站对互相关系数对入射波的时间平均.(5)几种特定分布非均匀噪声源的SPAC表示.包括单独的因果性噪声源和非因果性噪声源给出的互相关函数表示,及由此带来的相移问题.(6)利用SPAC、NCF和面波GF之间的关系,给出交叉分量的空间自相关系数表示.(7)衰减介质的空间相干表示.虽然利用地震干涉技术研究介质衰减在理论上仍然存在一些争议,但人们正试图研究从连续背景噪声记录中提取介质衰减的可能性.本文基于平面波模型,给出了不同坐标选择下,衰减介质的空间相干表示,这种表达的不同,指示了由地震干涉技术提取介质衰减的困难.与众多研究地震干涉的理论相比,比如稳相近似理论、互易定理、时间反转声学等,本文主要考虑均匀介质,不涉及非均匀介质的散射,从最简单的平面波模型,理解背景噪声重建系统格林函数这一地震干涉的核心思想和相应的基本概念.     

Comparative analysis of strong motion (SM) records from the July 2017 Ohrid seismic sequence

During the months of June–July 2017, the Lake Ohrid area in the southwestern Macedonia experienced a series of small to intermediate earthquakes. More than a thousand earthquakes occurred in that period, all in the epicentral area about 10 km east-northeast from Ohrid city center. The earthquakes showed characteristics of a swarm with 50 of them having magnitudes of 3 or greater and the strongest reaching magnitude M5.0. The earthquakes caused concern among the people in Ohrid and neighboring cities and villages and prompted the installation of two networks of temporary stations. One network was deployed in the epicentral area to determine in more detail the earthquakes’ depth and source parameters. The other urban network of instruments was installed to monitor the influence of the ground on the amplification of shaking and the dynamics of structures in the city of Ohrid. In this study, a selection of the urban network strong motion (SM) records was analyzed for the first time. Accelerograph records from a magnitude M3.1 earthquake recorded at eight places in the city and from the two earthquakes with magnitudes M4.2 and M5.0 recorded at the permanent seismological station Ohrid (code OHR) were used. The results of the behavior of the instrumented building were also compared with the findings of previous experiments. The differences in the spectral values on the SM records from the stations were investigated in respect to the ground conditions and location where the instruments were installed, i.e., bedrock and sediments at the sites. The power spectra and the H/V ratio of the earthquake records from the 2017 seismic sequence in the Ohrid area were also viewed in respect to the Eurocode-8. In addition to being used as part of standard engineering practice, this information about the local soil conditions can be of interest to geophysicists in seismic and geotechnical investigations, as well as in seismic risk-assessment applications.     

Upwards migration of seismic focii: A forerunner of the 1989 eruption of Mt Etna (Italy)

Data from a portable array of three-component digital stations, run at Mt Etna from 1988 to early 1990, highlight the seismic behaviour of the volcano before the 1989 eruption, one of the most significant in terms of energy of the last two decades. After a two-year period of weak and discotinuous seismicity, the depth of the seismically active volumes was observed to become shallower a few months before the volcanic event. The overall migration of the events, inferred by hypocentral locations and decreases of S-P time differences at two stations, agrees with other geophysical forerunners and allows further insights into the changes in the stress field leading to the eruption.     

利用双差法对2005年江西九江-瑞昌5.7级地震序列重新定位

利用江西地震台网数据,对2005年江西九江-瑞昌5.7级地震序列86个ML≥1.0余震序列用双差法重新定位,定位后得到其中60次地震的基本参数.重新定位后的结果与江西地震台网定位的原始结果进行比较,发现:①重新定位结果显示了震中分布比较集中,震中位置向广济断裂带靠近,定位后的震中空间分布与地面约34°角;②震源深度优势分布集中在7～10 km以内,平均深度为9 km;③重新定位后定位残差由原来的1.21 s降为0.16 s,震源位置的估算误差在EW方向平均为0.21 km,在NS方向平均为0.32 km,在垂直方向平均为0.34 km.     

