秋季降水的天气概念模式及夜间12小时晴雨预报

随着专业气象服务的开展,很多气象预报使用者期望着气象部门提供适于他们生产活动特点的针对性强的天气预报。作为重要预报服务对象的砖瓦业,由于“露天晒砖”而对夜间的降水与否尤为关切。为此,我们通过对本地各自然天气季节的大气环流形势、天气系统及其相应的天气表现的分析,结合预报员们多年的预报实践,勾勒各季节降水的天气概念模式,并在此基础上制作相应的预报方法,期望更好地为砖瓦业提供具有实用价值的气象预报信息。本文介绍秋季降水的天气概念模式及夜间12小时晴雨预报。     

凤山寒露风分析与预报模式

在制作我县寒露风预报方案过程中,发现本县寒露风与太阳黑子、大气环流及前期地面气温等因素有较好的联系。据此,本文对此种联系作一粗浅分析,并以有关因素制作寒露风预报模式,应用于实践预报服务工作。 一、太阳黑子、大气环流与寒露风的统计关系 众所周知,寒露风实质上是秋季“寒露”季节前后从北方南下的强冷空气团。它的出现以及强度、范围等,是与大气环流状态密切联系的。从气候学角度来讲,大气环流状态的变化,是由辐射因子和环流运动的相互     

评《中期天气预报》

中期天气预报是指5—10天左右的预报。近五十年来,各国对中期预报非常重视。早在本世纪的三十、四十年代,苏联有自然周期的中期预报方法,德国有大天气型、美国有天气型的中期预报方法,这三种方法都是以高空天气图上环流形势的分型为基础的。在四十年代,美国曾采用环流指数和环流指数循环的中期预报方法。这些方法的缺陷在于不能预报未来5     

大气环流客观分型在渤海海峡大风气候特征分析中的应用

应用Lamb-Jenkinson大气环流分型法对渤海海峡1979—2013年逐日海平面气压场进行大气环流客观分型,分析了渤海海峡大风天气与大气环流型的关系;以长岛气象站在渤海海峡大风天气中的指示作用为基础,分析了主要环流型下大风天气的气候特征。结果表明：渤海海峡大风天气以平直环流型为主,偏北型明显多于偏南型;春（夏）季是发生大风天气最多（少）的季节,以西南（SW）型出现频率最高,秋、冬季大风天气的环流型频率分布基本相同,均以偏北型为主;不同环流型下出现大风天气的概率及大风天气的气候特征也有明显不同。     

寒潮中期预报方案

近四年来,寒潮中期预报理论和方法研究课题组,根据半球大气环流变化特征,分析了寒潮中期天气过程的大量事实; 以大气环流动力学观点,着重研究了寒潮中期物理过程和冬半年大气环流的中期变化机制, 并提出了时效为15天左右的寒潮中期预报综合方案。这个方案包括:物理-统计法、天气-统计法、数值预报产品和寒潮过程模型相结合的方法。前者为10—15天的主要预报方法,后者为3—5天的主要预报方法,天气-统计法是6—10天的主要预报方法。     

苏联季节天气预报的发展、现状及展望

苏联的季节天气预报始于本世纪20年代,60年代开始发布官方的季节天气预报。经过苏联气象学者近70年的努力,季节天气预报方法由最早的天气学方法。大尺度环流型方法发展成天气学方法、大尺度环流方法、统计学方法、天气——统计学方法等多种方法相结合的季节天气预报方法,季节预报要素除最早的温度距平和降水量预报外,增加了旱涝预报、解冻与严寒预报、春秋气温经过0℃和±5℃预报等多种季节气象要素的预报业务。一、苏联季节天气预报的发展     

MOS在预报工作中的应用

在总结去年工作的基础上,我们做了两方面的改进,一是划分本地区的自然天气季节,按自然天气季节建立预报方程,打破了以月为时段的惯例。再是在建立预报方程时,根据需要对环流进行分型,建立分型预报方程。一、晴雨 MOS 预报方程     

青藏高原降雪的气候学分析

青藏高原上的自然天气季节和大气环流与我国东部平原极不相同,因此,高原上的降雪,无论是时空分布,或者是降雪天气系统都有很多特殊性。 本文根据1966—1975年青藏高原气象资料,阐述了高原上自然降雪的时空分布特点和形成的物理条件;归纳出有利于降雪的六种天气型式;分析了大气环流季节变化与高原降雪之间的联系。高原降雪主要集中发生在冬夏环流的转换季节。     

图资结合的春播预报方法

春播期间天气的冷暧趋势和主要的连续低温阴雨时段的预报,是我们制作中长期天气预报的重要课题。近年来,为了提高这类灾害性天气的预报服务质量,我们加强了对这类天气过程的分析研究工作。从大量的单站资料出发,结合大气环流特征,运用前期多因子的特殊值反映,进行综合计算分析;利用西风带环流的前期周期和付热带高压的强弱变化,制作春播期冷暧趋势的长期预报。运用特征日的环流型和多因子特殊值综合分析,制作三月中旬的低温阴雨的中期预报,经过近三年的预报实践,取得一定的效果。     

