基于区域分解法的海洋可控源电磁三维正演模拟研究

为准确刻画复杂海底地质结构中电磁场变化特征,有效处理大规模海洋可控源电磁三维正演模拟问题,本文将基于矢量有限元的 FETI-DP(Dual-Primal Finite-Element Tearing and Interconnecting)区域分解法引入到海洋电磁三维正演模拟中 该方法首先利用非结构四面体网格对海洋地电...     

虚拟波动域三维海洋可控源电磁场正演模拟

本文基于对应原理将似稳态条件下频率域电磁场扩散方程转换成虚拟波动域电磁场波动方程,采用高阶时域有限差分进行求解,引入复频移完全匹配层吸收边界条件,降低了内存需求,提高了计算效率,并在虚拟波动域用伪δ函数离散电偶极源,实现了虚拟波动域任意取向电偶极源三维海洋可控源电磁场高阶时域有限差分正演算法.通过与拟解析解和频率域三维可控源电磁场数值模拟结果的对比,验证了本文算法的正确性和高效性,且探讨了网格参数和边界条件对不同频率电磁场模拟结果的影响.

     

基于非结构化风格的三维大地电磁矢量有限无模拟

Three-dimensional forward modeling magnetotellurics （MT） problems. We present a is a challenge for geometrically complex new edge-based finite-element algorithm using an unstructured mesh for accurately and efficiently simulating 3D MT responses. The electric field curl-curl equation in the frequency domain was used to deduce the H （curl） variation weak form of the MT forward problem, the Galerkin rule was used to derive a linear finite-element equation on the linear-edge tetrahedroid space, and, finally, a BI-CGSTAB solver was used to estimate the unknown electric fields. A local mesh refinement technique in the neighbor of the measuring MT stations was used to greatly improve the accuracies of the numerical solutions. Four synthetic models validated the powerful performance of our algorithms. We believe that our method will effectively contribute to processing more complex MT studies.     

Three-dimensional arbitrarily anisotropic modeling for time-domain airborne electromagnetic surveys

Electrically anisotropic strata are abundant in nature, so their study can help our data interpretation and our understanding of the processes of geodynamics. However, current data processing generally assumes isotropic conditions when surveying anisotropic structures, which may cause discrepancies between reality and electromagnetic data interpretation. Moreover, the anisotropic interpretation of the time-domain airborne electromagnetic (TDAEM) method is still confined to one dimensional (1D) cases, and the corresponding three-dimensional (3D) numerical simulations are still in development. In this study, we expanded the 3D TDAEM modeling of arbitrarily anisotropic media. First, through coordinate rotation of isotropic conductivity, we obtained the conductivity tensor of an arbitrary anisotropic rock. Next, we incorporated this into Maxwell’s equations, using a regular hexahedral grid of vector finite elements to subdivide the solution area. A direct solver software package provided the solution for the sparse linear equations that resulted. Analytical solutions were used to verify the accuracy and feasibility of the algorithm. The proven model was then applied to analyze the effects of arbitrary anisotropy in 3D TDAEM via the distribution of responses and amplitude changes, which revealed that different anisotropy situations strongly affected the responses of TDAEM.     

模拟地震波传播的三维逐元并行谱元法

高效地震波场正演模拟对于复杂模型中地震波传播与成像研究至关重要.本文在谱元法原理框架内,对已有逐元谱元法改进,提出一种新的逐元并行谱元法求解三维地震波运动方程,并得到地震波场.逐元并行谱元法的核心思想在于在单元上进行质量矩阵与解向量的乘积运算,并将此运算平均分配至每一个CPU计算核心,此处理有利提升谱元法的并行计算效率.同时,根据Gauss-Lobatto-Legendre (GLL)数值积分点与插值点重合的特点,将稠密单元刚度矩阵的存储转化成单元雅克比矩阵行列式的值及其逆的存储,大幅减少谱元法计算内存开销.此外,在模型边界上利用逐元并行谱元法求解二阶位移形式完美匹配层(PML)吸收边界条件,消除边界截断而引入的虚假反射.通过逐元并行谱元法得到的数值解与解析解对比,以及实际地震波场模拟,数值结果证实了逐元并行谱元法用于地震波场模拟的高效性.

