北淮阳东段杨家湾岩体地球化学特征、锆石U-Pb定年及地质意义

北淮阳东段杨家湾岩体为石英闪长岩,SiO_2、Al_2O_3和碱质含量中等,Mg#小,具准铝质高钾钙碱性系列岩石特征。该岩体的稀土元素含量较低,(La/Yb)N和LREE/HREE比值均较高,具较弱的Ce负异常,轻稀土分馏明显,重稀土较平坦,属轻稀土富集型;富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)Rb、Ba、K及高场强元素(HFSE)Zr、Hf、YNb、Ta、Ti、P、U呈低谷负异常,亏损HFSE,富集LILE。通过LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年,首次获得杨家湾岩体年龄为139.6±2.2Ma,属燕山中期,是早白垩世早期岩浆活动的产物,代表杨家湾岩体的成岩年龄。     

北淮阳东段山七岩体地球化学特征、LA-ICP-MS 锆石U-Pb年龄及地质意义

北淮阳东段山七岩体岩性为石英闪长岩,SiO₂、Al₂O₃含量中等,富碱质,Mg^#低,具偏铝质碱性系列岩石特征。稀土元素含量中等,La_N/Yb_N值和LREE/HREE值均较大,HREE相对于LREE明显亏损,具较弱的Ce负异常,轻稀土相对富集,分馏较明显,重稀土分馏不明显。岩石富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)Rb、Ba、K和高场强元素(HFSE)Zr、Hf、Y,明显亏损Nb、Ta、Ti、P、U。通过LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年,获得山七岩体²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U年龄为128.2±3.3Ma,属早白垩世早期。主量元素及微量元素地球化学特征均表明山七岩体岩浆来源于地壳,受地幔物质混染。     

安徽广德县刘村岩体的地球化学特征、锆石 U-Pb定年及成因探讨

刘村岩体岩石类型主要为中细粒似斑状二长花岗岩,部分为粗中粒二长花岗岩,两者呈渐变过渡关系。具准铝质-弱过铝质的高钾钙碱性系列岩石特征。其LREE/HREE、La N/Yb N值较大,显示其轻重稀土分馏明显,富集轻稀土、亏损重稀土。岩石总体具有大离子亲石元素(LILE)Rb、Th富集,Sr、Ba亏损,高场强元素(HFSE)U、La、Ce、Nd、Hf、Zr富集,Nb、Ta、Ti亏损,岩体整体亏损HFSE,富集LILE。通过LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年,获得刘村岩体206Pb/238U年龄为123.2±2.2 Ma,属早白垩世岩浆活动产物,代表刘村岩体的成岩年龄。刘村岩体富集—强富集的元素有W、Mo、Zn、As、Sb、Hg、Cu、Au等,表明该岩体是铜及多金属富集成矿的有利地段。     

巴干贡巴晚三叠世石英闪长岩地球化学特征及成因

巴干贡巴地区主要产出有四处燕山期石英闪长岩体,SiO2较为稳定,岩石均具富钾钙的特点。里特曼组合指数σ=0.96～1.55,属于钙碱性岩石;稀土总量ΣREE为69.98～-223.68;LREE为58.71～170.86;HREE为10.95～19.12;轻重稀土比值LREE/HREE为5.21～19.43,属于轻稀土富集,重稀土亏损型;无明显Eu异常反应;Th、La、Nd、Hf具明显富集显正异常,Ba、Ta、Nb、Sr、Ti具明显亏损现象。综合分析认为该区岩体为下地壳部分熔融形成的"I"型花岗岩,属受张性断裂影响的被动侵位类型。     

北淮阳东段板桥岩体地球化学特征及同位素年代学研究

位于北淮阳东段的板桥岩体为凌家冲杂岩体的重要组成部分,岩石类型为花岗闪长岩。该岩体偏铝质、富碱、高钾、贫钙,属于高钾钙碱性系列岩石;稀土元素含量中等,(La/Yb)N与HREE/LREE值较高,重稀土元素相对亏损,铕弱负异常,属轻稀土元素富集型;大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba、K、La、Nd富集,高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti、P亏损。通过LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年,获得板桥岩体~(206)Pb/~(238) U年龄为129.0±1.9Ma,表明该岩体形成于燕山晚期,是早白垩世岩浆活动的产物。板桥花岗闪长岩形成于后碰撞的伸展构造环境。     

