小波分析在地震资料去噪中的应用

小波变换方法已广泛应用于信号处理领域。应用多尺度小波分析方法来消除地震观测信号中的噪声是一种行之有效的方法。这里从小波变换的基本原理出发,详细介绍了地震信号的阈值去噪原理,并根据模拟信号和实测地震信号的频谱分析,讨论了如何选择小波基及去噪过程中的阈值取值问题。从小波分解理论知道,利用多尺度分解方式对地震资料进行分析处理,相当于对实测地震资料进行不同尺度的细化分析,由于对不同地区、不同资料的精度要求不同,我们只要使用不同的尺度进行小波变换处理,就可以得到去除原信号的细部巨变(噪声干扰)特征的信号。同时,我们对小波变换处理后重构的地震信号与原信号进行了对比分析,误差结果分析表明该方法切实可行。我们还利用MATLAB语言及其小波工具箱,实现了对地震资料的去噪处理。     

基于小波降噪的隧道围岩监测数据分析

隧道围岩监测数据中含有大量的随机误差,为了消除或削弱随机误差的干扰,通常对观测数据进行降噪处理。基于小波分析理论,利用小波降噪技术,以某隧道的围岩监测数据为例,选择了db3小波函数和heursure软阈值对围岩接触压力进行降噪处理,并用5-15-1BP神经网络对降噪前后的结果进行了预测比较,训练步数分别为2 448步和450步,未降噪的围岩压力预测的误差总体上要比降噪后的误差大。实际计算结果表明,小波去噪合理有效,能够敏感识别观测噪声和有用信息,适合于隧道围岩监测的数据分析。     

基于匹配小波包算法的地震信号去噪

地震资料的信噪比是影响地震资料质量的关键因素之一。目前的去噪方法中,在滤波的同时会损伤有效信号,因此提出基于匹配算法的去噪方法,利用和地震信号匹配的小波包对信号进行分解,用选出的波形代表有效信号达到去噪的效果。实验分析表明,利用匹配小波包算法能够很好地压制地震信号白噪声,提高信噪比。当噪声能量小于有效信号周期能量时,小波包算法去噪效果比小波收缩阈值法好,信噪比提高5 dB ±。     

Calibration of imperfect models to biased observations

The problem of assimilating biased and inaccurate observations into inadequate models of the physical systems from which the observations were taken is common in the petroleum and groundwater fields. When large amounts of data are assimilated without accounting for model error and observation bias, predictions tend to be both overconfident and incorrect. In this paper, we propose a workflow for calibration of imperfect models to biased observations that involves model construction, model calibration, model criticism and model improvement. Model criticism is based on computation of model diagnostics which provide an indication of the validity of assumptions. During the model improvement step, we advocate identification of additional physically motivated parameters based on examination of data mismatch after calibration and addition of bias correction terms. If model diagnostics indicates the presence of residual model error after parameters have been added, then we advocate estimation of a “total” observation error covariance matrix, whose purpose is to reduce weighting of observations that cannot be matched because of deficiency of the model. Although the target applications of this methodology are in the subsurface, we illustrate the approach with two simplified examples involving prediction of the future velocity of fall of a sphere from models calibrated to a short-time series of biased measurements with independent additive random noise. The models into which the data are assimilated contain model errors due to neglect of physical processes and neglect of uncertainty in parameters. In every case, the estimated total error covariance is larger than the true observation covariance implying that the observations need not be matched to the accuracy of the measuring instrument. Predictions are much improved when all model improvement steps were taken.     

基于改进混沌果蝇优化小波阈值法地震信号随机噪声压制

由于野外采集地震资料往往带有较多的随机噪声,给资料解释造成困难。针对小波阈值去噪的阈值选取通常需要对信号进行先验估计,带有较强猜测性,阈值选取难以获得最优结果。本文提出基于改进混沌果蝇优化的小波阈值法,将基于广义交叉验证(GCV)函数设定为阈值选取目标函数,在混沌果蝇优化算法中引入调节系数实现对该目标函数的迭代寻优,在无先验信息前提下,获取最优小波阈值。通过将本文算法用于合成地震记录和实际地震记录进行去噪处理,并对比常用小波阈值去噪算法,证明了本文算法的有效性。     