     

Three-dimensional geological modeling and its application in Digital Mine

The 3D geological modeling is the prerequisite and core foundation for Digital Mine. Although this new technology brings new opportunities and motivation for the mineral exploration industry, it still has many difficulties to be solved in this area. Based on the characteristics of mine data and the aim of Digital Mine construction, this paper introduces a theory including multi-source data coupling, multi-modeling methods integration, multi-resolution visualization and detection, and multidimensional data analysis and application. By analyzing problems such as the uncertainty in each step of the modeling process, we designed a novel modeling method that can be applied to the complex geological body modeling, mineral resource/reserve estimation, and the mining exploration engineering. Along with the process of mine exploration, development, and reclamation, 3D modeling undergoes the process of “construction-simulation-revision” during which the 3D model is able to be dynamically updated and gradually improved. Based on the result of practical utilization, it is proven that the methodology introduced by this paper can be used to build an effective 3D model by fully using the mining data under the control of spatial information quality evaluation. Our experiments show that such a 3D model can be used to evaluate the mine resource and provide the scientific evidence to improve mining efficiency during the various stages of evolvement process in mine.     

龙门山断裂带地壳结构的三维建模

为了实现龙门山区域地质信息的科学管理与共享,推动该区域地球物理资料的统一管理,本文在整理现有二维地球物理探测数据的基础上构造了龙门山断裂带区域的三维地壳结构模型,并结合实测的布格重力异常数据对模型进行了分析。结果表明,地层模型正演的整体重力场与实测布格重力异常基本吻合,初步证明该模型的正确性。局部重力场显示:在该模型的尺度下,沉积层对整体重力场的变化贡献较小;中上地壳有不同程度的隆起和坳陷,与前人研究所揭示的低速异常体吻合;地幔表现为规则的自西北至东南单调上升的重力异常梯度带,与前人反演结果的趋势一致,从而证明了模型的可靠性。最后在重力资料约束下对模型进行了反演,进一步修正了模型。      

球坐标系下三维大地电磁正演研究

大地电磁正演理论研究热点一直以来主要集中在如何提高计算效率和精度,但在剖面足够长、探测深度足够大的情况下,传统的笛卡尔坐标系数值模拟方式难以准确拟合地球曲率形态.本文研究了基于球坐标系的三维大地电磁正演,推导了交错网格有限差分三维正演公式,与一维解析解和三维标准模型测试对比,验证了正演算法的正确性.通过理论模型计算,对比分析球坐标和笛卡尔坐标系正演结果表明：球坐标系模拟更合理,避免了传统笛卡尔坐标拉伸投影所引入的误差,可代替目前的笛卡尔坐标模拟方法.基于球坐标和笛卡尔坐标系的三维大地电磁正演响应值随着频率变低差异越明显.球坐标和笛卡尔坐标计算结果差异度与频率、模型结构和电阻率有关.本文模型计算结果在数万秒周期处已出现接近10%的差异,对于较大尺度的长周期大地电磁,地球曲率的影响不能忽略.

     

点源场井-地电位测量三维有限元模拟

井地电法是深部地质矿产勘查的重要方法之一,研究高效率、高精度、适用于起伏地形等复杂条件下的正演模拟算法具有理论和实际意义.本文研究了点源场井地电位测量的三维有限元正演模拟,采用与井轴一致倾斜的计算区域,使剖分单元随地形起伏,用预处理共轭梯度法求解线性方程组,利用行压缩存储和改进的行压缩存储方式来存储刚度矩阵和预处理矩阵,实现了起伏地形和倾斜井情形下的正演计算.此外,本文利用仿射坐标变换技术,给出了平行五面体单元精确的单元积分公式,这种处理技术同样可推广应用于其他平行多面体单元的单元分析,相比于采用等参变换和高斯数值积分,能极大地提高计算效率.文中构建了一些模型算例,其计算结果验证了程序的可靠性和高效性.     