卫星遥感热红外辐射信息与云南永胜6.0级地震

对利用气象卫星遥感热辐射信息进行地震监测预报时必须考虑的不同星号、不同通道、不同时段及不同分辨率等问题进行了讨论,并为此进行了多种应用方法的计算和比较,介绍了相应的气象卫星遥感热辐射信息资料处理方法及研制的计算软件。在此基础上,对200l年10月27日云南水胜6．0级地震前的卫星遥感热辐射信息及其异常的时空分布特征进行了分析和研究。研究表明：地震前一个月左右,从计算结果中可以发现明显的高频次异常图像;同时,在空间分布上呈现出“大范围减温异常一大范围增温异常-地震”这样一个过程。     

The 9th of July 1998 Faial Island (Azores,North Atlantic) seismic sequence

The Faial earthquake (M _L 5.8) that occurred on the 9th of July, 1998, in the Azores region (north Atlantic), caused nine casualties and severe destruction affecting more than 5,000 people. The main shock was located at sea, 10 km NE of the Faial Island, and triggered a seismic sequence that lasted for several weeks and was characterized by an unusual high p-value of 1.40 for the modified Omori law. We present here the results of a joint inversion of hypocenters and 1D velocity model performed on the data collected by the permanent network complemented with a temporary network installed shortly after the occurrence of the main event. The 1D velocity model shows a heterogeneous upper crust, testified by the observed differences in site effects at the stations, while the middle crust from ∼2.5 to 8 km in depth is quite homogeneous. The Moho is located at a depth of about 12–13 km and the Vp/Vs ratio is found to be around 1.78. The events at depth are mainly concentrated in the middle-lower crust (8–12 km), while their spatial distribution shows a main cluster, visible after relocation, SSE trending. This direction of elongation is consistent with one of the fault planes (N151°E) of the centroid moment tensor (CMT) solution for the main shock. The same plane is the preferred main shock fault plane inferred after a Coulomb failure function analysis on the aftershock distribution. The main event relocation points to a focal depth shallower than 5 km. The aftershocks pattern shows that several fault systems were reactivated by the stress perturbation induced by the main shock. Besides the two main tectonic directions, trending WNW–ESE and NNW–SSE, observed in the tectonics of Faial, Pico, and S. Jorge, there is also evidence of a new tectonic direction trending WSW–ENE.     

The seismogenic fault of the 2010 Efpalion moderate-size seismic sequence (western Corinth gulf,Central Greece)

The 2010 Efpalion seismic sequence with two main moderate earthquake events occurred in the northwestern part of the Corinth Gulf (Central Greece)—a region that has been intensely stretched due to an on-going N–S extensional stress regime. Previous studies assign these two events to activations of (a) two faults dipping to the north with low angles; (b) two faults dipping at high angles, the first dipping to the south, and the second to the north; and (c) two faults dipping at high angles, but the first dips to the north, and the second to the south. The recently proposed TR method for focal mechanisms that identifies the seismogenic fault of an earthquake sequence is applied on the available focal mechanisms of the sequence, and its results are interrelated with the geology of the region, and previous contradictory interpretations. The focal mechanisms constructed with MT inversion define a steep north-dipping normal fault, whereas those constructed with first motions of P-waves define the activation of two adjoining faults that dip with high angles to the SSE and south, respectively, and which are characterized by strain (slip) compatibility. The latter option fits well with the geology of the region that is dominated by a SE to S-dipping horse-tail splay fault zone which exists at the eastern tip of the Nafpaktos Mountain Front. The application of the TR method reveals that the usage itself of different methods for the construction of the focal mechanisms complicates the problem of correctly identifying the seismogenic fault.     

Study of site effects in the area of Nocera Umbra (Central Italy) during the 1997 Umbria-Marche seismic sequence

During the M_L = 5.6 and 5.8 earthquakes occurredin central Italy on 26 September 1997 the historiccentre of Nocera Umbra, lying on top of a 120 m highhill, was diffusely damaged (VII-VIII degrees of MCSintensity). Some recently built houses in the modernpart of the town suffered an even higher level ofdamage. A temporary seismic array was deployed toinvestigate a possible correlation between localamplifications of ground motion in this area and theobserved pattern of damage. After a geologic andmacroseismic survey, eight sites were selected asrepresentative of different local conditions, such astopographic irregularities, sharp hard-to-softlithology transitions, alluvium-filled valleys, andboth undisturbed and deformed rocks.Horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios for bothmicrotremor and earthquake recordings, as well asspectral ratios referred to undisturbed rock sites,were used to quantify local variations of groundmotion. In spite of the diffuse damage in the historiccentre of Nocera Umbra, a small amplification isobserved at the stations on the hill's top. Thissuggests that the higher vulnerability of the ancientbuildings mainly accounts for the diffuse damage inthat part of the town. In the frequency band ofengineering interest (1 to 10 Hz) the largestamplifications of ground motion are found at softsites: in the Topino river valley, where many episodesof severe structural damage occurred, spectralamplification is significant over a broad frequencyband ranging from 2 Hz to more than 20 Hz. Inparticular, in the central part of the valley highamplification (> 4) is found from 3 to 10 Hz,reaching a maximum of 20 around 4 Hz. At the edge ofthe valley, close to the soil-to-rock transition,amplification is as large as 10 in a frequency bandranging from 4 to more than 20 Hz. A significantamplification (by a factor of 10 around 10 Hz) isobserved also at one of the rock sites, possibly dueto the presence of a cataclastic zone related to theactivity of a regional fault that altered themechanical properties of the rock.     

