上海市地面沉降动态分析与灰色预测

本文应用灰色系统理论的关联度分析法,分析了上海市地面沉降在时间、空间上的变化特征,进而以市区和近郊区典型地段的地面沉降监测资料为基础,建立了灰色预测模型,并在某些假定前提下预测了上海市地面最终沉降量及“沉降寿命”。     

基于灰色支持向量机残差修正模型的地面沉降量预测

沉降现象在各地区普遍发生,地面沉降量预测越来越受到重视。本文通过结合灰色(GM(1,1))预测模型和支持向量机(SVM)模型各自的优点,建立灰色支持向量机(GM(1,1)-SVM)残差修正模型,在突出时间序列发展趋势影响的同时降低序列中异常值的消极作用。以某高层建筑的18次地面沉降量数据为实例,检验GM(1,1)-SVM模型的预测效果。结果表明:相对单一的GM(1,1)沉降量预测模型,GM(1,1)-SVM模型相对误差小,预测精度高,对地面沉降量预测有一定指导意义。     

地面沉降预测的灰色-马尔柯夫模型

天津滨海新区地处京津和环渤海两大城市带的交汇点,与日本、韩国隔海相望,是我国对外开放的重要通道。滨海新区广泛分布有软弱土层,属于欠固结地层,不仅会自然压密,而且在荷载的长期作用下容易产生次固结变形;长期以来,由于地表水资源短缺,大幅超采地下水的形势严峻。自然因素与人为活动的综合作用,使得滨海新区地面沉降现象普遍发生,形势不容忽视。应用一定的理论与方法,预测地面沉降可能的发展趋势,以寻求有效的防治措施,是天津滨海新区地面沉降研究的最紧迫任务之一。地面沉降是一种渐变性地质灾害,可以预测其发展趋势。文章结合灰色系统理论预测模型及马尔柯夫预测模型特点,提出了地面沉降预测的灰色-马尔柯夫模型,并应用实例演示灰色-马尔柯夫模型预测过程。为便于大量监测点的预测,采用C＋＋编程对天津滨海新区170个监测点进行预测,结果证明灰色-马尔柯夫模型对天津滨海新区地面沉降趋势预测具有实际意义,表明此模型对随机性强,波动性大的时间数列预测具有较好的精度。在实际应用中,灰色-马尔柯夫模型一般需要较多的原始数据,原始数据越多,预测精度越高。     

灰色线性回归组合模型在北京地面沉降分层预测中的应用

灰色系统理论GM(1,1)模型,应用于地面沉降模拟和预测中只能分析数据的指数变化规律。对于地面沉降发展过程中,存在的线性关系不能有效地反映。本文利用灰色组合模型中的第一类灰色组合模型即GM(1,1)与线性回归模型相融合。选取北京东部某地面沉降监测站2004～2012年的分层监测数据建立模型,计算出各监测层位沉降的数学模型,并以此预测各监测层位地面沉降量。结果表明：利用灰色线性回归组合模型在对地面沉降进行分层模拟和预测是可行的。在已有数据的基础上,利用数学模型进行沉降模拟时,两种模型的精度均很高,但通过模型预测未来一年沉降量时,灰色线性回归组合模型的精度,要远高于普通均值GM(1,1)模型。     

阜阳市地面沉降趋势预测

阜阳市地面沉降是典型的因抽汲松散岩层地下水引起水位(压)下降而造成的地面沉降。本文采用固结理论、回归分析、灰色理论等三种方法建立地面沉降预测模型,旨在探讨在未建基岩标、分层标的城市如何定量研究地面沉降,同时对该市地面沉降的发展趋势进行预测,提出控制地面沉降的措施。     

抚顺某石油厂区地面沉降成因分析及其预测

在研究抚顺某石油厂区地质环境条件的基础上，分析其地面沉降产生的原因，并基于厂区某地面沉降监测点连续8 a的实际监测数据建立灰色预测模型，该模型预测平均相对误差9.69%,误差较小，可以满足实际工程需要。然后据此模型对厂区未来3 a的地面沉降变形进行预测，预测结果显示该厂区地面沉降仍在持续，但年度沉降值有减小的趋势，该预测结果总体上反映了厂区地面沉降变形的变化规律和发展态势。     

参数累积估计灰色模型及地面沉降预测

基于传统GM（1,1）地面沉降预测模型的非稳定性,引入参数累积估计方法来代替最小二乘法,构建了参数累积估计的灰色沉降预测模型。通过对上海市地面沉降的预测,证实模型降低了矩阵条件数,提高了沉降预测的稳定性,进而对上海市分层沉降进行了预测,并给出相应的模型稳定性判别,预测结果给出了上海沉降的发展趋势,为地面沉降的合理防治提供了帮助。     

