库车坳陷却勒—羊塔井区库姆格列木群底砂岩段高精度层序对比及油气开发意义

高精度层序地层为密集井网开发井区储层精细对比提供了重要手段。库车坳陷却勒—羊塔井区库姆格列木群底砂岩段以相对稳定的水进面为界进行的高精度层序划分、对比和沉积微相分析结果表明,底砂岩段可划分出4个四级层序和6个五级层序,羊塔井区以干盐湖环境河流三角洲前缘沉积为主,形成3~4套分布较稳定、粒度较细的砂体,物源来自东部和东南部的前缘隆起区,是河流长距离搬运的结果。却勒井区砂体厚度变化较大,可识别出3期较大规模的水进—水退旋回,发育3套厚度较大、近物源的辫状河道、三角洲前缘河口坝和水下分流河道砂体,这些砂体由北西向南东方向变薄,碎屑体系分析表明物源来自西部温宿凸起区。古地理再造表明两井区形成于两套沉积体系,之间有一湖湾分隔,层序—沉积体系的差异和分布决定着储层分布和油田布井开发的方案。     

冀东潜山侏罗系沉积体系研究

冀东潜山侏罗系主要分布于柏各庄凸起和西南庄凸起南部,其沉积体系主要为湿扇型冲积扇,也有湖泊滨岸沉积,其物源方向主要来自柏各庄凸起东部地区.侏罗系3个砂层组中Ⅰ砂层组扇中辫状水道发育,但物性差;Ⅲ砂层组扇前缘辫状水道物性较好,但砂体厚度较薄;而Ⅱ砂层组扇中与扇前缘辫状水道都比较发育,且物性较好,为最有利的储集砂体.     

北塘凹陷古近系沙河街组三段物源体系分析

物源分析是盆地分析的重要内容之一.北塘凹陷古近系沙河街组三段(Es₃) 湖泊范围广、沉积厚度大, 而勘探程度低, 是大港油田未来勘探的重要突破区, 精细刻画北塘凹陷沙三段物源体系对沉积体系重建、有利区带预测具有重要意义.采用构造格架及古地貌宏观区分物源区与沉积区, 根据碎屑矿物组合特征划分物源区块, 依据地震反射特征勾绘物源在盆内进积方向, 利用砂体等厚图和砂地比等值线图精细描绘物源分支, 从不同角度、不同层次对北塘凹陷沙三段古物源体系进行精细研究.结果表明, 北塘凹陷物源来自北部燕山褶皱带和西部沧县隆起, 具体分为西部的沧县物源、西北角的汉沽物源、北部的大神堂物源和东北角的涧南物源.在物源体系和构造组合特征的控制下, 沙三段主要发育扇三角洲沉积体系.      

辽河西部凹陷曙北地区沙四段薄砂层成因类型及分布规律

为了明确辽河西部凹陷曙北地区沙河街组四段薄砂层成因类型及分布规律,从岩心、测井响应和地震反射特征等方面总结了各类成因薄砂层的识别标志,并预测了各砂层组的砂体展布,探讨了砂体发育的控制因素,总结了沉积模式.研究结果表明,曙北地区沙四段为扇三角洲-湖泊的沉积体系,薄砂层发育水下分流河道、河口坝、低隆滩坝、沿岸浅滩4种成因类型,其中以水下分流河道和低隆滩坝为主.古地貌、古物源和古水深控制了各类砂体的展布.以曙光和兴隆台古潜山一线为界,南部为扇三角洲体系沉积区,主要发育前缘水下分流河道和河口坝;北部（包括低隆区）为无明显水流注入的半封闭湖湾区,主要发育低隆滩坝砂体和灰/云坪,在西侧沿岸局部地区还发育沿岸浅滩.储量区外大面积发育的低隆滩坝砂体,是下一步碎屑岩增储上产的潜在接替区域.     

鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘晚三叠世前陆冲断活动控制的沉积层序特征

从鄂尔多斯盆地西部前陆盆地的构造演化特征入手,通过对鄂尔多斯西南缘前陆冲断带汭河—陇县—麟游露头剖面和前陆斜坡带延河剖面上三叠统延长组典型露头剖面的观测与对比,以及显微镜薄片分析,讨论了鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘前陆不同构造带在沉积层序演化、砂体展布及储层微观特征等方面的差异及主控因素。认为鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘延长组长10—长2下部油层组可划分为3个湖侵体系域和3个湖退体系域。沉积砂体集中发育在湖侵早期和湖退阶段。前陆冲断带近秦祁造山带物源区,坡度陡,砂体沉积受构造作用控制,发育近物源辫状河三角洲。三角洲快速入湖,砂体厚度大,砂岩粒度较大,岩屑、杂基含量较高,储层物性相对较差。前陆斜坡带距离北部阴山褶皱带物源较远,坡度缓,砂体沉积受湖岸线迁移控制,发育远物源曲流河三角洲。砂体展布范围大,沉积相变化频繁,砂岩粒度较小,杂基含量较低,后期成岩作用产生次生孔隙,可成为较好储层。     

