Palaeogeographic Position of the South China Plate During the Early-Middle Devonian

In Guangxi, the Lower- Middle Devonian boundary beds yield abundant corals, brachiopods,stromatoporoids and conodonts. The former three were common in tropical and subtropical zones, while thelast occurred only round the equator. This reveals that the South China Plate in the Early-Middle Devonianwas at or near the equator, which was also supported by palaeomagnetic study giving the palaeolatitude of theGuangxi Region at the time to be 0°36′N.     

Palynofacies patterns of the Devonian of the Parnaíba Basin,Brazil: Paleoenvironmental implications

To help describe the paleoenvironmental interpretation of one the most extensive marine Devonian successions in Brazil, palynofacies analyses were conducted on 46 samples from the Itaim (Pragian–Givetian), Pimenteira (Givetian–Frasnian) and Cabeças (Famennian) formations of the Parnaíba Basin in north–central Brazil. For the palynofacies analyses, kerogen categories were counted and subjected to cluster analyses. Five palynofacies associations were identified for three studied sections: PseudoAOM palynofacies, which consists of amorphous organic matter (AOM), pseudoamorphous and coenobial algae Quadrisporites; Transl/Nbiostr. palynofacies, which consists of translucent non-biostructured phytoclasts (well-preserved and degraded), cuticles (well-preserved and degraded), Spongiophyton and Botryococcus; Marine microplankton palynofacies, which consists of acritarchs, prasinophytes and translucent biostructured phytoclasts; Opaque palynofacies, which consists of opaque phytoclasts (equidimensional and lath shaped); and Sporomorphs palynofacies, which consists of zoomorphs (e.g., Chitinozoa) and sporomorphs (e.g., spores). The stratigraphic distribution of the five palynofacies associations reflects a continuous terrestrial influx throughout marine succession. At the Pragian–Emsian age, the woody material of Transl/Nbioestr. palynofacies prevails, suggesting a marine depositional paleoenvironment (presence of marine palynomorphs), but under deltaic influence due to the input of terrigenous material. An increasing trend of marine elements of Marine microplankton palynofacies is recorded for the Givetian, which suggests a progressive marine influence. However, during the Frasnian, the highest abundance of marine elements was recorded (Marine microplankton palynofacies). Moreover, a bloom of Maranhites spp. and prasinophytes (e.g., Tasmanites and Cymatiosphaera) was also recorded. The abrupt increase of marine palynomorphs in the Frasnian – here termed the “Maranhites Event” – has been recorded by other authors. Finally, in the Famennian, woody material was most abundant in Transl/Nbiostr. palynofacies and Sporomorphs palynofacies, which reflects a depositional trend that is strongly controlled by fluvial input into a shallow marine environment.     

History of the geological evolution of the Tsil’ma River basin (midle Timan) in the Devonian

The results of bio- and lithostratigraphic studies of the Givetian-Frasnian rocks in the Tsil’ma River basin are reported. They suggest regularities in sedimentation: distinct rhythmicity and similar succession in the structure of formations. We have identified five palynocomplexes that characterize the formations and make it possible to accomplish a confident biostratigraphic subdivision of sections. Their correlation with coeval complexes in the adjacent areas has been accomplished. The results made it possible to unravel specific features of miospore assemblages formed in the continental and coastal-marine facies.     

Growth Dynamics of the Middle Devonian Jukoupu Bioherm,Xinshao, Hunan

The growth process, palaeoecological features and the function of organisms in reef-building of the Jukoupu bioherm in Hunan are discussed in detail. The bioherm is divided into 10 microfacies. Organisms are very abundant in the reef. Thirty-two genera Belonging to 7 phyla have been recognized. They make up 5 communities composed mainly of stromatopoids, Corals and algae, each of which has its own salient ecological features. An analysis of all communities shows that the organic functions are very complex. The same organisms may possess diverse functions simultaneously as the reef growth enters the late stage. The growth process of the reef may involve five stages' (l)biostrome stage, (2) stabilization stage, (3) frame-type reef-building stage, (4) binding and covering-type reef-building stage, and (5) baffle- type reef -building stage.     

