The Resita industrial complex: Perspectives in Historical Geography

Although Historical Geography has not been a major priority in recent years it is possible to construct a detailed picture of geographical change through examination of research generated by a range of disciplines. In this paper such an exercise is focussed on one of Romania's oldest industrial regions which has developed around the metallurgical complex of Resita. Interaction between the town and the surrounding district is traced through several technological phases; leading up to the present emphasis on recreation in the mountains combined with an uncertain future for iron and steel production in the city. A greater interest in Historical Geography in future should permit a better understanding of the evolution of other industrial areas.     

我国城市游憩空间研究现状与重点发展领域

首先从城市游憩空间的类型、结构、演化、评价、规划设计与游憩行为特征等方面分析了我国目前的研究现状并进行了评述,指出了其中存在的各种问题。在此基础上针对我国城市游憩空间研究面临的机遇与挑战,提出了今后应重点研究的若干方向和领域。     

Researching the South African tourism and development nexus

Under apartheid, tourism was essentially anti-developmental in focus and tourism research largely centred on the recreation of white South Africans. Since the 1994 democratic transition tourism has become recognised as an increasingly important sector for South Africa's economy and for achieving the government's goals for reconstruction and development. In this paper a review and critical analysis is presented of the changing directions and foci of tourism scholarship in South Africa. It is shown that South African scholars are beginning to respond to the challenges posed by tourism as a developmental focus. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Geography,tourism and recreation in the antipodes

Conclusions This review, albeit of necessity selective, has outlined a diversity of interests, not only in subject matter but also in approach; a concern with methodological and conceptual issues as well as with the practical application of such research. Thus in spite of the small number of Antipodean geographers actively engaged in the field, the indications are that tourism and recreation research is alive, well and flourishing in the South Pacific.     

马四剖面揭示的共和盆地12 ka以来的环境演变

以共和盆地东部风成沉积剖面(MS剖面)磁化率为依据,运用四次回归方程重建了剖面形成时的年均气温和降水量,确定近12 ka以来共和盆地年均温度–0.37℃～5.09℃,多年平均温度为2.5℃,降水量267.91～550.77 mm,多年平均降水量为418.62 mm。对常量元素氧化物(SiO_2、Al_2O_3和Fe_2O_3)含量进行分析,结果表明:1)古土壤层SiO_2含量均低于风成砂层, Al_2O_3和Fe_2O_3含量均高于风成砂层; 2)风成砂层SiO_2含量S3>S5>S1,Al_2O_3和Fe_2O_3含量S5>S3>S1,揭示S3层形成时期冷干, S5层次之, S1层干旱程度较弱;土壤层SiO_2含量S4>S2>S6, Al_2O_3和Fe_2O_3含量为S6>S2>S4,表明S6形成时期气候温湿, S2层次之, S4层温湿程度较低; 3)分层氧化物变异系数大小表明S2和S6层形成时气候波动剧烈, S1和S3层形成时期气候较稳定。以常量元素氧化物含量、温度和降水为依据,结合14C测年,重建了近12 ka以来共和盆地环境演变过程:11.9 ka BP以前为凉干期,11.9～9.7 ka BP为温湿期, 9.7～8.0 ka BP为冷干期, 8.0～4.8 ka BP为暖湿期, 4.8～2.9 ka BP为凉干期, 2.9 ka BP以来为温润期。马四剖面记录的环境演变过程与青藏高原其他区域环境演变过程具有相似性,表明共和盆地环境演变与区域环境变化具有同步性。     

Mountain environments: An assessment

The celebrated 1972 Stockholm environmental conference focused attention on the condition of the world's environment. A twenty year retrospective summary is provided by the introduction and specialty papers on all facets of mountain society and habitat relationships. Theories, models and paradigms that guided mountain research are critically examined. Specific attention is given to the application of the ecology paradigm. Contemporary discoveries and developments about resource management in mountains are elucidated. Assessments of the mountain environment, including wildlife habitat, tourism and recreation, forests, hazards, deforestation, food plant biodiversity, risk and hazard, are provided by the specialty articles. These papers were prepared for the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro.     

The study of tourism in Britain — a geographical perspective

Conclusion This review must be seen alongside others which have attempted to explore the relationship between geography (and geographers) and the study of leisure and recreation (Coppock 1980, 1982a). It serves to confirm the wide-ranging and diverse contribution that geographers have made in this field and the ways in which the study of tourism has reflected developments in the wider discipline. It also confirms the very close and intimate connection between studies of tourism and social and economic policy in Britain and indicates the way in which geographers have attempted to shape policy and have in turn been influenced by the needs and demands of policymakers. The rewards of such interaction are clear and yet costs have also been incurred by the academic geographic community. Not the least of these costs is that tourism studies have been predominantly of an empirical nature and conceptual and theoretical advance has inevitably tended to lag behind these empirical investigations. It is to be hoped that the study of the geography of tourism, having now demonstrated its credentials to policymakers and decision-makers alike, can secure for itself a more central place within geographic teaching and research so that these lacunae can be remedied.     

