北淮阳东段塘湾岩体地球化学特征、锆石U-Pb测年及地质意义

位于安徽北淮阳东段的塘湾岩体为凌家冲杂岩体的重要组成部分,岩石类型为石英闪长岩。该岩体偏铝质、低硅、富碱、高钠,属于高钾钙碱性系列岩石;稀土元素含量中等,（La/Yb）N与HREE/LREE值较高,重稀土相对亏损,Eu弱负异常,属轻稀土富集型;大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba、K、La、Nd富集,高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti、P亏损。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果显示塘湾岩体206Pb/238U年龄为（138.0±2.9）Ma,表明岩体为早白垩世岩浆活动的产物。基于区域地质背景及构造环境判别,塘湾石英闪长岩形成于后碰撞伸展构造环境。     

辽北西丰地区宝兴岩体LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及岩石地球化学特征

宝兴岩体位于华北板块北缘陆缘活动带东段,岩性为花岗闪长岩,LA-ICP-MS锆石~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄加权平均值为235.0±1.3Ma,属于中三叠世。岩石的K_2O/Na_2O平均值为1.07,属高钾钙碱性系列;富集大离子亲石元素,亏损高场强元素,具有活动陆缘钙碱性岩系特征;稀土元素总量平均值为147×10~(-6),稀土元素配分曲线右倾,属具中等负Eu异常的轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素亏损型。通过岩石学、岩石地球化学及年代学研究,结合邻区构造演化研究,认为中三叠世研究区在伸展作用下岩石圈进行拆沉,从而形成大规模的岩浆活动。     

辽东半岛早白垩世黑云母二长闪长岩锆石U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素特征及地质意义

为探讨辽东半岛中生代闪长岩类岩石成因及其形成构造背景,选取辽东半岛岫岩西南部黄岭岩体为研究对象,开展岩相学、锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学、Hf同位素地球化学和岩石地球化学研究.结果表明:黄岭岩体由黑云母二长闪长岩组成;锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄为127.4±1.9 Ma,成岩为早白垩世;岩石地球化学元素特征表明,黄岭黑云母二长闪长岩具高钾钙碱性,轻稀土元素富集,重稀土亏损,富集Rb、Zr、K等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、P、Ti等高场强元素,正Eu异常;ε_Hf（t）值为－20.1~－18.0,二阶段Hf模式年龄T_DM2为2 316~2 450 Ma,揭示二长闪长岩可能是古元古代古老地壳部分熔融形成.结合区域构造演化推测黄岭岩体形成于古太平洋板块向欧亚板块俯冲挤压后折返伸展的构造背景.      

大兴安岭扎兰屯地区晚奥陶世石英闪长岩体岩石地球化学特征及其地质意义

扎兰屯音河岩体被音河水系分为南、北两部分,研究发现南、北岩体形成年代不同,选取南部岩体(称为二村岩体)进行研究。二村岩体主要由石英闪长岩-英云闪长岩组成,石英闪长岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为444.0±4.6Ma,时代为晚奥陶世。岩石化学组成相对富钠、贫钾,Na2O/K2O值大于1(1.73~3.17),属中钾钙碱性系列。岩石富含轻稀土元素、亏损重稀土元素,富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba、K,显著亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等高场强元素。矿物组成及岩石地球化学特征指示其为I型花岗岩。岩体的形成时代、构造背景与多宝山岛弧火成岩相似,为区域多宝山岛弧西南向延伸提供了新的制约。     