云南建水县黄草坝岩体岩石地球化学特征及时代探讨

建水县黄草坝岩体岩石地球化学分析表明,岩体∑REE488.87×10^-6～943.76×10^-6,LREE/HREE12.43～29.75,指示轻稀土富集,重稀土亏损,具不明显负铕异常(δEu=0.83～0.87),负铈异常(δCe=0.89～0.90),在稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分模式图上,稀土分馏明显,暗示岩浆源区可能来自壳幔混溶。微量元素原始地幔标准化蛛网图中,具明显的锯齿状分配形式,为典型富钾玄武岩特征,岩石总体富集放射性元素(Th、U)、大离子亲石元素(LREE、Zr、Sm),明显亏损Ta、P、Ti等元素。锆石LA-ICP-MS测年结果80.02±0.7Ma,与个旧花岗岩基中碱性侵入岩为同一构造热事件的产物。     

北淮阳东段塘湾岩体地球化学特征、锆石U-Pb测年及地质意义

位于安徽北淮阳东段的塘湾岩体为凌家冲杂岩体的重要组成部分,岩石类型为石英闪长岩。该岩体偏铝质、低硅、富碱、高钠,属于高钾钙碱性系列岩石;稀土元素含量中等,（La/Yb）N与HREE/LREE值较高,重稀土相对亏损,Eu弱负异常,属轻稀土富集型;大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba、K、La、Nd富集,高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti、P亏损。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果显示塘湾岩体206Pb/238U年龄为（138.0±2.9）Ma,表明岩体为早白垩世岩浆活动的产物。基于区域地质背景及构造环境判别,塘湾石英闪长岩形成于后碰撞伸展构造环境。     

湘东邓阜仙二云母花岗岩锆石U-Pb年代学及地球化学研究

邓阜仙花岗岩体位于湖南茶陵县东北部,是一个由黑云母花岗岩、二云母花岗岩和白云母花岗岩组成的复式岩体。其中,二云母花岗岩与钨成矿关系最为密切。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素定年测得二云母花岗岩的加权平均年龄为154.4±2.2 Ma(MSWD=5.6,n=20),为燕山早期侵位。岩石地球化学研究表明,邓阜仙二云母花岗岩具有高硅、富碱、贫镁铁、强过铝质和高分异的特点。花岗岩相对富集大离子亲石元素Cs、Rb、K和高场强元素Th、U、Pb,亏损Ba、Sr和Ti等,稀土总量偏低(ΣREE平均值为90.59×10-6),轻稀土相对富集(LREE/HREE比值平均为9.97),铕负异常显著(δEu平均值为0.34),稀土元素配分模式呈右倾型。根据区域地质和花岗岩地球化学特征,确定岩石为S型花岗岩,形成于造山后伸展构造环境。     

北淮阳东段西汤池岩体地球化学特征、锆石U-Pb定年及成因

西汤池岩体位于安徽北淮阳地区舒城县西汤池一带。西汤池似斑状二长花岗岩具高硅、富碱质特征,为铝饱和碱性系列岩石。稀土元素含量中等,(La/Yb)_N与HREE/LREE值较高,重稀土相对轻稀土亏损明显,Eu呈弱负异常,属轻稀土富集型。大离子亲石元素(Rb、K、La、Nd等)明显富集,而高场强元素(Nb、Ta、P、Ti等)亏损。通过LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年,获得西汤池二长花岗岩~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄为(125.5±1.6)Ma,为早白垩世岩浆活动的产物。基于前人关于北淮阳地区区域地质背景方面的研究成果和本次地球化学构造环境判别方面的研究,认为西汤池二长花岗岩属A_1型花岗岩,形成于后碰撞的伸展构造环境。     