Natural conditions and problems of their complex utilization in the German Democratic Republic

While the natural structures of the GDR territory influenced by geological features and relief formation show a north-south sequence, variations in climate belong to a more northwest-southeast directed differentiation by maritime to continental features. Already since the Middle Ages the natural conditions of this territory have been utilized by man, at present many socially necessary functions of natural regions require rational and effective solutions for the complex utilization of nature and its resources. In order to support decisionmakers by scientific foundations for the solution of these problems, Physical Geography is concerned chiefly with three tasks: 1. Determination of the suitability and carrying capacity with regard to certain requirements of society (landscape survey). 2. Analysis of the functioning of landscape systems by the investigation of natural processes and technogene impacts on them by different forms of use. 3. Elaboration of scientific foundations in order to render possible a rational utilization and effective forms of control of natural and technogene determined landscape processes.     

城市旅游开发规划研究进展评述

在总结国内旅游开发规划工作经验的基础上,从理论和实践两方面探讨了综合与整体规划、配套建设、滚动开发的操作模式以及当前旅游开发重点等,强调要突出旅游文化背景和旅游形象策划,并归纳了旅游开发规划需要研究的一系列问题。     

城市旅游开发规划进展评述

在总结国内旅游开发规划工作经验的基础上,从理论和实践两方面探讨了综合与整体规划,配套建设,滚动开发的操作模式以及当前旅游开发重点等,强调要突出旅游文化背景和旅游形象策划,并归纳了旅游开发规划需要研究的一系列问题。     

美国地理学百年发展脉络分析

美国地理学家联合会会刊》代表着美国地理学的最高水平，其载文及其变化从一个侧面反映出美国地理学的发展历程。通过对其学术论文进行统计分析，考察美国地理学的总体地位和不同领域相对地位的变化，梳理美国地理学百年发展脉络，得出以下结论：20世纪以来美国地理学经历了战前初步发展、战后快速发展和20世纪80年代以来的持续发展三大阶段，美国地理学的第二个春天正在到来；逐步形成了环境科学，研究方法、模式和地理信息科学，自然与社会，人口、地方、区域，综合地理五大领域框架；长期关注与人类发展密切相关的问题，人文地理学始终占据主导地位；非常注重实践，强调理论来源于实践、应用于实践；研究领域相对稳定，但不同方向的相对地位却此消彼长。依据载文数量的相对比例，可以概括出美国地理学发展脉络：自然（1911—1915）→经济（1916—1920）→自然（1921—1925）→地图学（1926—1930）→地方（1931—1935）→自然（1936—1940）→地理教育（1941—1945）→生态环境（1946—1950）→地方（1951—1955）→经济（1956—1975）→自然（1977—1990）→经济（1990—2005）。上述研究领域、方向及其变化，也基本上代表了世界地理学的整体发展规律。      

Australian conservation organisations' perspectives on tourism in national parks: a critique

Australia's conservation and parks organisations have become actively involved in the debate over tourism use of national parks and their associated wilderness areas. To date, at least seven organisations have produced at least ten formal policy statements and submissions. This paper presents an analysis of these policy statements.The policies reviewed use a narrow definition of tourism, based on the presence or absence of commercial, private sector activity. If commercial activity exists, then tourism exists; if not, then it is considered to be recreation. This distinction reflects the widely held opinion among many environmentalists that non-commercial use of national parks is acceptable, but that commercial use is essentially unacceptable, even though the groups may be participating in the same activity. The author argues that while making a number of valuable suggestions, these policies suffer from major conceptual flaws that minimise their contribution to the debate on acceptable human uses of parks.The author concludes by making a number of recommendations to rectify the conceptual flaws inherent in the policies.     

陕西延川黄河蛇曲国家地质公园地质遗迹特征与旅游开发价值

陕西延川黄河蛇曲国家地质公园是我国目前最密集,规模最大、发育最完好的干流峡谷型蛇曲.她以黄河秦晋大峡谷壮丽的自然景观为依托,以河流地质遗迹景观和黄土地貌景观为主体,以人文景观为陪衬,给游客提供优美舒适的户外游憩环境,集开发科学考察、科普教育、游览观光、生态旅游、休闲度假为一体的多功能地质公园.但地质遗迹资源自身价值的优...     

Geographic concepts and the development of tourism research in Canada

Tourism research in Canadian Geography departments goes back to the early 1950s with R.I. Wolfe's impact studies of vacation destinations in Ontario. Prior to that, most studies were of an in house type, conducted by government agencies and private corporations having a stake in tourism-Parks Canada, the Canadian Office of Tourism and the Canadian Pacific Corporation.The geographic approaches and concepts applied to the study field range from holistic-environmental studies originating from the Parks Canada mandate to analyses of tourist-related service industry operations. A number of major interest areas can be identified in the more conceptual geographic evolution: carrying capacity, land use differentiation, destination area impact, spatial linkage application to tourist area development, regional historical research to mention some. This paper provides an interpretation of how such concepts emerged on the scene of Canadian tourism research, by presenting them in an evolutionary-historical framework of analysis.     