准噶尔盆地南缘四棵树剖面八道湾组扇三角洲沉积特征

在野外露头观察与实测的基础上,运用沉积学与层序地层的相关理论,对准噶尔盆地南缘四棵树剖面八道湾组沉积特征进行了详细研究。该剖面八道湾组为扇三角洲沉积,扇三角洲平原与扇三角洲前缘亚相均比较发育。运用层序地层学中基准面变化的原理,将八道湾组划分为2个长期旋回,并细分为3个中期旋回以及若干短期旋回。总结了露头区八道湾组A/S比值与地层叠加样式之间的响应关系：低A/S比值条件下,易形成连通性好的厚层叠加砂体,沉积微相类型较单一;中A/S比值条件下,易形成单层厚度较薄的、似毯状的、垂向上紧凑叠加的多层状砂体;高A/S比值条件下,泥岩更为发育,而砂体多呈孤立状,呈现厚层泥与薄层砂的沉积特点。通过详细解剖露头剖面八道湾组的沉积特征,最终建立了该区八道湾组扇三角洲沉积模式,为准噶尔盆地南缘扇三角洲油气储层的研究提供了借鉴。     

鄂尔多斯盆地华庆油田延长组长6油层组深水沉积组合特征

华庆地区位于晚三叠世鄂尔多斯盆地湖盆沉积中心,长6油层组沉积复杂,具有多物源控制、深水沉积的特征。主要沉积类型可划分为半深湖—深湖沉积、重力流沉积及深水三角洲沉积。不同流态的流体在不同阶段和位置可以相互转化、相伴出现。在湖退背景下长6发育厚层砂体,成因复杂,主要包括深水三角洲砂体、滑塌砂体、砂质碎屑流砂体和浊积砂体等类型。其中三角洲砂体发育各种交错层理;滑塌砂体多顶底突变,发育滑动面;砂质碎屑流沉积颗粒大小混杂,含泥岩撕裂屑;浊积砂体通常为正粒序,或呈块状。从平面上分析,东北物源控制区主要为进积的三角洲砂体、滑塌砂体夹浊积砂体;西部、西南物源影响区主要为浊积砂体、滑塌和砂质碎屑流砂体;混源区和东北物源体系的前端主要为砂质碎屑流砂体、滑塌砂体和浊积砂体。     

鄂尔多斯盆地华庆油田延长组长6油层组深水沉积组合特征

华庆地区位于晚三叠世鄂尔多斯盆地湖盆沉积中心,长6油层组沉积复杂,具有多物源控制、深水沉积的特征。主要沉积类型可划分为半深湖—深湖沉积、重力流沉积及深水三角洲沉积。不同流态的流体在不同阶段和位置可以相互转化、相伴出现。在湖退背景下长6发育厚层砂体,成因复杂,主要包括深水三角洲砂体、滑塌砂体、砂质碎屑流砂体和浊积砂体等类型。其中三角洲砂体发育各种交错层理; 滑塌砂体多顶底突变,发育滑动面; 砂质碎屑流沉积颗粒大小混杂,含泥岩撕裂屑; 浊积砂体通常为正粒序,或呈块状。从平面上分析,东北物源控制区主要为进积的三角洲砂体、滑塌砂体夹浊积砂体; 西部、西南物源影响区主要为浊积砂体、滑塌和砂质碎屑流砂体; 混源区和东北物源体系的前端主要为砂质碎屑流砂体、滑塌砂体和浊积砂体。     

江苏镇江东部大路—姚桥断裂新构造运动特征

通过地震剖面、可控源异常体解译、野外露头剖面勘察以及施工钻孔和连孔剖面等资料,首次详细证实了大路—姚桥断裂具新构造运动特征,根据邻区测年结果及中晚更新世沉积的下蜀组老黄土,推断出断层的活动时间为第四纪中更新世早期和中更新世以前。新构造运动致使中更新世以来断层两侧沉积了完全不同的岩相特征,形成了2套不同的沉积体系。新构造运动的发现对镇江市的规划和建设以及地质灾害的预防具有重要的指导作用,对苏锡常地裂缝的研究具有一定的指导意义。     

准噶尔盆地腹部地区侏罗系沉积体系展布

利用地震、测井、岩心资料,根据沉积构造、相序、岩性剖面结构、砂体厚度、含砂率变化确定了准噶尔盆地与腹部地区侏罗系沉积体系及分布.结果表明：该区堆积了近4000m厚的浅水辫状三角洲相粗粒砂砾岩与深水湖泊相泥岩沉积,以广泛发育的辫状三角洲沉积体系为特征.西北缘、西缘和东侧发育3大物源区,相应地形成3支砂体.早侏罗世具“三分”或“二分”沉积体系分布格局,中侏罗世西山窑组沉积时期是重要转折点,此后水深总体变浅,中晚侏罗世继承了“二分”格局,但出现大面积剥蚀区.     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.