北极涛动和南极涛动的年变化特征

准确识别雪崩潜在释放区或雪崩高易发区域对高寒山区工程建设减灾防灾意义重大,特别是在雪崩监测数据缺失地区,能够提供重要的区域性灾害风险预估参考。本文以新疆天山地区伊阿铁路沿线区域为例,将铁路沿线154个雪崩范围形成区作为评价样本,开展基于机器学习算法的雪崩易发性评价,构建新疆天山地区伊阿铁路沿线雪崩易发性评价体系;开展基于数据叠加的雪崩潜在释放区(PRA)识别,绘制伊阿铁路沿线雪崩潜在释放区分布图,并对两个结果通过Kappa系数和AUC值进行检验,并对比讨论。结果显示,支持向量机(SVM)、多层感知器(MLP)、PRA的Kappa系数分别为0.806、0.774、0.600;AUC值分别为0.993、0.961、0.802,机器学习算法在雪崩易发性评价中的表现优于传统的基于数据叠加的雪崩潜在释放区识别算法;两种机器学习算法模型均精度高,其中支持向量机(SVM)算法表现最佳,优于多层感知器(MLP),评价结果比较符合野外雪崩发育实际情况,可为高寒山区重大工程建设的雪崩防灾减灾工作提供基础的科学依据;雪崩潜在释放区的自动识别算法评价能力较弱,评价结果基本符合野外雪崩发育实际情况,对于缺乏可用数据的高寒山区具有评价意义。     

利用同一化学流程分析地质样品中的铂族元素含量和铼-锇同位素组成

报道了利用一次溶样和同一化学流程分离富集地质样品中铂族元素(Pt、Pd、Os、Ir和Ru)和Re的方法.该化学流程包括以下几个步骤:(1) Carius管溶样法分解岩石样品中富集铂族元素的矿物;(2)四氯化碳萃取法分离出Os;(3)微蒸馏法进一步纯化Os;(4)阳离子交换树脂法将铂族元素(Pt、Pd、Ir和Ru)以及R...     

地质样品的一次阴离子色谱法Hf分离及其MC-ICP-MS分析

本文建立了适合MC-ICP-MS测试地质样品中Hf同位素的一次阴离子交换化学分离方法。使用常规的阴离子交换树脂就可以完成Hf与干扰元素和基体元素的分离,避免了当前广泛采用的多次离子交换柱的麻烦,也无需使用特效树脂,HF处理样品后,也不必使用HClO4赶尽HF.Hf的回收率大于90%,过程空白约为50pg。岩石标样的重复分析表明,该方法简单、快速、经济、有效,尤其适合年轻地质样品Hf同位素组成分析。     

应用ICP-AES法测定地质样品中的砷和锑

本文采用ICP-AES方法,对地质样品中砷、锑的测定进行了研究,建立了一种准确测定土壤及金矿化岩石样品中砷、锑的方法。该方法准确、简便、快捷,采用基体匹配法消除了大量基体的干扰。而且,克服了常规原子荧光方法不能达到的高含量测定范围。此方法对5个国家标准样品进行了验证,12次测定精密度小于6%。     

High temperature supercritical carbon dioxide extractions of geological samples: effects and contributions from the sample matrix

Stepwise high temperature supercritical fluid extraction (HT–SFE) has been suggested as a tool to study the speciation of hydrocarbons in geological samples. Hydrocarbons extracted at the lower temperatures (e.g., 50°C) are presumed to be part of the freely extractable fraction, while those recovered at the high temperatures (e.g., 300 and 350°C) are those `trapped' within the macromolecular organic matrix and are therefore, resistant to desorption. The latter are released from the matrix after this undergoes thermally induced structural rearrangements. However, the question still remains if and to what extend, pyrolysis of the organic matrix can contribute to this fraction. This study shows, based on the characteristics of the sample matrix of two different shale samples subject to HT–SFE, that pyrolytic contributions at elevated extraction temperatures are only minor under the experimental conditions used, and that thermally induced structural changes in the macromolecular organic matrix are only partially irreversible.     