基于小波变换的阈值降噪方法在地震资料处理中的应用

这里主要讨论了小波变换阈值降噪方法的基本原理,并且将广泛使用的通用阈值方法与Birge-Massart阈值方法进行了比较,展现了Birge-Massart阈值选取方法的优越性。通过对模拟数据和实际地震资料的处理结果表明,基于小波变换的Birge-Massart阈值降噪方法对地震信号降噪具有很好的效果。     

小波包分解提取高采样率GPS地震波信号

随着高采样率GPS接收机的出现、高精度的定轨以及数据处理技术的发展, 利用GPS观测高频率、瞬态的地震波信号成为可能.但如何消除混叠在地震波信号中的多路径、随机噪声等误差, 有效地提取地震波信号, 仍然是制约高采样率GPS及其地球物理应用的重要因素.提出一种基于小波包分解的方法, 对动态位移序列中的多路径误差进行消除, 同时去除高频率随机噪声, 提取地震波信号.通过结合SCIGN的19个GPS测站的1Hz采样GPS观测数据, 对2010年墨西哥M7.2地震的地震波引起的地表动态位移进行解算, 采用小波包分解有效地提取地震波信号并对其进行谱分析.结果表明, 该方法提取的地震波信号能较好地反映出地震波的传播及其特性, 具有无需多天重复观测、处理精度高等特点.      

微地震技术在农安油页岩靶区的应用

微地震初至时间拾取是微地震资料处理过程中的一个重要步骤,也是地层速度模型建立的重要依据。为提高拾取精度,本文提出一种新的自动拾取初至时间的方法,计算三分量地震数据的小时窗协方差矩阵特征值,将其作为特征函数引入到STA/LTA能量比法当中,从而实现自动拾取初至时间,并结合P波时差法完成震源定位。理论模型及农安浅井油页岩水力压裂试验的微地震资料处理结果表明,该方法可以有效地拾取微地震初至时间并实现震源定位。     

A comparison between a Monte Carlo implementation of retrospective optimal interpolation and an ensemble Kalman filter in nonlinear dynamics

To more correctly estimate the error covariance of an evolved state of a nonlinear dynamical system, the second and higher-order moments of the prior error need to be known. Retrospective optimal interpolation (ROI) may require relatively less information on the higher-order moments of the prior errors than an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) because it uses the initial conditions as the background states instead of forecasts. Analogous to the extension of a Kalman filter into an EnKF, an ensemble retrospective optimal interpolation (EnROI) technique was derived using the Monte Carlo method from ROI. In contrast to the deterministic version of ROI, the background error covariance is represented by a background ensemble in EnROI. By sequentially applying EnROI to a moving limited analysis window and exploiting the forecast from the average of the background ensemble of EnROI as a guess field, the computation costs for EnROI can be reduced. In the numerical experiment using a Lorenz-96 model and a Model-III of Lorenz with a perfect-model assumption, the cost-effectiveness of the suboptimal version of EnROI is demonstrated to be superior to that of EnKF using perturbed observations.     

Sampling error distribution for the ensemble Kalman filter update step

In recent years, data assimilation techniques have been applied to an increasingly wider specter of problems. Monte Carlo variants of the Kalman filter, in particular, the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF), have gained significant popularity. EnKF is used for a wide variety of applications, among them for updating reservoir simulation models. EnKF is a Monte Carlo method, and its reliability depends on the actual size of the sample. In applications, a moderately sized sample (40–100 members) is used for computational convenience. Problems due to the resulting Monte Carlo effects require a more thorough analysis of the EnKF. Earlier we presented a method for the assessment of the error emerging at the EnKF update step (Kovalenko et al., SIAM J Matrix Anal Appl, in press). A particular energy norm of the EnKF error after a single update step was studied. The energy norm used to assess the error is hard to interpret. In this paper, we derive the distribution of the Euclidean norm of the sampling error under the same assumptions as before, namely normality of the forecast distribution and negligibility of the observation error. The distribution depends on the ensemble size, the number and spatial arrangement of the observations, and the prior covariance. The distribution is used to study the error propagation in a single update step on several synthetic examples. The examples illustrate the changes in reliability of the EnKF, when the parameters governing the error distribution vary.     