地震偏移成像不确定性分析初探

勘探地球物理领域存在大量宏观动力学过程的物理数学表达及尚待深入探索的不确定性事实,其中一类是源自对偶量的不可交换性或不可对易性.本文从地震偏移成像中的不确定性分析入手,探讨偏移成像中受到波场延拓过程不确定性的影响.文中给出了若干深度偏移算法对Marmousi模型的偏移不确定度分布表达及图像显示;文中还对若干波场延拓方法,从不确定性估计的角度进行了比较.笔者认为对应用技术领域中的宏观不确定性分析,将有益于深化对宏观动力学过程的理性认识,也为偏移算法评价提供一种途径;重要的是,进行不确定性分析将有利于把握所用偏移算法的不确定度分布,继而有针对性地采取相应的改善措施,以期提高算法的整体确定性程度.     

Identification of a karst hydrological system in the Dinaric karst (Yugoslavia)

Abstract

The construction of a reservoir on the Neretva River resulted in the flooding of three springs which now function as ponors (swallow-holes). In the first phase, they discharged 28 m³ s^?1 of water from the full reservoir. All the water that was lost through these ponors appeared some 1 km downstream from the dam in a group of springs. Most of these springs were, in the natural state, only temporary, and during the dry period their discharge was approximately 1 m³ s^?1. In order to reduce the losses from the reservoir, some reclamation works were carried out resulting in a decrease of the losses by only 6 m³ s^?1. Detailed hydrogeological and hydrological analyses were performed with the objective of identifying the karst system, i.e. to determine the position of the karst channels. The definition of the position and dimensions of the karst channels through which the greatest quantities of water are lost from the reservoir was carried out according to the definition of the hydrograph recession curves and the discharge curves of a group of downstream springs. The recession part of the hydrograph was defined by applying a new expression for the Maillet formula. Thus, it became possible to define not only the transport characteristics of the karst mass but also its retention characteristics.     

A low magnitude seismic sequence near Isernia (Molise,Central Italy) in January 1986

Following the increase in seismic activity which occurred near Isernia (Molise, Central Italy) in January 1986, a digital seismic network of four stations with three-component, short-period seismometers, was installed in the area by the Osservatorio Vesuviano. The temporary network had an average station spacing of about 8–10 km and, in combination with permanent local seismic stations, allowed the accurate determination of earthquake locations during an operating period of about one month. Among the 1517 detected earthquakes, 170 events were selected with standard errors on epicentre and depth not greater than respectively 0.5 and 1.5 km. The most frequent focal depths ranged between 4 and 8 km, while the epicentres distribution covered a small area NE of Isernia of about 10 km². A main rupture zone could not be clearly identified from the spatial distribution of the earthquakes, suggesting a rupture mechanism involving heterogeneous materials. The activity was characterized by low energy levels, the largest earthquake, on January 18, 1986, havingM _D =4.0. The time sequence of events and pattern of seismic energy release revealed a strong temporal clustering of events, similar to the behaviour commonly associated with seismic swarms.     

根据余震资料求解2003年伽师MS6.8地震断层面的研究

大地震发生后,大量余震在断层面及其附近发生.余震震源位置的空间分布可以较为精确地勾画出断层面的形状和位置.假定地震发震断层可以用一个平面来模拟,且设大多数余震发生在这个断层面的附近,则可以通过余震震源位置参数来求解发震断层的走向、倾角及位置.本文首次采用2003年2月24日新疆伽师MS6.8地震后精确定位的小震资料反演了伽师地震断层面的走向和倾角,并以此为基础求得了该断层面上的滑动角.并根据小震丛集性原则,尝试用数学方法先对反演所采用的数据进行筛选再进行反演,所得的结果精确程度更高,验证了这种做法的有效性.     