用滤纸负载固相反射散射分光光度法测定银

探讨一种新的固相分光光度法——固相反射散射分光光度法，通过滤纸对银缔合物的分离富集，研究Ag与对二苯胺基卡叉若丹宁形成的缔合物在滤纸相的反射散射吸光度(Ag)，从而测定样品中的Ag。实验结果表明，在酸性条件下，Ag(Ⅰ)与若丹宁在表面活性剂介质中形成稳定的缔合物，可以被均匀地抽滤到滤纸相表面，该缔合物最大吸收波长(λ)为590nm；Ag(Ⅰ)质量浓度在O～12μg/25mL范围内，与吸光度呈线性关系；Ag的检出限为0．05μg/mLL，相对标准偏差(RSD)为4．3％。     

基于MC- ICP- MS的地质样品的高精度钾同位素分析方法

近年来,得益于多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱(MC-ICP-MS)的快速发展,钾(K)同位素的分析精度得到显著提升,极大地促进了K同位素地球化学的发展,在示踪大陆风化、壳幔物质循环等方面已经展现出良好的应用前景。目前,样品分离提纯过程繁琐,耗时长,以及ArH⁺对K的直接干扰导致的分析精度不足依旧是K同位素得到更广泛应用的最大阻碍。在使用盐酸、硝酸以及氢氟酸将样品彻底溶解后,利用装有约2.7 mL AG50W-X8(BioRad^TM,200～400目)阳离子交换树脂的定制石英离子交换柱,以及0.5 mol/L硝酸作为淋洗液可以有效地将地质样品中的K与Na、Ti、Mg、Mn、Al、Ca等主要基体元素一次性分离开来,从而有效分离提纯常见地质样品中的K(高Cr样品除外)。在仪器分析方面,为达到最大程度降低测试过程中的ArH⁺产率以及提高仪器测试的稳定状态,分别采用了高分辨模式、高分辨加连续采集模式以及低分辨下扣除ArH⁺干扰模式进行测试,结果表明低分辨模式下测试成本较低,测试稳定时间最长且能达到与高分辨率测试相...     

The geological history and geodynamics of the Earth

The Earth formed through a hot accretion process. Almost simultaneously, the core and the mantle were separated from each other. At the final stages of the accretion process, the outer layer approximately 2000 km thick was molten, thus representing a magma ocean. This magma ocean produced the primary crust of the Earth. Surface waters were precipitated from the atmosphere and released from the crystallizing magma ocean. The plate tectonic processes started at around 4.3 to 4 Ga BP. In the Archean, the overall tectonic mechanism was quite specific, due to substantially higher mantle temperature and thicker oceanic crust. The normal plate tectonics acted during the Proterozoic and Phanerozoic with the periodic assembly of continents, which are known as supercontinent cycles.     

Modelling of soil temperature profiles using data from the pilot experiment at Anand

We present some preliminary results from a multi-layer soil temperature finite-difference model using the data set obtained during the pilot experiment on land surface processes at Anand. We hope that the present results will prove useful during the final field experiments scheduled for the coming monsoon season.     

Some features of twisting of the Earth in geological history: the tectonophysical aspect

In this work some examples of “twisting” of the Earth in the geologic past are given: displacement of the northern parts of the global submeridional structures to the west relative to their southern parts; the rotation of the “geodynamic pair” of Siberia-Laurentia in the Proterozoic; sinistral displacement of the Northern Hemisphere relative to the Southern Hemisphere after the collapse of the last Pangaea; the equatorial rotation of the continental plates; oblique orientation of the global network of planetary fracturing; an inclination of the axis of submeridional compression; sinistral “beveling”; the dextral “twisting” of Venus. All these examples confirm the idea of possible sinistral “twisting” of the Earth that has been proposed by many authors. The cause of such “twisting” is unclear, although it is likely connected with the Earth’s rotation around its axis. Some of these examples show that many paleomagnetic reconstructions can be usefully discussed in a tectonophysical aspect. Moreover, in connection with this data, the development of a new scientific field, called “paleomagnetic tectonophysics”, is possible.     

Determination of hydrogen content in geological samples using elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA)