Unraveling the early–middle Paleozoic paleogeography of Kazakhstan on the basis of Ordovician and Devonian paleomagnetic results

It is a common concept that different tectonic units in the western part of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt were united into the landmass of the Kazakhstania continent in the Paleozoic but many important details of its history remain enigmatic and controversial. Recently published paleomagnetic data from this region demonstrate that the ~ 2000 km long horseshoe-shaped Devonian Volcanic Belt was created by oroclinal bending of an originally rectilinear active margin of Kazakhstania. Still, the Silurian and Devonian paleomagnetic results which this interpretation is based upon are limited and unevenly spread along the belt, and additional middle Paleozoic data are highly desirable. Accordingly, we studied three mid-Paleozoic objects from different segments of this volcanic belt. Two of the three new objects yielded paleomagnetic directions that fit perfectly into the oroclinal scenario, whereas the third one provided no interpretable data. The earlier history of Kazakhstania, however, remains misty. We obtained three new Ordovician results in north–central Kazakhstan and found similar inclinations but widely dissimilar declinations. Previously published data show a large scatter of Ordovician declinations in South Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan as well. We analyzed all seven Middle–Late Ordovician paleolatitudes and came to the conclusion that a nearly E–W trending active margin of the Kazakhstania landmass had existed at low (~ 10°S) latitudes at that time. We hypothesize that this margin of the Kazakhstania landmass collided with another island arc, called Baydaulet–Akbastau, and with the Aktau–Junggar microcontinent by the Ordovician–Silurian boundary. As a result of this collision, subduction ceased, and regional deformation, magmatism, and rotations of crustal fragments took place in most of Kazakhstania. In Silurian time, Kazakhstania moved northward crossing the equator and rotating clockwise by ~ 45°. This changed the orientation of the Kazakhstania to NW–SE, and thereby established the (rectilinear) predecessor of the modern curved Devonian Volcanic Belt.     

Middle Devonian Picrites of the Southern Margin of Altay Orogenic Belt and Implications for the Tectonic Setting and Petrogenesis

INTRODUCTION Inrecentyears,greatprogressonthegeologic tec tonicevolutionandmineralresourcesofXinjianghas beenachieved.However,manyissuesarestilldebated, suchasancienttectonicpatternsandtheclosuretimeof theancientoceanicbasin(LiandXu,2004).Theseis sueshavelimitedourknowledgeoftheformationande volutionofAsiancontinents,aswellastheexploration anddevelopmentofmineralresources. Recently,theHilaketehalasuporphyrycopperde positwasdiscoveredinthestrataoftheMiddleDevoni anBeitashanFormatio…     

Element chemostratigraphy of the Devonian/Carboniferous boundary – A compositional approach

The Devonian/Carboniferous (D/C) boundary is a critical interval in the Phanerozoic history, which is associated with vigorous climatic perturbations, continental glaciation, global sea-level fall and rapidly increased extinction rates in marine realms. In many sections world-wide, these global changes left a marked lithological signature, in particular the Hangenberg black shale (products of deep-shelf anoxia) and the overlying Hangenberg sandstone (sudden siliciclastic influx into predominantly carbonate depositional environments). Both layers bear a distinct geochemical signature. Even though either or both of these two lithologies are absent at many sections, their correlative counterparts can be indicated by subtle geochemical markers. We studied elemental geochemistry of fourteen D/C boundary sections in six key areas across Europe with the aim to select globally correlatable elemental proxy for the D/C boundary. Analysis of raw/log-transformed geochemical data (EDXRF, c.p.s. units), presenting the standard approach here, indicates that concentrations of terrigenous elements (Al, K, Rb, Ti and Zr) are mainly controlled by diluted Ca (carried by marine calcium carbonate) in limestone facies and, accordingly, their variations can be related to carbonate production in the sea rather than to terrigenous input from continent. Nevertheless, due to the relative nature of geochemical observations, reliance solely on statistical processing of raw data might lead to incomplete picture of multivariate data structure and/or biased interpretations. For this reason, the aim of this contribution is to discuss the logratio alternatives of the standard statistical methods, which may better reflect the relative nature of the data. For this purpose, principal component analysis was employed to reveal main geochemical patterns and while the geochemical signature of the D/C boundary was further analysed using Q-mode clustering that leads to predicative orthonormal logratio coordinates – balances. The comprehensive picture of the multivariate data structure provided by these statistical tools makes them a primary choice for exploratory compositional data analysis. At the same time, it turns out that the standard and compositional approaches have synergic effects. This fact can be extensively used in further geochemical studies.     