黑龙江秋皮沟铜矿床年代学与地球化学特征及成因

秋皮沟矿床位于小兴安岭-张广才岭成矿带延寿矿集区。在野外地质调查的基础上开展了锆石 LA--ICP--MS U--Pb 法测年、主量与微量元素测试。测试结果显示,主量元素中Ca、Ti、Al、Si 等在花岗岩、矽卡岩和大理岩间发生了迁入和迁出,含量呈线性变化关系。成矿岩体花岗岩属过铝质钙碱性系列花岗岩( A/CNK = 1. 26,Na2O/K2O = 0. 93,σ = 1. 27) ; 富集Rb、Th、U、Nd 等元素,亏损Sr、 P、Ti,具有与俯冲带岩浆岩地球化学相似的特征。各样品稀土配分模式轻稀土( LREE) 富集,重稀土( HREE) 亏损,具轻微的Eu 负异常,其相似的REE 配分模式表明它们在成因上具内在联系。花岗岩锆石U--Pb 谐和年龄184. 1 ± 2. 2 Ma,属于早侏罗世。秋皮沟矿床的形成晚于184. 1 ± 2. 2 Ma,可能与太平洋板块俯冲有关。     

南秦岭下地壳组成及岩石圈的拆离俯冲作用

根据新提供的Pb同位素组成及岩石地球化学研究成果，本文进一步证实了位于北秦岭北界的明港地区发育的早中生代安山玄武质火山角砾岩岩筒所携带的下地壳捕虏体属于南秦岭。所恢复的南秦岭下地壳剖面自下而上为：底侵成因的变辉长岩-基性麻粒岩(其中含有榴辉岩及辉石岩的透镜体)-酸性麻粒岩。秦岭造山带总体的岩石因模型为：南秦岭(扬子块体)向北拆离俯冲，北秦岭地壳向华北仰冲，华北岩石因呈楔状插入秦岭造山带，拆离面约在中、下地壳之间。南秦岭俯冲岩片延伸的范围在平面上有可能达到400km。     

青藏高原综合观测研究站的回顾与展望

中国科学院青藏高原综合观测研究站从１９８８年建站到１９９８年以来,在各个方面均取得了长足的发展,横向生产性项目的开展和完成不仅解决了部队和地方的实际问题,而且缓和了观测研究站在运行过程中所面临的经费严重不足的问题,同时也为我所冻土专业研究人员提供了在生产中实践的机会,在基础理论研究方面,承担了国家攀登计划项目,国家基金项目,中国科学院重点项目和中国科学院冰冻圈专项项目等的研究工作,在多年冻土变化,     

Principles of spatial organization and evolution of the biosphere and the noosphere

In his last lifetime essay, “A Few Words about the Noosphere”, Academician V.I. Vernadsky (1944) wrote that all living organisms on the planet, including man, are integral to the biosphere of the Earth, its material and energy structure and cannot be physically independent of it even for a minute. However, the substrate that generates all living beings and is no less tightly bound to the biosphere has always been characterized by a significant geochemical heterogeneity, traced both in the vertical and in the lateral structure of all geospheres.

The present work is devoted to three most important aspects of modern geochemistry and biogeochemistry:

• — evolution of the ecological and geochemical state of the environment under conditions of a virgin (anthropogenically untouched) biosphere;
• — structural features of the geochemical organization of the modern noosphere;
• — specificity of the interaction of living matter with the environment under increasing anthropogenic load.

On the basis of theoretical concepts of biogeochemistry and geochemical ecology, formulated in the works of V.I. Vernadsky, A.P. Vinogradov, A.E. Fersman, B.B. Polynov, A.I. Perel’man, M.A. Glazovskaya, V.V. Kovalsky, E. Odum, B. Commoner, E.I. Kolchinskii and others, the author puts forward a hypothesis that there exist two qualitatively different stages in the evolution of the biosphere.The first stage is recognized as the period of natural evolution of the biosphere during which it evolves successively into a more complex and more biogeochemically specialized object. In the course of the geological time, this constantly results, on the one hand, in an increase in species diversity and the perfection of individual species, and, on the other hand, to directed improvement and a greater differentiation of the geochemical conditions of the environment. At this stage, the evolution of all systems of the biosphere that were controlled by the mechanisms of self-organization and self-regulation resulted in the establishment of a dynamic equilibrium, which was responsible for the cycling of all essential chemical elements and therefore providing ecologically optimal geochemical conditions in all ecological niches and for all species and biocenoses inhabiting the biosphere at any given moment.The beginning of the second stage is related to the appearance of reason and qualitative changes in the biosphere caused by the goal-directed activity of the human mind, as an entirely new geological force that appeared to be able not only to disrupt the functioning of natural mechanisms of self-regulation and selforganization, but also to transform the environment in the intersts of a single biological species, Homo sapiens. A direct consequence of this change was the uncontrolled transformation of the natural environment, during which the primary structure (geochemical background) created in the course of billions of years was eventually superimposed by a qualitatively new layer of anthropogenically-derived chemical elements and compounds, thus building an interference pattern of a new geochemical field with which practically all modern living organisms are now forced to interact.An outstanding feature of the new evolutionary stage of the natural environment, called by Vernadsky the noosphere, is that biogeochemical changes at this stage proceed at a rate which exceeds that required for the living matter to adapt to these changes. The result is the disruption of the existing parameters of the biological cycle, leading to the emergence of a significant number of endemic diseases of geochemical nature.The proposed approach was used to prove the anthropogenic genesis of existing geochemical endemic diseases and explain the mechanisms of their appearance. In addition, this approach allowed us to develop a new methodology for mapping zones of ecological and geochemical risk and noticeably simplify the procedure of monitoring distribution and prevention of all diseases of geochemical nature.     