The present study illustrates the interest of using the elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA) method to characterize any geological sample matrix with respect to hydrogen. ERDA is combined with Rutherford back scattering (RBS) and particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE), allowing the simultaneous characterization of the matrix with respect to major and trace elements (Z > 15). Analyses are performed by mapping of a 4 × 16 μm² incident beam of ⁴He⁺ on large areas (50 × 200 μm²). The method is almost not destructive and requires no calibration with respect to well known hydrous samples. Hydrous and nominally anhydrous phases in contact with each other in the same sample may both be characterized. The depth of the analyses is limited to several μm beneath the surface, allowing tiny samples to be investigated, provided their sizes are larger than the incident beam. Our setup has been improved in order to allow H determination on a micrometric scale with a 5-15% relative uncertainty and a detection limit of 94 wt ppm H₂O. We present multi-elemental mappings on a large panel of samples: (1) natural and analogue synthetic glasses from Stromboli volcano (0.44-4.59 wt% H₂O), natural rhyolitic glasses (1466-1616 wt ppm H₂O); (2) magmatic rhyolitic melt inclusions from Guadeloupe Island (4.37-5.47 wt% H₂O) and their quartz host crystal (2020 ± 230 wt ppm H₂O); (3) nominally anhydrous natural (82-260 wt ppm H₂O) and experimentally hydrated (240-790 wt ppm H₂O) olivines; natural clinopyroxenes (159-716 wt ppm H₂O); natural orthopyroxenes (201-452 wt ppm H₂O); a natural garnet (90 wt ppm H₂O). Results show that ERDA is a strong and accurate reference method that can be used to characterize geological sample from various matrix compositions from high to low water contents. It can be used to calibrate other methods of microanalysis such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) or secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS).     

The geological history of the Isle of Wight: an overview of the ‘diamond in Britain's geological crown’

The geology of the Isle of Wight has attracted both the amateur and professional geologist alike for well over two centuries. It presents a cornucopia of things geological and offers a window into the fascinating story of the geological history and landscape development of southern England, as well as an important teaching resource for all levels of study from primary education through to academic research.This paper provides a geological framework and a summary of the history of research as context for the papers in this issue can be placed. Inevitably, it can only offer a précis of the huge amount of information available, but it is hoped will also give added impetus to further investigation of the literature or, indeed, new research.The island offers a field workshop for topics such as lithostratigraphy, sequence stratigraphy, tectonics and climate change; studies that are becoming ever more international in their influence. There are 15 Sites of Special Scientific Interest designated because of their geological importance and a number of these are internationally significant.After a brief discussion on the concealed geology, this paper concentrates on an outline of the near-surface geology on the coast and inland, and introduces a different view on the structure of the Cretaceous and Palaeogene strata. The enigmatic Quaternary deposits are discussed particularly with reference to the development of the Solent River, human occupation and climate change.     

New insights into the origin of perylene in geological samples

The origin of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) perylene in sediments and petroleum has been a matter of continued debate. Reported to occur in Phanerozoic organic matter (OM), fossil crinoids and tropical termite mounds, its mechanism of formation remains unclear. While a combustion source can be excluded, structural similarities to perylene quinone-like components present in e.g. fungi, plants, crinoids and insects, potentially suggest a product-precursor relationship. Here, we report perylene concentrations, ¹³C/¹²C, and D/H ratios from a Holocene sediment profile from the Qingpu trench, Yangtze Delta region, China. Perylene concentrations differ from those of pyrogenic PAHs, and rise to prominence in a stratigraphic interval that was dominated by woody vegetation as determined by palynology including fungal spores. In this zone, perylene concentrations exhibit an inverse relationship to the lignin marker guaiacol, D/H ratios between −284‰ and −317‰, similar to the methoxy groups in lignin, as well as co-variation with spores from wood-degrading fungi. ¹³C/¹²C of perylene differs from that of land plant wax alkanes and falls in the fractionation range expected for saprophytic fungi that utilise lignin, which is isotopically lighter than cellulose and whole wood. During progressive lignin degradation, the relative carbon isotopic ratio of the perylene decreases. We therefore hypothesise a relationship of perylene to the activity of wood-degrading fungi. To support our hypothesis, we analysed a wide range of Phanerozoic sediments and oils, and found perylene to generally be present in subordinate amounts before the evolutionary rise of vascular plants, and to be generally absent from marine-sourced oils, few exceptions being attributed perhaps to a contribution of marine and/or terrestrial-derived fungi, anoxia (especially under marine conditions) and/or contamination of core material by fungi. A series of low-molecular-weight aromatic quinones bearing the perylene-backbone were detected in Devonian and Cretaceous sediments, potentially representing precursor components to perylene.     

XRF Determination of 17 Trace Elements in Geological Samples Using an Extended Compton Scattering Correction Procedure

This work is intended to explore a fast and effective apoproach to the determination of various trace elements in geological samples throuth improvement and simplification of the method developed by Reynolds (1963,1967),Absorption correction was made for the Fe content to eliminate the effect caused by inconsistency in mass absorption coefficients among the samples.A computer-aid regression analysis was performed on a number of standards of various compositions,which resulted in a set of calibration equations for directly converting X-ray intensities to concentrations.An analytical error of 10-30% was involved in the analyses of most elements.