Three-dimensional forward modeling for the SBTEM method using an unstructured finite-element method

In this study, we propose a three-dimensional (3D) forward modeling algorithm of surface-to-borehole transient electromagnetic (SBTEM) fields based on an unstru...     

Three-dimensional numerical modeling of full-space transient electromagnetic responses of water in goaf

The full-space transient electromagnetic response of water-filled goaves in coal mines were numerically modeled. Traditional numerical modeling methods cannot be used to simulate the underground full-space transient electromagnetic field. We used multiple transmitting loops instead of the traditional single transmitting loop to load the transmitting loop into Cartesian grids. We improved the method for calculating the z-component of the magnetic field based on the characteristics of full space. Then, we established the fullspace 3D geoelectrical model using geological data for coalmines. In addition, the transient electromagnetic responses of water-filled goaves of variable shape at different locations were simulated by using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. Moreover, we evaluated the apparent resistivity results. The numerical modeling results suggested that the resistivity differences between the coal seam and its roof and floor greatly affect the distribution of apparent resistivity, resulting in nearly circular contours with the roadway head at the center. The actual distribution of apparent resistivity for different geoelectrical models of water in goaves was consistent with the models. However, when the goaf water was located in one side, a false low-resistivity anomaly would appear on the other side owing to the full-space effect but the response was much weaker. Finally, the modeling results were subsequently confirmed by drilling, suggesting that the proposed method was effective.     

Three-dimensional forward modeling of DC resistivity using the aggregation-based algebraic multigrid method

To speed up three-dimensional (3D) DC resistivity modeling, we present a new multigrid method, the aggregation-based algebraic multigrid method (AGMG). We first discretize the differential equation of the secondary potential field with mixed boundary conditions by using a seven-point finite-difference method to obtain a large sparse system of linear equations. Then, we introduce the theory behind the pairwise aggregation algorithms for AGMG and use the conjugate-gradient method with the V-cycle AGMG preconditioner (AGMG-CG) to solve the linear equations. We use typical geoelectrical models to test the proposed AGMG-CG method and compare the results with analytical solutions and the 3DDCXH algorithm for 3D DC modeling (3DDCXH). In addition, we apply the AGMG-CG method to different grid sizes and geoelectrical models and compare it to different iterative methods, such as ILU-BICGSTAB, ILU-GCR, and SSOR-CG. The AGMG-CG method yields nearly linearly decreasing errors, whereas the number of iterations increases slowly with increasing grid size. The AGMG-CG method is precise and converges fast, and thus can improve the computational efficiency in forward modeling of three-dimensional DC resistivity.     

考虑卷积完全匹配层数值色散的井间电磁三维正演

本文将以卷积完全匹配层为吸收边界条件的时域有限差分法应用到井间电磁的三维正演模拟中. 证明了卷积完全匹配层中的数值色散会因为有效延伸因子而产生,列举常规有效延伸因子和网格间距对电磁波相速度各向异性的影响,并通过波场快照验证卷积完全匹配层中数值色散的存在;进而推广三维卷积完全匹配层中最大有效延伸因子、最大网格间距与激励源主频之间的约束,以此完善卷积完全匹配层的最优参数设置方案. 在此基础上,通过正演结果中二次场的垂直磁场分量和走时来展示灵敏度分布,以此划定井间电磁勘探的优势区域,提出井间电磁正反演所需要的约束测井系列和最佳取井方案.     