冈底斯中段扎扎龙矿区闪长岩体锆石U-Pb年代学、岩石地球化学特征及其意义

扎扎龙矿区位于西藏冈底斯中段,隆格尔念青唐古拉铁、铜、铅、锌、银成矿带之西段。岩石学、LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年及岩石地球化学特征研究显示:扎扎龙矿区闪长岩体的岩石类型主要为闪长岩,个别为石英闪长岩,其LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为(64.15±0.52) Ma,形成于古新世(E₁)早期;闪长岩体属准铝质过铝质岩石(A/CNK值为0.89~1.06),具高钾钙碱性系列的特征;稀土元素表现为轻稀土弱富集的右倾斜型,绝大多数(La/Yb)_N为1.78~2.08,具弱的负铕异常(δEu=0.65~0.81);微量元素普遍表现出K、Th元素的富集和Nb、P、Ti元素的强烈亏损。扎扎龙闪长岩体源区为壳幔混合源区,形成于雅鲁藏布江洋高角度俯冲阶段,暗示了印度-亚洲大陆碰撞时间应晚于65 Ma。     

华北北缘东段开原地区三叠纪侵入岩年代学及岩石地球化学研究

本文报道了位于华北北缘东段开原地区尖山子岩体、宝兴岩体和树德屯岩体的岩相学、岩石地球化学及年代学特征,探讨了上述岩体的形成时代、岩石成因及其构造环境。锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,尖山子岩体形成于251±1.3Ma,宝兴岩体形成于235±1.3Ma,树德屯岩体形成于224±1.9Ma,说明开原地区三叠纪存在早三叠世、中三叠世和晚三叠世三个时期的岩浆活动。尖山子岩体以二长花岗岩为主,具高硅低镁特征,属钙碱性系列;富集大离子亲石元素Rb、K、Ba、Th,相对亏损Ta、Nb、P、Hf、Zr等高强场元素;δEu=0.55~1.87,(La/Yb)N=6.23~47.9,轻重稀土分馏明显,富集轻稀土,亏损重稀土。宝兴岩体以花岗闪长岩为主,Si O2含量变化较大(52.36%~74.06%),Al2O3含量(14.5%~17.34%),Mg O含量(0.61%~3.66%),属钙碱性系列;富集大离子亲石元素Rb、K、Ba、Th,相对亏损Ta、Nb、P、Ti等高强场元素;无明显的Eu异常,(La/Yb)N=6.81~25.6,轻重稀土分馏较明显,富集轻稀土,亏损重稀土。树德屯岩体以闪长岩为主,岩石具有低硅高镁特征,K2O/Na2O比值为0.33~0.76,显示富K贫Na特征,属钙碱性系列;富集大离子亲石元素Rb、K、Ba、Th,相对亏损Ta、Nb、P、Ti、Hf、Zr等高强场元素;无明显的Eu异常,(La/Yb)N=3.87~10.2,轻重稀土分馏不明显。上述岩石地球化学特征表明,尖山子岩体和宝兴岩体的原始岩浆起源于下地壳基性物质的部分熔融,树德屯岩体的原始岩浆起源于亏损的地幔楔。研究区三叠纪岩浆岩形成于造山阶段挤压环境下。华北北缘东段的挤压碰撞作用一直持续到晚三叠世(224Ma),而造山阶段向造山后阶段的构造转换(挤压地壳加厚向伸展垮塌的环境转换)发生于晚三叠世-早侏罗世(224~180Ma)期间。华北北缘东段中生代岩石圈减薄或破坏始于晚三叠世-早侏罗世(224~180Ma)期间。     

安徽广德县刘村岩体的地球化学特征、锆石 U-Pb定年及成因探讨

刘村岩体岩石类型主要为中细粒似斑状二长花岗岩,部分为粗中粒二长花岗岩,两者呈渐变过渡关系。具准铝质-弱过铝质的高钾钙碱性系列岩石特征。其LREE/HREE、La N/Yb N值较大,显示其轻重稀土分馏明显,富集轻稀土、亏损重稀土。岩石总体具有大离子亲石元素(LILE)Rb、Th富集,Sr、Ba亏损,高场强元素(HFSE)U、La、Ce、Nd、Hf、Zr富集,Nb、Ta、Ti亏损,岩体整体亏损HFSE,富集LILE。通过LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年,获得刘村岩体206Pb/238U年龄为123.2±2.2 Ma,属早白垩世岩浆活动产物,代表刘村岩体的成岩年龄。刘村岩体富集—强富集的元素有W、Mo、Zn、As、Sb、Hg、Cu、Au等,表明该岩体是铜及多金属富集成矿的有利地段。     