基于小波域的FastICA算法的非常规油气藏地震资料去噪

近年来,随着鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气田开发规模的不断扩大,全数字三维地震得到广泛应用,数字检波器的高灵敏性使得地震资料噪声极其发育。因此,全数字三维地震资料叠前去噪是资料处理的关键。针对全数字三维地震资料的特点,结合盲信号分离技术的最新发展,特别是神经网络技术的最新发展应用到研究中来,建立适合于理论地震记录的盲信号分离的算法模型,对已知反射地震数据实施盲分离技术,将地震信号变换到小波域中,并用Fast ICA算法进行盲分离去噪,然后将去噪后的信号从小波域变换到时间域信号。试验结果表明,该方法得到的去噪效果较时间域内直接去噪效果好。     

基于小波包分析的地震资料联合去噪方法研究

在地震记录中,随机噪声严重影响了有效信号的提取,为此必须进行消噪处理。这里首先使用小波包变换对不同频段的信号进行精细分离,有效信号和噪声经小波包分解后,其小波包系数将表现出不同特性,然后根据这种不同特性进行去噪处理,对小波包分析法处理后的剩余地震信号再进行KL(Karhunen-Loeve)变换,提取相关有效信号,最后对提取的有效信号进行中值滤波处理,进一步去除剩余噪声。经合成地震剖面和实际地震剖面处理实验证明,小波包分析、KL变换和中值滤波联合去噪方法,能有效地消除较强的随机噪声,提高地震剖面信噪比和分辨率。     

改进阈值法在二代小波变换去噪中的应用

地震信号去噪能有效提高信号的信噪比和分辨率。二代小波变换可以在不同尺度上对含噪信号进行小波分解和多分辨率分析,实现窗口宽度自适应调整的局部化分析。但小波变换阈值法在去噪过程中会在信号的不连续邻域会产生伪吉布斯效应,而平移不变量阈值去噪方法通过平移-去噪-平均的思想可以很好的解决该问题。因此本文在已有的二代小波变换阈值去噪的基础上将平移不变量这一改进方法应用于二代小波变换中,实现了对地震信号更加快速有效的去噪处理,并在模拟数据试算和实际数据试算中取得了良好的去噪效果。     

二维小波变换与中值滤波联合去噪方法研究

由于随机噪声是一种频带较宽的干扰波,因此依靠单一的去噪处理方式往往难以获得清晰反映目标体的地震信息。小波变换能够较好的去除高斯噪声,保留有效波中、高频成分,提高记录的信噪比,但去除脉冲噪声的效果却并不理想;中值滤波具有良好的边缘保持特性,虽低频去噪声效果有限,但去除脉冲噪声效果明显。因此可利用二维小波变换与中值滤波优势互补的方法,进行叠前去噪处理,达到去除宽频随机噪声的目的。首先运用二维小波变换的理论,采用自适应门限阀值方法进行去噪,同时结合中值滤波方法联合去噪。模型与实际数据的应用效果表明,联合去噪方法可有效压制噪声能量、保留高频有效信号、提高地震记录信噪比与分辨率。     

基于奇异值分解和小波阈值方法的地震资料处理方法

奇异值分解是一种基于代数特征值的提取方法,小波变换是一种时间频率域的去噪方法,两者在去噪方面各有特点。将奇异值分解和小波阈值去噪的方法有机地结合起来,用于消除地震勘探资料中的随机噪声。仿真实验显示对于较低信噪比资料仍有很好的处理效果。     

形态分量分析在去除地震资料随机噪声中的应用

以数学形态学和稀疏信号理论为依据,采用形态分量分析(MCA)方法去除地震数据中的随机噪声。应用MCA方法的关键在于选取合适的字典,从地震数据的特点和计算复杂性出发,选取UWT字典和Curvelet字典,一个用来稀疏表示地震数据的局部奇异部分,一个用来稀疏表示地震数据的线状变化部分。采用BCR算法求解目标函数,通过将数据分解为形态特征不同的2个分量,舍弃在字典中不能有效稀疏表示的随机噪声来达到去噪目的。作为一种二维去噪方法,MCA去噪方法在时间和空间方向上都具有很强的随机噪声抑制能力;由于UWT字典和Curvelet字典能够比传统的小波变换有更强的稀疏表示能力,MCA去噪方法对有效信息的损害较小,是一种保真保幅的去噪方法。模型测试和实际资料处理验证了该方法的有效性。     