The Stratigraphical Position of the Devonian Fish-Bearing Series of Eastern Yunnan with a Special Discussion on the Tiaomachien Formation of Central Hunsn

The earliest known Devonian fish remains of China were collected by V. K. Ting in 1914 from Tsuifengshan, Chanyi, Yunnan [5], in association with Drepanophycus spinaoformis described by Halle in 1927. In 1937 Y. S. Chi and     

Molecular and structural-group characteristics of hydrocarbons in Late Devonian oils of the Timan–Pechora Province

The paper presents gaz chromatography–mass spectrometry and ¹H- and ¹³C-NMR data on the composition of hydrocarbon markers and structural-group composition of oils in the Timan–Pechora oil and gas province. The set of samples is subdivided into groups whose oils differ in composition and the distribution of their polycyclic biomarkers. All of the oils show closely similar geochemical characteristics, types of their source organic matter, and thermal maturity. Comparison of oil characteristics (composition of the polycyclic biomarkers) and parameters determined by chromatography–mass spectrometry makes it possible to reveal certain important (and calling for further investigation) relations between the composition of the structural groups of hydrocarbons in the oil fluid and its geochemical characteristics.     

Late Devonian OIB alkaline gabbro in the Yarlung Zangbo Suture Zone: Remnants of the Paleo-Tethys?

The Yarlung Zangbo Suture Zone (YZSZ) is believed to be composed of material largely derived from the destruction of the Neo-Tethys that occurred from early Mesozoic to early Cenozoic. We report here geochronological and petrological data obtained for newly discovered alkaline gabbro blocks embedded in a mélange zone of the western YZSZ. Single zircon U–Pb analyses from one representative gabbro sample by SIMS (Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry) yielded a combined crystallization age of about 363.7 ± 1.7 Ma (1σ). In situ Hf isotopic analyses yielded ε_Hf(t) values of + 2.6 to + 5.5, suggesting an enriched mantle source. All of the gabbro samples show typical Ocean Island Basalt (OIB) affinity with little or no continental crust contamination. They also display strong geochemical similarities with the Hawaii basalts and the Xigaze seamount basalts suggestive of their intra-oceanic setting. These observations, in combination with the Early Carboniferous layered gabbros reported at Luobusa, indicate that these rocks could represent remnants of the Paleo-Tethys. We propose that a branch ocean separating the Western Qiangtang terrane and the Lhasa terrane from the Gondwana continent might have been present during the Late Devonian and the Early Carboniferous, providing new constrains on the configuration of Paleo-Tethys in Tibetan Plateau during early Late Paleozoic.     

Age and correlations of the Siluro‐Devonian strata in the Yass Basin,New South Wales

An early Ludlovian (early eβ1) to early Gedinnian (early eγ) age is assigned to the Cliftonwood Limestone—Elmside Formation strata of the Yass Basin, New South Wales. Several Australian sequences are correlated with the Yass Basin succession.     

The Middle Devonian Bimodal Association of Volcanic Rocks in the Northern Area of East Junggar, Xinjiang

The Middle Devonian volcanic rocks in the northern area of East Junggar, located between the Ertix andUlungur rivers of northern Xinjiang, may be divided into basic and acid ones. It is evident that a compositionalgap exists between the two groups so that the volcanic rocks are not in line with a calc-alkaline series becausethe intermediate rocks are absent in the area. The fact shows that the volcanic rocks are a typical bimodal asso-ciation. The formation of the bimodal association of volcanic rocks in the area was closely related to continen-tal rifting or continental extension in the Middle Devonian. In such a tectonic setting, magmas were first pro-duced by partial melting of the mantle. Where crustal thinning was greater, the magmas ascended and eruptedon the surface directly so that the basic volcanic rocks formed, but olivine and/or partial pyroxenefractionation occurred in the magmas during their ascent through the thinning crust. On the other hand, wherecrustal thinning was less, ascending mantle-derived magmas reached the lower crust and accumulated there, re-sulting in partial melting of the lower crust and thus giving rise to the contaminated magma which was consoli-dated as acid volcanic rocks on the surface.     

Zircon dating of Devonian‐Carboniferous rocks from the Bombala area,New South Wales

Zircons from two igneous and two sedimentary units in the Bombala area of southeastern New South Wales have been examined by the sensitive high resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) to establish a timeframe in which to interpret these rocks. Previous studies have correlated these rocks with Late Devonian units of the south coast, solely upon the basis of stratigraphy and lithology as palaeontological evidence was absent. The two igneous units are the Hospital Porphyry and Paradise Porphyry occurring beneath the sedimentary units. Both give a Frasnian age that can be correlated with the Boyd Volcanic Complex. The sedimentary samples are from the basal and upper sections of the Rosemeath Formation, a fluvial ‘redbed’ consisting of conglomerate, coarse sandstone, and associated red siltstone and mudstone. Detrital zircons from the basal conglomeratic section at Kilbrechin indicate a dominant provenance from local Silurian granites and volcanics and a maximum depositional age that can be correlated with the Frasnian‐Famennian Merrimbula Group. However, detrital zircons from the upper coarse sandstone section of the Rosemeath Formation at Endeavour Lookout challenge the positive correlation trend with a lack of Silurian‐age grains and a presence of grains ranging from Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous in age. These results imply either that the south coast correlation is not valid for the upper sequences, or that the Merrimbula Group sequences also extend upward into the Carboniferous. The general coarseness of the Rosemeath Formation also suggests a relatively local provenance. No Early Carboniferous source is known in the immediate vicinity suggesting that Early Carboniferous igneous activity in this region of the Lachlan Orogen may have been more extensive than is currently realised.     