内蒙古乌拉特中旗扎嘎乌苏岩体LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及其地质意义

内蒙古乌拉特中旗中蒙边境地区的扎嘎乌苏岩体主要由闪长岩、石英闪长岩、花岗闪长岩和黑云母二长花岗岩组成,岩体及围岩普遍发育面理南倾的糜棱岩带。通过LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年,获得扎嘎乌苏岩体中黑云母二长花岗岩的结晶年龄为450.3±3.7Ma(MSWD=2.8),表明扎嘎乌苏岩体的形成时代为晚奥陶世。扎嘎乌苏岩体中不同类型岩石全岩微量和稀土元素组成总体相似,均呈现轻稀土元素相对于重稀土元素强烈富集,大离子亲石元素Ba、Sr等富集,高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti相对亏损,高Sr,低Y、Yb,高Sr/Y、La/Yb值等特征,具有埃达克岩和岛弧岩浆岩的地球化学特征。这些新的年代学和岩石地球化学数据,为索伦山地区晚奥陶世古亚洲洋俯冲消减提供了可靠的证据。     

东昆仑祁漫塔格乌兰拜兴地区中泥盆世花岗岩年龄、地球化学特征及其地质意义

东昆仑祁漫塔格乌兰拜兴地区花岗岩体由二长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩组成,SiO_2含量为67.47%～73.63%,全碱(Na_2O+K_2O)含量为6.74%～7.89%,K_2O/Na_2O=0.59～1.30,A/CNK=0.91～1.08,属高钾钙碱性系列和钙碱性系列,准铝质-过铝质岩石。稀土元素总量平均为137.28×10~(-6),δEu值为0.37～0.89,平均为0.57,(La/Yb)_N值为6.72～19.36,平均为10.75。稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分曲线呈负Eu异常明显的右倾型;岩体明显富集大离子亲石元素Rb、K,不相容元素U和Th,轻稀土元素和Pb;相对亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、P、Ti,以及大离子亲石元素Ba;岩石Rb/Sr值为0.45～1.17,平均为0.72,介于上地幔值和地壳值之间; Nb/Ta值为5.36～13.90,平均为10.93,比值总体低于地幔平均值,显示壳幔混合的特点。采用锆石U-Pb定年的方法,获得乌兰拜兴花岗闪长岩的~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄为384.1±2.4Ma,代表该岩体的形成年龄。结合岩石地球化学、构造特征和区域地质背景,认为该岩体形成于中泥盆世晚期后碰撞陆内伸展阶段,并与铁多金属矿成矿密切相关,在矿产勘查中应引起重视。     

内蒙古东部央格力雅山中酸性岩地球化学特征、锆石U-Pb年龄及地质意义

内蒙古东部央格力雅山岩体岩性为正长花岗岩、二长花岗岩和英云闪长岩。正长花岗岩U-Pb年龄为130.4±1.1Ma,英云闪长岩U-Pb年龄为126.6±3.0Ma、二长花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄分别为131.6±1.1Ma和130.7±1.5Ma,显示岩体侵位时间为早白垩世。地球化学研究表明,该花岗岩体具有富硅、富碱、贫钙的特征,属准铝质-过铝质高钾钙碱性系列岩石;稀土元素总量较低、轻重稀土元素分馏明显,(La/Nb)N值在9.14～24.86之间、正Eu异常显著(δEu值为1.03～1.53);微量元素K、La、Sr、Gd等明显富集,Nb、Pr、P、Ti等亏损;大离子亲石元素相对高场强元素富集。岩石分异指数平均为80.63,岩石成因类型属高分异I型花岗岩,岩浆来源于下地壳岩石的部分熔融,形成于伸展环境,与古太平洋板块俯冲作用密切相关。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.