旅游地学的研究概述

国内旅游地学的研究比西方国家晚了许多年，全面了解国外旅游地学的发展，对于国内相关研究有很大的借鉴意义。本文在回顾西方旅游地学研究历程的基础上，阐述了其研究方法、研究内客和研究新趋势。正是由于这门新兴边缘学科还不成熟，所以激励着广大学者投身到进一步的研究中来。     

The future of Geography: when the whole is less than the sum of its parts

In a recent article, Thrift has presented an optimistic account of the future of Geography. While this reply is broadly supportive of his claims that Geography is more diverse, and has more to offer than ever before, it is less optimistic with respect to the prospects for the survival of Geography as a unitary academic discipline. Experiences over the last 20 years in the UK higher education, in particular, the 2001 RAE exercise, point to an unfavourable institutional climate for the discipline. Within Geography, the ever-increasing diversity of its subject matter and research philosophy poses problems for disciplinary identity. This is reflected in the more restricted perspective of the subject outside the universities, and is compounded by a weakening of the link between Geography in the universities and the schools. In these circumstances, serious attention must be given to the changing nature of the discipline, to its positioning with respect to other subjects, and to its relations with the wider world. At a time of academic, cultural, technological and social dynamism, there are, nevertheless, opportunities as well as dangers for the subject. Although this reply is an explicitly bleak one regarding the future, the implicit message is that Geography can (and should) still prosper. The more positive outcome, however, rests on an appreciation and nurturing of a more traditional geographical heritage than Thrift identifies, as well as a more creative view of the relationship between fundamental and applied research.     

Development of recreational geography in the USSR

Specific features of development of recreation geography in the USSR are, first of all — combination of the deliberate outstripping theoretical research based on the systems approach with the traditional techniques of field investigation of actual dhenomena, and second — combination of scientific activities with active interference into practical territorial organization of recreation of different groups of population. Development of recreation geography has influenced the other branches of geography, as well as the theory of project-design and architecture. Rapid growth of a new branch of science is considered as an illustration of high integrating potentialities of modern geography, which is now based not only on the empirical studies, but on the theoretical search as well.     

International tourism and civil aviation in the South Pacific: issues and innovations

This paper examines recent trends in tourism in the South Pacific islands and looks in particular at the way in which airline links between markets and destinations are forged, maintained and developed through time. Geography, politics and organisational dynamics combine to present island nations in the South Pacific with numerous dilemmas. The interdependencies between tourism and aviation cannot be over-stressed. Tourism is no panacea to cure the economic problems of Pacific island microstates, but tourism and aviation are complementary industries which offer better prospects than standing in the dole queue for aid. Given the right political and managerial climate, there is a chance to trade with dignity.     

Tourism research in the United States: a geographic perspective

The nature of tourism geography research in the United States is characterized by seven factors. First, research is not concentrated on a few topics of interest but rather is very diverse. Second, there is no research paradigm to influence the direction of investigations. Third, examination of tourism tends to stress the unique case rather than the general situation. Fourth, studies that replicate and/or verify original findings are not common. Fifth, the complexity of the tourism experience and the lack of data bases partially explain ideographic tendencies. Sixth, efforts to produce an understanding of the spatial aspects of tourism are primarily conducted by individuals and small groups. Seventh, emphasis is placed on domestic rather than international tourism. In conclusion, four future trends are noted. One, research that has been expanding rapidly will continue to increase but at a slower rate. Two, improved technology and methods of collecting information will make available large data sets for the assessment of tourism trends at international, national, regional, and state levels. Three, increased needs for useful research findings will result in more theoretical and applied investigations. Four, tourism geographers will engage in increased amounts of interdisciplinary research and begin to associate more and more with other social scientists in the examination of tourism.     

Coping with floods in the city of Dresden,Germany

During August 2002 and again in March 2005 as well as in April 2006 the city of Dresden was hit by floods. The flood in 2002 was an extreme event, only comparable to flooding in 1862 and 1890 in Dresden. The flood discharge in 2006 was the second highest discharge since 1940 at the Dresden gauge although its return period was only about 15 years. This special situation enables a comparison of the preparedness of authorities and households in the flood endangered city of Dresden in 2002 after a long period of relatively low flood discharges and in 2005/2006 just a few years after a severe flood event. Before August 2002, the flood risk awareness and flood preparedness of authorities and households in Dresden was low. The inundation channels and the Elbe riverbed had not been maintained well. Just 13% of the households had undertaken building precautionary measures. The severe flood situation as well as the low flood preparedness led to tremendous damage, e.g., losses to residential buildings amounted to 304 million €. After 2002, the municipal authorities in Dresden developed a new flood management concept and many households were motivated to undertake precautionary measures. Building precautionary measures had been actually undertaken by 67% of the households before the floods in 2005 and 2006. Flood damage was significantly lower, due to the less severe flood situations and the much better preparedness. It is an important challenge for the future to keep preparedness at a high level also without recurrent flood experiences.