对改进MOS预报的体会

按我区自然天气季节的划分,初夏为6月14日至7月15日,初秋为8月31日至9月14日。在每个天气阶段内,根据影响我区天气的形势特征划分环流型,按型建立预报方程,这是我们改进MOS预报的一个方面。从投入业务使用的效果来看,按自然天气季     

AN OBJECTIVE SCHEME FOR LONG-RANGE FORECASTS

An objective scheme for forecasting the long-range atmospheric circulation patterns over Asia by a synoptic-statistical method is described.The scheme is based on the division of natural synoptic season (NSS) and classification of the circulation patterns for each NSS by statistical methods.The emphasis for this scheme is laid on the selection of predictor variables on the basis of understanding the physical processes in the atmosphere.It is pointed that the long-range forecast using empirical methods is feasible.     

Identifying extreme hottest days from large scale upper air data: a pilot scheme to find California Central Valley summertime maximum surface temperatures

A pilot scheme uses upper air data from a few extreme hottest days to identify those and other extreme hottest days measured by 3 stations sampling the California Central Valley (CV). Prior work showed that CV extreme heat wave onsets have characteristic large scale patterns in many upper-air variables; those patterns also occur for the hottest days. A pilot scheme uses areas of two upper-air variables with high significance and consistency to forecast extreme surface temperatures. The scheme projects key parts of composite patterns for one or more variables onto daily weather maps of the corresponding variables resulting in a ??circulation index?? for each day. The circulation index measures how similar the pattern on that day is to the composite patterns in areas dynamically relevant to a CV extremely hot day, with a larger value for a stronger match and larger amplitude. The scheme is tested on the development period (1979?C1988) and on the subsequent 18?year ??independent?? period (1989?C2006). The pilot scheme captures about half of the rare events in the development period, with similar skill for the independent period. Based only on 16?days of extreme heat in the first 10?years, the scheme is not intended to represent the general distribution; however the circulation index has similar kurtosis, variance, and skewness as the observed maximum temperatures. Properties of the high end tail of the distribution are notably improved by adding the second predictor. The scheme outperforms simply using 850?hPa temperature above the CV.     

Winter atmospheric circulation patterns and their relationship with the meteorological conditions in Greece

This study presents an analysis of the relationship between winter large-scale circulation and surface meteorological conditions over Greece for the period 1979–2009. The adopted methodology involves the application of an automated atmospheric circulation classification scheme based on the self-organizing map approach. The impact of each of the identified relevant 19 winter atmospheric circulation patterns on local meteorological condition is examined at seven sites by calculating the corresponding differences from the mean meteorological conditions. The conditional transition probabilities of circulation patterns indicate the existence of increased 1-day persistence, especially for the anticyclonic and the pattern related to Genoa depressions. Positive temperature anomalies are observed for the cyclonic patterns, while negative anomalies are attributed to the effect of anticyclonic circulation.     

STUDY OF THE NONLINEAR MECHANISM ABOUT THE FORMATION OF BLOCKING HIGH*

In this paper,a nonlinear dynamical system considering the interactions among ultra-long wave,long wave and zonal flow in a baroelinic atmosphere was found.In this system,thermal forcing and frictional dissipation are regarded as the external parameters.The procedure,in which the maps of orbit in phase space,contour of stream function and section of Poincaré mapping are combined with each other,is used to determine the distributions of system states and circulation patterns and to draw the corresponding diagrams.The results show that by using the Galerkin method,there is no essential influence of the increasing of orders of truncated-spectrum in a certain range on the distributions of system states and circulation patterns,but it makes them somewhat complexities.By contrast,the changing of distribution of thermal forcing exerts a great influence on the system.Blocking high links closely with the oscillating of the atmospheric circulation and the meridional growing intensely,while the development of synoptic wave can promote the oscillating.     

东北地区降水与大气环流关系

利用Lamb-Jenkinson大气环流分型方法, 将1951—2004年逐日的海平面气压场分型, 得到27种不同的环流型, 研究了大气环流型与我国东北地区降水的关系。给出了8种出现频率最高的主要环流型出现的规律及它们平均的环流形势, 分析了8种主要环流型下东北地区降水异常分布状况, 并选出东北地区资料齐全、有代表性的9个站点进行了深入细致地分析, 成功地建立了降水与环流型出现频率的统计关系, 并用此重建了9个代表站54年的降水序列。结果表明:Lamb-Jenkinson大气环流分型方法可以很好地应用于我国东北地区, 由此划分的环流型符合实际情况; 8种主要环流型与降水的空间分布特征有很好的对应关系; 所建立的9个代表站降水距平回归方程能够解释近54年各站的大部分降水变化, 进一步证明了东北地区降水与大气环流之间的密切关系。     