基于灰色Verhulst模型的山西太原地面沉降趋势分析

本文首先通过分析地面沉降的诱发因素和研究对象,发现具有灰色特性,并且地面沉降随时间的变化曲线与Verhulst模型曲线相似,因而可以应用该模型预测太原市地面沉降。其次根据五个沉降中心中30个典型的水准观测点的累积沉降量建立了灰色Verhulst预测模型。最后预测了2010年与2015年的地面沉降发展趋势,得出2010年总体沉降范围向外扩展,小店中心扩大幅度较大,吴家堡年均沉降速率持续减缓;到2015年西张沉降趋势基本趋于稳定状态,万柏林和下元沉降速率减缓,吴家堡沉降幅度变化不大,万柏林、下元和吴家堡的沉降范围已连成一片,小店中心最大沉降量达1 508 mm,年均沉降速率为45 mm/a。     

考虑滞后作用的地面沉降阿尔蒙分布预测模型

地面沉降相对于地下水水位变化具有滞后性。本文尝试建立了考虑滞后作用的地面沉降阿尔蒙分布滞后模型,并对收集到的沧州地区某时段内的地面沉降量进行了模拟预测,预测结果与灰色GM(1,1,)预测模型和神经网络预测模型的预测精度进行了对比。结果表明,阿尔蒙分布滞后模型的预测结果优良,预测精度相比较另两种方法均有提高,可以应用到地面沉降的预测问题中。     

抚顺发电厂地面沉降成因分析及其灰色理论预测

在论述研究区环境地质条件的基础上,对区内地面沉降的成因进行了分析,并基于区内地面沉降监测点实际观测数据建立了灰色DGM模型,然后以此模型对研究区未来三年的地面沉降进行了预测,预测结果表明:在未来三年内,区内大部分主要建筑物基础地面最大沉降量将超出或接近允许值,而基础沉降差在允许值范围内.     

中国洪水预报系统设计建设研究

分析了我国洪水预报系统的现状,阐述了中国洪水预报系统的建设的必要性、目标及开发原则,介绍了中国洪水预报系统的软硬件环境、预报模型和方法、预报方案、模型率定、实时作业预报、实用模块、系统管理7部分的设计建设。     

洪水预报过程的交互式修正技术研究

由于预报模型的局限性和实时信息的不完善,洪水预报过程存在许多误差,而基于图形交互式修正技术是消除预报误差的有效手段。分析了水文预报过程交互式修正技术在洪水预报工作中的重要性,介绍了过程拟合平滑技术和样条插值技术,基于此基础上研究实现了以橡皮筋形式交互式修正水文预报过程的技术,并应用于洪水预报系统中。研究实例表明,该技术使用方便,有效地提高了洪水预报精度。     

Flood Forecasting and Warning at the River Basin and at the European Scale

Application of recent advances in numerical weather prediction (NWP) has the potential of allowing delivery of flood warning to extend well beyond the typical lead times of operational flood warning at the river basin scale. A prototype system, a European Flood Forecasting System (EFFS) developed to deliver such pre-warnings, aiming at providing a pre-warning at lead times of between 5 and 10 days is described. Considerable uncertainty in the weather forecast at these lead times, however, means that resulting forecasts must be treated probabilistically, and although probabilistic forecasts may be easy to disseminate, these are difficult to understand. This paper explores the structure of operational flood warning, and shows that integration in the flood warning process is required if the pre-warning is to fulfil its potential. A simple method of summarising the information in the pre-warning is presented, and the system in hindcast mode is shown to give clear indication of an upcoming major event in the Rhine basin up to 10 days before the actual event. Finally recommendations on the use of data assimilation to embed the EFFS system within an operational environment are given.     

三峡水库中期水文气象耦合预报应用试验及探讨

长江三峡河道因水库建设已成为水库库区,三峡河道原有产汇流规律的改变,造成水情预报有效预见期大幅缩短。随着近年来降雨预报水平逐渐提高,利用定量降水预报增长有效预见期已成为可能。因此,以探讨如何更好开展中期水文气象耦合应用为目的,以三峡入库日平均流量预报为对象,利用中期降雨预报信息,提出一种开展中期水文气象预报耦合试验方案及影响中期耦合预报试验的主要因素及改进方向。试验结果表明该耦合方法的应用是可接受的,具有一定的应用推广价值,可供大中型水库开展中期预报时参考。     

Mountain range specific analog weather forecast model for northwest Himalaya in India

Mountain range specific analog weather forecast model is developed utilizing surface weather observations of reference stations in each mountain range in northwest Himalaya (NW-Himalaya). The model searches past similar cases from historical dataset of reference observatory in each mountain range based on current situation. The searched past similar cases of each mountain range are used to draw weather forecast for that mountain range in operational weather forecasting mode, three days in advance. The developed analog weather forecast model is tested with the independent dataset of more than 717 days (542 days for Pir Panjal range in HP) of the past 4 winters (2003–2004 to 2006–2007). Independent test results are reasonably good and suggest that there is some possibility of forecasting weather in operational weather forecasting mode employing analog method over different mountain ranges in NW-Himalaya. Significant difference in overall accuracy of the model is found for prediction of snow day and no-snow day over different mountain ranges, when weather is predicted under snow day and no-snow day weather forecast categories respectively. In the same mountain range, significant difference is also found in overall accuracy of the model for prediction of snow day and no-snow day for different areas. This can be attributed to their geographical position and topographical differences. The analog weather forecast model performs better than persistence and climatological forecast for day-1 predictions for all the mountain ranges except Karakoram range in NW-Himalaya. The developed analog weather forecast model may help as a guidance tool for forecasting weather in operational weather forecasting mode in different mountain ranges in NW-Himalaya.     