Possible creep-related tilt precursors obtained in the Central Apennines (Italy) and in the Southern Caucasus (Georgia)

Daily averaged tilt component data from two sites of the Central Apennines (Italy) and of the Southern Caucasus (Georgia), respectively, revealed intermediate-term tilts as possible precursors to earthquakes (M=3.0÷4.7) which occurred in the above-mentioned seismic areas within a distance of 50 km from the sites. A good temporal correlation as well as a fair spatial correspondence between these residual tilts (with amplitude and duration of some microradians and months, respectively) and main shocks were pointed out, by removing both secular trends and seasonal thermoelastic effects from the raw tilts. An attempt was made to justify the above-mentioned results, based on the assumption that the observed intermediate-term preseismic tilts are the manifestation of aseismic creep episodes of comparable duration in the fault materials of thrust faults close to the tilt sites. The mechanism refers to a strain field slowly propagating from the preparation focal area to the tilt site, through crustal blocks separated by weak transition zones. This propagation is thought to be the cause of the local aseismic fault slip recorded by the tiltmeters. Previously, both discrete structures and strain propagation effects were revealed in the Central Apennines and are thought also to exist in the Southern Caucasus. As in the past, the rheological properties of fault materials are revealed as viscoelastic ones. In fact, creep equations obtained by applying several viscoelastic models on our data, proved to fit quite well some of the observed tilt precursors, producing viscosity and rigidity values very similar to those reported in literature.Professor Petr Viktorovich Manjgaladze died during the writing of this paper     

Resistivity structure of a seismic gap along the Atotsugawa Fault, Japan

Seismicity along the Atotsugawa Fault, located in central Japan, shows a clear heterogeneity. The central segment of the fault with low-seismicity is recognized as a seismic gap, although a lot of micro-earthquakes occur along this fault. In order to elucidate the cause of the heterogeneity in seismicity, the electrical resistivity structure was investigated around the Atotsugawa Fault by using the magnetotelluric (MT) method. The regional geoelectrical strikes are approximately parallel to the fault in a low-frequency range. We constructed two-dimensional resistivity models across the fault using TM-mode MT responses to minimize three-dimensional effects on the modeling process. A smooth inversion algorithm was used, and the static-shifts on the apparent resistivity were corrected in the inversion process.A shallow, low resistivity zone along the fault is found from the surface to a depth of 1-2 km in the best-fit model across the high-seismicity segment of the fault. On the other hand, the corresponding low resistivity zone along the low-seismicity segment is limited to a shallower depth less than 1 km. The low resistivity zone along the Atotsugawa Fault is possibly due to fluid in the fracture zone; the segment with higher levels of seismicity may have higher fluid content in the fault zone compared with the lower seismicity segment. On a view of the crustal structure, a lateral resistivity variation in a depth range of 3-12 km is found below the fault trace in the high-seismicity segment, while a resistive layer of wide extent is found at a depth of about 5 km below the fault trace in the low-seismicity segment. The resistive layer is explained by less fluid condition and possibly characterized as high rigidity. Differences in the resistivity structures between low and high-seismicity segments of the fault suggest that the seismic gap in the central part of the Atotsugawa Fault may be interpreted as a locked segment. Thus, MT is an effective method in evaluating a cause and future activity of seismic gaps along active faults.The lower crust appears as a conductive zone beneath the low-seismicity segment, less conductive beneath the high-seismicity segment. Fluid is inferred as a preferable cause of the conductive zone in this study. It is suggested that the conductive lower crust beneath the low-seismicity segment is recognized where fluid is trapped by an impermeable layer in the upper crust. On the other hand, fluid in the lower crust may upwell to the surface along the high-seismicity segment of the fault.     

Study on the Triggering Effect of the October, 2005 Pakistan Mw7.6 Earthquake on Its Aftershocks

The influences upon aftershocks of Coulomb failure stress change (CFSC) generated by the main-shock of the October 8, 2005, Pakistan earthquake are calculated and analyzed. The following factors are included in the calculation: (1) the difference between the pore fluid pressure and the medium elastic constant in the fault plane area and those of its surrounding medium; (2) the tectonic stress direction of the seismic source area; (3) the aftershock failure mechanism of aftershocks is calculated by stacking the tectonic stress with the stress change generated by the main-shock. Our study, which includes many factors, fits fairly well with the aftershock distribution. It indicates that most of the aftershocks were triggered by the Pakistan main-shock that occurred on October 8, 2005.