Atmospheric circulation and storminess derived from Royal Navy logbooks: 1685 to 1750

This paper is concerned with the use of Royal Navy ships’ logbooks for the period 1685 to 1750, thereby embracing the oldest members of this documentary series that extends to the present day. The geographic range of the undertaking is confined to the English Channel and its western approaches where the abundance of logbooks for this period allows for the abstraction of a daily series of wind force and direction data. These are verified and processed for inclusion in a database from which indices are derived for air circulation patterns based on the frequency of winds from north, east, south and west quarters, and of gale frequency, based on the contemporary terminology of wind force. The methods by which the data are abstracted and processed are described, as is the nature of the raw data and source material. The results provide a uniquely detailed insight into the changing patterns of air circulation over this critical period that marked the transition from the depths of the Little Ice Age in the late seventeenth century. Attention is also drawn to the changing nature of gale frequency, which revealed a notable decrease over the study period. Associations between changing circulation patterns and temperature regimes are also explored.     

Interannual horizontal heat advection in the surface mixed layer over the equatorial Pacific Ocean: assimilation versus TAO analysis

This study is motivated by an interest in obtaining a new automated classification scheme of daily circulation types suitable for use throughout Europe. The classification scheme is performed on 500 hPa geopotential height anomalies (NCEP Reanalysis data, 2.5°×2.5°). Nine grid points represent the study area. Five anticyclonic types (Anw, Ane, A, Asw and Ase) and seven cyclonic types (C, Cnnw, Cwnw, Cwsw, Cssw, Cse, Cne) are defined. Each of the circulation types has a distinct underlying synoptic pattern that produces the expected type and direction of flow over the study area. The classification scheme is applied to three different case studies in the Mediterranean Basin: Greece, Cyprus and central Italy. The precipitation percentage of the cyclonic type and the mean seasonal correlation coefficients for all circulation types are the two criteria used to evaluate the performance of the classification scheme. The ability of the HadAM3P general circulation model to reproduce the mean pattern and frequency of circulation types at the 500 hPa level in comparison to the NCEP dataset for the period 1960–1990 is also evaluated. The percentage of rainfall that corresponds to the cyclonic circulation types is greater than 85% for the three study regions. Furthermore, the correlation coefficients for the three classifications are very encouraging, for nearly all days of the study period. Compared to observations, the GCM is able to capture the mean patterns but not able to replicate exactly the observed variability of the circulation types over the three study regions.     

基于迁移CNN的江淮持续性强降水环流分型

利用新建的1981-2018年区域持续性强降水个例集、1981-2018年中国逐日降水量及NCEP/NCAR全球再分析资料,运用江淮地区持续性强降水典型模态个例样本及残差神经网络(CNN),通过迁移学习分步训练建立针对江淮强降水的环流客观分型模型;并运用该模型对1981-2015年全国持续性强降水个例的环流进行客观分型...     

陕西省干旱及其环流特征

从大气环流特征、干旱指数Ｓ及信噪比等三个方面对陕西省近几年干旱月份进行了分析，发现陕西干旱的大气环流可分为东亚大槽稳定型，西太平洋副热带高压控制型，青藏高压持续影响型，东亚大槽稳定型的干旱最为严重。     

A seasonal study of the atmospheric dynamics over the Iberian Peninsula based on circulation types

A seasonal analysis of the atmospheric circulation over the Iberian Peninsula (IP) based on circulation types (CTs) obtained from sea level pressure and 500-hPa geopotential height is presented. The study covers the period of 1958–2008, when a high variability and important changes in winter and spring precipitation and temperature have been reported. Frequency, persistence, and the most probable transitions of the circulation types are analyzed. Among the clustering methods available in the literature, two of the most reliable classification methods have been tested, K-means and simulated annealing and diversified randomization. A comparison of both methods over the IP is presented for winter (DJF). The quality of the circulation types obtained through both methods as well as the better stability achieved by K-means suggest this method as more appropriated for our target area. Twelve CTs were obtained for each season and were analyzed. The patterns obtained were regrouped in five general situations: anticyclonic, cyclonic, zonal, summertime, and hybrid-mixed. The analysis of frequencies of these situations offers a similar characterization of the atmospheric circulation that others previously obtained by subjective methods. The analysis of the trends in frequency and persistence for each CT shows few significant trends, mainly in winter and spring with a general decrease of the cyclonic patterns and an increase of the anticyclonic situations. This can be related to the negative precipitation trends reported by other authors. Regarding the persistence, an interesting result is that there is a high interannual variability of the persistence in autumn and spring, when patterns can persist longer than in other seasons. An analysis of the most probable transitions between the CTs has been performed, revealing the existence of cyclic sequences in all seasons. These sequences are related to the high frequency of certain patterns such as the anticyclonic situations in winter. Finally, a clear seasonal dependence of the transitions between cyclonic situations associated with extratropical disturbances was found. This dependence suggests that the transitions of low-pressure systems towards the south of the IP are more likely in spring and autumn than in winter.