Are the Chinese Altai “terranes” the result of juxtaposition of different crustal levels during Late Devonian and Permian orogenesis?

The general structure of the Chinese Altai has been traditionally regarded as being formed by five tectono-stratigraphic ‘terranes’ bounded by large-scale faults. However, numerous detrital zircon studies of the Paleozoic volcano-sedimentary sequences shown that the variably metamorphosed Cambro-Ordovician sequence, known as the Habahe Group, is present at least in four ‘terranes’. It structurally represents deepest rocks unconformably covered by Devonian and Carboniferous sedimentary and volcanic rocks. Calc-alkaline, mostly Devonian, granitoids that intruded all the terranes revealed their syn-subduction related setting. Geochemistry and isotope features of the syn-subduction granitoids have shown that they originated mainly from the melting of youthful sediments derived from an eroded Ordovician arc further north. In contrast, Permian alkaline granitoids, mostly located in the southern part of the Chinese Altai, reflect a post-subduction intraplate setting. The metamorphic evolution of the metasedimentary sequences shows an early MP-MT Barrovian event, followed by two Buchan events: LP-HT mid-Devonian (ca. 400–380 Ma) and UHT-HT Permian (ca. 300–270 Ma) cycles. The Barrovian metamorphism is linked to the formation of a regional sub-horizontal possibly Early Devonian fabric and the burial of the Cambro-Ordovician sequence. The Middle Devonian Buchan type event is related to intrusions of the syn-subduction granitoids during an extensional setting and followed by Late Devonian-Early Carboniferous NE-SW trending upright folding and crustal scale doming during a general NW-SE shortening, responsible for the exhumation of the hot lower crust. The last Permian deformation formed NW-SE trending upright folds and vertical zones of deformation related to the extrusion of migmatites, anatectic granitoids and granulite rocks, and to the intrusions of gabbros and granites along the southern border of the Chinese Altai. Finally, the Permo-Triassic cooling and thrust systems affected the whole mountain range from ca. 265 to 230 Ma. In conclusion, the Chinese Altai represents different crustal levels of the lower, middle and upper orogenic crust of a single Cambro-Ordovician accretionary wedge, heterogeneously affected by the Devonian polyphase metamorphism and deformation followed by the Permian tectono-thermal reworking event related to the collision with the Junggar arc. It is the interference of Devonian and Permian upright folding events that formed vertical boundaries surrounding the variously exhumed and eroded crustal segments. Consequently, these crustal segments should not be regarded as individual suspect terranes.     

Tracing the position of the South China block in Gondwana: U–Pb ages and Hf isotopes of Devonian detrital zircons

U–Pb detrital zircon geochronology from Lower Devonian quartz arenites of the northwestern margin of the Yangtze block yields dominant early Neoproterozoic (0.85–1.0 Ga), Pan-African (0.5–0.65 Ga) and middle Neoproterozoic (0.68–0.8 Ga) age populations and minor Mesoproterozoic to middle Mesoarchean (1.0–3.0 Ga) ages. Middle Mesoarchean to Mesoproterozoic rocks, however, are widespread in the South China block. Although Hf isotopic compositions show both juvenile crustal growth and crustal reworking for all the age groupings, the crust growth, essentially mantle-derived, occurred mainly around 3.1 Ga, 1.9 Ga and 1.0 Ga, respectively. Zircon typology and youngest grain ages indicate that this suite of quartz arenites was the product of multiphase reworking. Abundant magmatic zircon detritus with concordant U–Pb Grenvillian and Pan-African ages, together with accompanying various ε_Hf(t) values, indicate an exotic provenance for the quartz arenite external to the South China block. Qualitative comparisons of age spectra for the late Neoproterozoic sediments of the Cathaysian Block, early Paleozoic sediments of pre-rift Tethyan Himalaya sequence in North India and lower Paleozoic sandstone from the Perth Basin in West Australia, show that they all have two the largest age clusters representing Grenvillian and Pan-African orogenic episodes. The resemblance of these age spectra and zircon typology suggests that the most likely source for the Lower Devonian quartz arenites of the South China block was the East African Orogen and Kuunga Orogen for their early Grenvillian and Pan-African populations, whereas the Hannan–Panxi arc, Jiangnan orogen, and the Yangtze block basements might have contributed to the detrital zircon grains of the Neoproterozoic and Pre-Grenvillian ages. Hf isotopic data indicate that the crustal evolution of the drainage area matches well with the episodic crust generation of Gondwana. These results imply that the previously suggested position of the SCB in Gondwana should be re-evaluated, and the South China block should be linked with North India and West Australia as a part of East Gondwana during the assembly of Gondwana, rather than a discrete continent block in the paleo-Pacific.     