空间波数混合域磁异常场积分解三维数值模拟

本文提出一种空间波数混合域磁异常场三维数值模拟方法.该方法利用磁位三维空间域积分为卷积的特点,沿水平方向进行二维傅里叶变换,把空间域磁位满足的三维积分问题转化为不同波数之间相互独立的垂向一维积分问题.保留垂向为空间域,优势之一在于便于浅层单元剖分可适当加密,随着深度增加,单元剖分适当稀疏,可以准确模拟任意复杂地形和磁性体的磁异常,兼顾了计算精度与计算效率;优势之二在于一维积分垂向可离散为多个单元积分之和,每个单元采用二次形函数表征磁化强度,可得出单元积分的解析表达式,计算精度高、效率高.该方法充分利用一维形函数积分的高效和高精度、快速傅里叶变换的高效性及算法高度并行性,实现了磁异常场高效、高精度的数值模拟.设计棱柱体模型,将模型解析解与空间波数混合域法的数值解对比,结果表明该方法计算精度高、效率高.设计了组合棱柱体复杂模型,对比分析了标准FFT扩边法与Gauss-FFT法的计算精度与计算效率,总结了标准FFT的扩边系数选取策略.针对任意复杂地形条件下的磁异常模拟问题,本文提出一种适用于起伏地形条件下的磁异常场快速计算方法,并对其有效性进行了验证.

     

Three-dimensional modeling of pollutants transportation in the flow field around a spur dyke

Pollutants are carried by sediment-laden flow dissolved in water or adsorbed on sediment particles. A transient three-dimensional model based on a compressible VOF(volume of fluid) method was developed to simulate the transport of dissolved and particulate pollutants.VOF is a numerical technique for acquiring and tracking the free surface of water flow.Local scouring,deposition and re-suspension were simulated and the processes of adsorption and desorption of pollutants on suspended sediment were analyzed.A series of experiments and numerical simulations were performed to study the transportation and dispersion of pollutants in the flow around a non-submerged spur dyke in a straight flume of rectangular shape.The simulation results agreed well with the experimental results.A certain volume of pollutants solution was released into the flow at upstream of the spur dyke.The concentration reduced with time.The concentration reduction was slower in the circumfluence zone than in the main flow.The ratio of adsorption to desorption coefficients was different for pollutants on suspended sediment with different diameter.The peak concentration of dissolved pollutants increased with the ratio of the adsorption to the desorption coefficients.The angle of the spur dyke affected the peak concentration around the dyke.The effect of the angle on dissolved pollutants decreased with the ratio of adsorption to desorption coefficients.The adsorption and desorption coefficients,as well as the saturated adsorption capacity had no effect on the concentration of particulate pollutants.     

青藏高原-天山大陆内部地壳变形三维数值模拟研究

大量研究事实证明,板块相互作用除了在板块边缘产生地壳强烈变形外,其应变可以扩展到远离板块边界的大陆内部,对板块相互作用的远程效应以及大陆内部地壳变形的动力学机制目前仍然有争议.本文结合前人对大陆岩石圈流变学研究的知识和现代GPS观测结果,应用三维有限元数值模拟技术探讨了印度大陆向北推挤与青藏高原-天山地壳变形的动力学关系.模拟地壳的流变学用Maxwell黏弹性模型近似,印-藏的汇聚速度用大量GPS观测的速度边界约束,而欧亚大陆内的远程边界用弹簧约束.在重力方向上,模型考虑了重力加载和位于深部的静岩压力边界.通过大量模型的计算,在均一的地壳流变学框架下印-藏汇聚的应变使研究区内发生整体隆升;然而当考虑青藏高原,塔里木地块和天山等区域中地壳流变学可能存在的横向不一致时,可以发现印藏汇聚的应变经青藏高原吸收后可以跃过塔里木导致天山地区的强烈变形.这暗示新生代以来发生在天山地区强烈地壳变形的动力学可能与印-藏汇聚过程中青藏高原-塔里木天山一带岩石圈流变学存在横向不均一有关.这对我们进一步认识板块相互作用的远程效应和大陆内部岩石圈变形机制有一定理论意义     

电性任意各向异性且分块连续变化CSAMT三维有限元数值模拟

考虑地球介质电导率任意各向异性且随空间位置连续变化的情况,本文实现了直接求解电磁场的可控源音频大地电磁测深（CSAMT）三维有限元数值模拟.首先给出了电导率任意各向异性介质中CSAMT二次电场满足的控制方程及其相应变分问题,然后采用任意六面体单元对研究区域进行剖分,在网格单元中对任意各向异性电导率进行线性插值,解决了实际工作中岩矿石电导率各向异性且连续变化的情况,将变分问题转化为线性代数方程组的求解.电导率各向异性且连续变化一维模型三维有限元数值模拟结果与电导率各向异性且分层均匀渐进模型解析解结果对比验证了方法的有效性;三维地电模型电导率随位置线性变化且各向同性、主轴各向异性、方位各向异性和倾斜各向异性的数值模拟结果表明,电导率各向异性且连续变化对CSAMT视电阻率和相位数据均有明显的影响.