Combining sensitivities and prior information for covariance localization in the ensemble Kalman filter for petroleum reservoir applications

Sampling errors can severely degrade the reliability of estimates of conditional means and uncertainty quantification obtained by the application of the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) for data assimilation. A standard recommendation for reducing the spurious correlations and loss of variance due to sampling errors is to use covariance localization. In distance-based localization, the prior (forecast) covariance matrix at each data assimilation step is replaced with the Schur product of a correlation matrix with compact support and the forecast covariance matrix. The most important decision to be made in this localization procedure is the choice of the critical length(s) used to generate this correlation matrix. Here, we give a simple argument that the appropriate choice of critical length(s) should be based both on the underlying principal correlation length(s) of the geological model and the range of the sensitivity matrices. Based on this result, we implement a procedure for covariance localization and demonstrate with a set of distinctive reservoir history-matching examples that this procedure yields improved results over the standard EnKF implementation and over covariance localization with other choices of critical length.     

Bayesian estimation of reservoir properties—effects of uncertainty quantification of 4D seismic data

This paper shows a history matching workflow with both production and 4D seismic data where the uncertainty of seismic data for history matching comes from Bayesian seismic waveform inversion. We use a synthetic model and perform two seismic surveys, one before start of production and the second after 1 year of production. From the first seismic survey, we estimate the contrast in slowness squared (with uncertainty) and use this estimate to generate an initial estimate of porosity and permeability fields. This ensemble is then updated using the second seismic survey (after inversion to contrasts) and production data with an iterative ensemble smoother. The impact on history matching results from using different uncertainty estimates for the seismic data is investigated. From the Bayesian seismic inversion, we get a covariance matrix for the uncertainty and we compare using the full covariance matrix with using only the diagonal. We also compare with using a simplified uncertainty estimate that does not come from the seismic inversion. The results indicate that it is important not to underestimate the noise in seismic data and that having information about the correlation in the error in seismic data can in some cases improve the results.     

分时窗多子波方法在制作高精度合成记录中地应用

人工合成地震记录,在地震资料的解释和储层预测中起着重要的作用.通过对地震子波时变和空变特点的剖析,阐述了划分时窗的必要性,进而结合合成地震记录的制作原理和方法,提出了综合利用雷克子波和井旁地震道提取子波,并进行分时窗制作高精度合成地震记录的一般方法.最后将该方法应用于实例,得到的合成记录不仅与实际地震剖面吻合较好,而且...     

Temporal Variations of Submillennial Periodicities in Sedimentary Endogenic Calcite from Lake Edward (Central Africa) During the Late Holocene

Sedimentary records of Lake Edward in Central Africa from the late Holocene era exhibit submillennial-scale periodicities in magnesium (Mg) and stable isotope compositions of endogenic calcite. Using multitaper spectral analysis, Russell et al. (Geology 31(8):677–680, 2003) detected a 725-yr cycle in the Mg data. We have analyzed the Mg data using a continuous wavelet transform and observed temporal variations in the submillennial periodicities. These temporal variations can be discerned from a time-period representation of the wavelet power spectrum by visual inspection. The multi-taper spectral analysis is based on the traditional Fourier transform, which is a purely frequency domain technique, and therefore cannot detect temporal variability of the spectrum, if any. In contrast, wavelet analysis offers a spectral-temporal approach by which both the dominant periodicities and their time variations can be identified. In this regard, the results of our wavelet analysis extend those of Russell et al. (Geology 31(8):677–680, 2003). Our analysis reveals dominant periodicities around the 785-yr and 660-yr cycles, but these cycles persist over different time spans within the late Holocene era. The 725-yr period identified by Russell et al. (Geology 31(8):677–680, 2003) with multitaper spectral analysis is very close to the average of the periods of these two cycles. For the purpose of accurately reconstructing the climate history in Central Africa using Mg as a proxy, it would be important to take into consideration the temporal variations of the submillennial periodicities.