Hydrological response to radar rainfall maps through a distributed model

Weather radars in investigating physical characteristics of precipitation are becoming essential instruments in the field of short term meteorological investigation and forecasting. To analyze the radar signal impact in hydrological forecasting, precipitation input fields, generated through a statistical mathematical model, are supplied to a distributed hydrological model. Such a model would allow the control of the basin response to precipitation measurements obtained by a meteorological radar and, in the meanwhile, to evaluate the influence of distributed input. The distributed model describes the basin hydrological behavior, subdividing it into distinct geometrical cells and increasing the physical significance by reproducing the distributed hydrographic basins characteristics, such as infiltration capacity, runoff concentration time, network propagation speed, soil moisture influence. Each basin cell is characterized by its geological, pedological and morphological status, and may be considered a unitary hydrological system, linked to the others by geomorphological and hydraulic relationships. To evaluate the dynamics of the flood event a synthetic representation of the channel network is introduced, where each stream branch is modeled as a linear reservoir. Finally, the discharge in the outlet section is derived, taking into account the hydraulic characteristics of the upstream branches.     

急倾斜煤层开采地表沉陷的渐近灰色预测

煤层开采所引起的地表沉陷是一种严重的矿区地质灾害。煤层的倾角、厚度等物理条件是地表沉陷的主要影响因素。在水平煤层或缓倾斜煤的开采过程中，由于地层倾角小，地表沉陷具有较完整的规律性，其预测效果也比较理想。但是，在急倾斜煤层的开采中，由于地层倾角较大，赋存条件和地质体物理力学性质的差异，增强了地表下沉的非线性特征，使地表沉陷具有不确定的表现规律。文章对重庆市南桐矿区东林矿的地表沉陷非线性特征进行了探讨，得到了东林煤矿地表下沉曲线的分形维数是1．07。在岩层移动这个系统当中，既含有已知的又含有未知的或非确定的信息，可以作为一个灰色系统来研究。岩层控制系统的状态、结构和边界条件难以精确描述，属本征性灰色系统。文章针对东林煤矿地表下沉曲线非线性较弱的性质，提出用一种基于GM(1，1)的渐近预测模型对东林煤矿42个月的地表下沉量时间序列进行探讨。结果表明，这种模型对急倾斜层开采地表沉陷的预测是一种行之有效的方法。通过对其他工程实例的应用分析，进一步证明这种渐近的灰色预测方法具有相对较高的精度，是一种比较实用的地表沉陷预测方法，具有广泛的工程实用空间。     

Real time earthquake forecasting in Italy

We have applied an earthquake clustering epidemic model to real time data at the Italian Earthquake Data Center operated by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) for short-term forecasting of moderate and large earthquakes in Italy. In this epidemic-type model every earthquake is regarded, at the same time, as being triggered by previous events and triggering following earthquakes. The model uses earthquake data only, with no explicit use of tectonic, geologic, or geodetic information. The forecasts are displayed as time-dependent maps showing both the expected rate density of M_l ≥ 4.0 earthquakes and the probability of ground shaking exceeding Modified Mercalli Intensity VI (PGA ≥ 0.01 g) in an area of 100 × 100 km² around the zone of maximum expected rate density in the following 24 h. For testing purposes, the overall probability of occurrence of an M_l ≥ 4.5 earthquake in the same area of 100 × 100 km² is also estimated. The whole procedure is tested in real time, for internal use only, at the INGV Earthquake Data Center.Forecast verification procedures have been carried out in forward-retrospective way on the 2006–2007 INGV data set, making use of statistical tools as the Relative Operating Characteristics (ROC) diagrams. These procedures show that the clustering epidemic model performs up to several hundred times better than a simple random forecasting hypothesis. The seismic hazard modeling approach so developed, after a suitable period of testing and refinement, is expected to provide a useful contribution to real time earthquake hazard assessment, even with a possible practical application for decision making and public information.     

构建式流域实时水文预报系统关键技术研究

目前的水文预报模型很多,但都缺乏统一的模式。通过对水文预报模型的高度抽象,定义了水文预报模型的标准化接口,统一了各类水文预报模型的输入、输出、参数、状态,以及运行过程;在此基础上,实现了水文预报方案的标准化"构建"模式,即通过标准化水文预报模型的相互组合实现流域水文预报方案的标准化创建。基于以上关键技术,成功开发了构建式流域实时水文预报系统,并取得了良好的应用效果。