     

考虑关断时间的回线源激发TEM三维时域有限差分正演

从麦克斯韦旋度方程出发可以直接导出瞬变电磁场扩散方程,然而扩散方程不含电场对时间的一阶导数,不能构成显式的时域有限差分方程,借鉴du Fort-Frankel有限差分离散方法引入虚拟位移电流项构建显式时域有限差分方程.对Wang和Hohmann的经典时域算法进行了两点改进:第一,通过将矩形回线源电流密度加入麦克斯韦方程组的安培环路定理方程,实现回线源瞬变电磁激发源加入;第二,在计算中考虑关断时间.第一点改进使时域有限差分方程考虑了一次场的计算,并且源的计算不再依赖均匀半空间模型响应作为初始条件,使算法能够适应表层电阻率不均匀时的三维复杂模型.由于实际观测中不可能出现阶跃电流的关断形式,第二点改进可以方便设置发射电流下降沿.采用改进的三维时域有限差分正演算法对均匀半空间模型、四类三层模型、均匀半空间中含有低阻块体模型进行了计算并分别与解析解、线性数字滤波解、积分方程解和Wang的三维时域有限差分解进行了对比验证.以H模型为例,采用建立的三维时域有限差分正演算法计算了不同关断时间的斜阶跃脉冲回线源瞬变电磁中心点感应电动势衰减曲线.以实际地质资料为基础,构建包含两层采空区的三维复杂模型,以1 μs的极短关断时间进行了复杂模型定回线源瞬变电磁响应计算,并计算了该复杂模型的视电阻率曲线.     

Three-dimensional forward modeling and inversion of borehole-to-surface electrical imaging with different power sources

Borehole-to-surface electrical imaging (BSEI) uses a line source and a point source to generate a stable electric field in the ground. In order to study the surface potential of anomalies, three-dimensional forward modeling of point and line sources was conducted by using the finite-difference method and the incomplete Cholesky conjugate gradient (ICCG) method. Then, the damping least square method was used in the 3D inversion of the formation resistivity data. Several geological models were considered in the forward modeling and inversion. The forward modeling results suggest that the potentials generated by the two sources have different surface signatures. The inversion data suggest that the low-resistivity anomaly is outlined better than the high-resistivity anomaly. Moreover, when the point source is under the anomaly, the resistivity anomaly boundaries are better outlined than when using a line source.     

空间波数混合域三维各向异性强磁性介质磁场数值模拟

各向异性普遍存在于强磁性体矿物中,为研究各向异性强磁性体磁场响应特征,本文提出一种空间波数混合域三维各向异性磁场数值模拟方法.该方法首先将各向异性强磁性体磁位满足的三维偏微分方程进行水平方向二维傅里叶变换,将其降为不同波数之间相互独立的一维常微分方程;然后加载准确的上下边界条件,采用二次插值有限单元法计算一维常微分方程,得到五对角方程,采用追赶法进行高效求解;最后采用迭代法求解场分量,引入紧算子保证迭代稳定收敛;综合傅里叶变换的高效性、一维方程求解的快速性和迭代算法的稳定性,实现各向异性强磁性体磁场的三维高效、高精度数值模拟.设计各向异性椭球模型验证算法的正确性,并分析紧算子对不同各向异性磁化率模型的迭代收敛性;与COMSOL Multiphysics软件对比计算效率,表明相同节点下本文算法效率优于常规三维有限元方法,且计算节点总数越多优势越明显.重点研究各向异性参数改变对VTI、HTI、TTI强磁介质异常场响应的影响.最后采用某磁铁矿DEM高程数据模拟起伏地形对各向异性强磁性体磁异常场幅值和形态的影响,体现出本文算法对各向异性强磁性体大规模复杂地形的适应性.