Mineral Chemistry and Boron Isotopic Composition of Tourmaline from the Devonian Metallogenic District of Shanyang-Zhashui,Eastern Qinling

Toumaline is widespread in the host strata of strata-bound base metal sulphide deposits in the Devonian metallogenic district around Shanyang-Zhashui in eastern Qinling. As a member of the schorl-dravite series, the tourmaline is characterized by Mg > Fe and Na > Ca, showing apparent chemical zonation which records the geochemistry during its formation and subsequent regional metamorphism and hydrothermal overprint. The close similarity in chemical and isotopic constitutions between the tourmaline of the main metallogenic epoch in this district [FeO/(FeO + MgO)=0.34 − 0.39 and δ¹¹B=−7.6‰ − − 8.8‰] and those related to massive sulphide deposits typical of submarine (exhalative) hydrothermal sedimentation may add further support to a similar mechanism of mineralization for the strata-bound deposits in the district. Supported by the Foundation for Young Scientists under the National Natural Science Foundation of China.     

Hercynian polyphase tectonics in the northeast French Massif Central: the closure of the Brévenne Devonian–Dinantian rift

 Field and laboratory structural studies show that the Devonian–Dinantian units of the northeast French Massif Central experienced a complex and contrasting tectonic–metamorphic evolution during the Hercynian orogeny. The structural analysis of the pre-Middle Visean Brévenne–Violay–Beaujolais rocks, in the Loire area, shows a polyphase tectonic evolution associated with greenschist to amphibolite facies metamorphism. The first event, D1, probably occurred in Early Tournaisian or Latest Devonian times. It is responsible for the flat-lying regional foliation and the NW/SE- to N/S-trending lineation. It is well observed in the Violay group and corresponds to the NW-vergent emplacement of the Late Devonian units upon their gneissic basement, represented by the Affoux gneisses. The second event, D2, is responsible for the NE/SW- to E/W-trending lineation. To the south, D2 deformation is locally reworked by the Grand-Chemin dextral wrench fault, around 345–350 Ma ago. This polyphase deformation is also found in several Devonian–Dinantian areas of the NE Massif Central, but not in Morvan. This tectonics corresponds to the Tournaisian closure, by northward thrusting and subsequent intracontinental deformation, of the oceanic Brévenne–Violay–Beaujolais rift which opened in Devonian times in a back-arc setting. Received: 4 September 1998 / Accepted: 27 May 1999     

eo-Variscan (Devonian?) melting in the High Grade Metamorphic Complex of the NE Sardinia Belt (Italy)

New structural data pointed out the presence of an older scattered migmatization event (Devonian?, M1) overcome by the well known Variscan migmatization event (Lower-Middle Carboniferous, M2) related to the Late extensional tectonic that affected the High Grade Metamorphic Complex (HGMC) in the Variscan Belt of Sardinia (Italy). The M1 event is only recognizable in the kyanite – amphibole bearing migmatitic gneiss. Both migmatization events (M1 and M2) are characterized by a syn-tectonic non coaxial deformations (D1 and D2 deformational events). D1 shows a top to NW sense of shear while the D2 event a top to NE/SE sense of shear (the shear senses are considered at the present Sardinia – Corsica block position in the Mediterranean sea). The M2+D2 is characterized by a complicate, composite normal shear network; the M1+D1 by inverse shear zones. The M2+D2 is transposed by the late D3 strike slip shear event: the D3 is characterized by strike slip shear zones syn-kinematic to the emplacement of Late Carboniferous granitoids (320 Ma – 300 Ma). Despite the absence of geochronological data about the M1+D1 event, the field relationships suggest, for first time, an older migmatization process (Devonian?) syn-tectonic with the late stage of thickness of the Sardinia Variscan Belt. Similar evolutions are recognized in different segments of the Variscan Belt such as the Massif Central (France) or in the eastern mid-European Variscides.