铀钍的地球化学及对地壳演化和生物进化的影响

本文论述了在含挥发份和贫挥发份条件下Ｕ、Ｔｈ的迁移行为及其对地球和行星演化的影响,并阐述了造成地球独特地质演化历史的原因。提出了Ｕ、Ｔｈ在地球中的迁移模式以及该模式对地壳形成、演化的控制作用和对生物发展演化的可能影响。     

Wavelets and the Generalization of the Variogram

The experimental variogram computed in the usual way by the method of moments and the Haar wavelet transform are similar in that they filter data and yield informative summaries that may be interpreted. The variogram filters out constant values; wavelets can filter variation at several spatial scales and thereby provide a richer repertoire for analysis and demand no assumptions other than that of finite variance. This paper compares the two functions, identifying that part of the Haar wavelet transform that gives it its advantages. It goes on to show that the generalized variogram of order k=1, 2, and 3 filters linear, quadratic, and cubic polynomials from the data, respectively, which correspond with more complex wavelets in Daubechies's family. The additional filter coefficients of the latter can reveal features of the data that are not evident in its usual form. Three examples in which data recorded at regular intervals on transects are analyzed illustrate the extended form of the variogram. The apparent periodicity of gilgais in Australia seems to be accentuated as filter coefficients are added, but otherwise the analysis provides no new insight. Analysis of hyerpsectral data with a strong linear trend showed that the wavelet-based variograms filtered it out. Adding filter coefficients in the analysis of the topsoil across the Jurassic scarplands of England changed the upper bound of the variogram; it then resembled the within-class variogram computed by the method of moments. To elucidate these results, we simulated several series of data to represent a random process with values fluctuating about a mean, data with long-range linear trend, data with local trend, and data with stepped transitions. The results suggest that the wavelet variogram can filter out the effects of long-range trend, but not local trend, and of transitions from one class to another, as across boundaries.     

A geodynamic model of the evolution of the Arctic basin and adjacent territories in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic and the outer limit of the Russian Continental Shelf

The tectonic evolution of the Arctic Region in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic is considered with allowance for the Paleozoic stage of evolution of the ancient Arctida continent. A new geodynamic model of the evolution of the Arctic is based on the idea of the development of upper mantle convection beneath the continent caused by subduction of the Pacific lithosphere under the Eurasian and North American lithospheric plates. The structure of the Amerasia and Eurasia basins of the Arctic is shown to have formed progressively due to destruction of the ancient Arctida continent, a retained fragment of which comprises the structural units of the central segment of the Arctic Ocean, including the Lomonosov Ridge, the Alpha-Mendeleev Rise, and the Podvodnikov and Makarov basins. The proposed model is considered to be a scientific substantiation of the updated Russian territorial claim to the UN Commission on the determination of the Limits of the Continental Shelf in the Arctic Region.     

Palaeoecology and the origin of the coconut

While botanists, archaeologists, historians and linguists have contributed to the debate on the origin of the coconut pollen analysts have been silent. This article attempts to integrate the results of recent palaeoecological research with findings from the other disciplines.