黑潮及邻近海域铯-137的分布

1986年5-6月,在黑潮及其邻近海域(28°28′—36°31′N,126°29′—145°00′E)调查了~(137)Cs的活度分布。从采集34个站区表层水样的分析结果表明,~(137)Cs的活度范围为(0.55—7.6)×10~(-2)Bq/L,平均值为2.43×10~(-2)Bq/L,~(137)Cs的分布趋势是本州东南部海区~(137)Cs放射性水平略高于日本南部海区和东海东北部海区,海水中~(137)Cs的活度与盐度之间没有明显的相关关系。     

福岛核事故释放的137Cs在西北太平洋海水中输运的模拟与预测

2011-03-11日本福岛核电站放射性物质发生泄漏事件,本研究基于MASNUM(Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling)海洋环流模式,建立了西北太平洋海洋放射性物质输运扩散模式,对事故释放的~(137)Cs在海洋中的输运和扩散过程进行了20a的模拟与预测。根据与观测资料的比较,验证了所建立的模式具备模拟放射性物质在海洋中的输运扩散过程的能力。结果显示:至2015年,~(137)Cs表层活度浓度已经扩散至整个中国海域,活度浓度值在0.01Bq/m~3左右;事故发生10a后,研究海域~(137)Cs表层活度浓度趋于均匀,为0.20~0.60Bq/m~3左右;20a后,~(137)Cs在海洋表层的活度浓度要小于0.15Bq/m~3。垂向扩散的结果显示:事故发生10a后,黄海海域~(137)Cs垂向分布较为均匀,东海东部陆架海域活度浓度高于西部海域,且上层海水中~(137)Cs活度浓度高于底层海水,南海北部海域~(137)Cs活度浓度高于南部海域,且略小于黄海和东海;至2030年,中国近海~(137)Cs的活度浓度的垂向分布趋于均匀,南海略高于黄海和东海;日本海~(137)Cs活度浓度主要集中在表层,最大活度浓度出现在2016年,约为0.20Bq/m~3;西北太平洋海域~(137)Cs活度浓度要高于其他4个海域;2030年以后,整个海域~(137)Cs活度浓度在水平和垂向分布均趋于均匀,均小于0.15Bq/m~3。     

亚铁氰化铜-硅胶现场浓集γ能谱法测定海水中137Cs

本文介绍用无机离子吸附剂CuFC-SiO_2从海水中浓集~(137)Cs,然后用r能谱仪测定海水中~(137)Cs活度的简易分析测定方法。研究了过柱海水速度和海水中~(137)Cs活度变化时吸附剂对海水中~(137)Cs吸附效率的影响,探讨最佳过柱速度和吸附效率。本方法与磷钼酸铵-碘铋酸铯-β计数法有良好可比性。方法准确,简便,安全且易于掌握。     

海水中锶-90和铯-137的同时测定

本文研究了海水中痕量锶—90和铯—137同时测定的方法,在酸性条件下采用磷钼酸铵(AMP)浓集铯—137;0.45mol/dm3 HDEHP—正庚烷直接萃取钇—90(锶—90子体),沉淀源分别为碘铋酸铯、草酸钇进行低本底β—计数。本方法简便、快速,对主要核素去污效果较好;精密度和准确度均好,测定方法最低检测活度90Sr为4.5×103Bq/dm3,137Cs为5.7×10-3Bq dm3。     

广东近岸海域表层水中^90Sr和^137Cs的分布

本文提供了1989～1991年广东近岸表层水中~(90)Sr和~(137)Cs含量的分析结果。在调查海区,~(90)Sr含量为2.31～3.75mBq/L,平均值为3.21±0.45mBq/L。~(137)Cs含量为2.10～4.49mBq/L,平均值为3.47±0.89mBq/L。~(137)Cs/~(90)Sr放射性的比值为0.63～1.69,平均值为1.11±0.35。调查结果表明,近三年来未发现广东近岸海域有明显的人工放射性污染。目前广东近岸海水中的~(90)Sr和~(137)Cs主要仍是以往核试验所产生的放射性落下灰残余。     

某滨海核电厂低放射性废水的海洋环境影响预评价

以某滨海核电厂为例,分析确定58 Co、60Co、90Sr、134 Cs、137 Cs和110m Ag等放射性核素为该核电厂低放射性废水中的主要海洋环境影响评价因子.根据国际原子能机构推荐的评估模式预测了上述放射性核素排海后对电厂排放口海域环境(海水水质和沉积物质量)的影响,预测结果表明该核电厂低放射性废水正常排放后,排放口附近海域海水中的58 Co、60Co、134Cs、1 10m Ag比活度低于放射性核素比活度背景值检测限2～3个数量级;90Sr低于背景值4个数量级;137Cs略高于背景值,对周围海水环境未造成放射性污染.但58 Co、60Co、134Cs、137Cs、110m Ag在排放口近岸海域沉积物中的沉积量分别比背景值检测限高2～5个数量级,其中60Co和110m Ag沉积量最大;90Sr沉积量低于放射性背景值2个数量级.最后提出可以从生物辐射评价和核素的迁移转化规律、联合效应(综合考虑温排水、低放射性废水和余氯)和选取合适的指示生物3个方面进行跟进研究的建议,以便更完善和全面地评价核电厂低放射性废水对排放口附近海域环境的影响.     

历次核试验进入海洋的~(137)Cs对中国近海影响的模拟研究

1945年以来,世界各主要核国家进行了数千次核试验,这些核试验产生的绝大部分放射性物质通过多种途径进入海洋,对海洋环境造成放射性污染。本文建立了一个准全球海洋的放射性物质输运和扩散数值模式,通过数值模拟手段评估了历史核试验释放的放射性物质137 Cs对中国近海海洋环境的影响。本文借助前人工作评估了核试验释放137Cs进入海洋的途径和总量;通过比较模拟结果与观测资料,表明本文建立的放射性物质模式能够较好地模拟出137Cs在中国近海及其邻近海域的分布情况和随时间演变特征;模拟结果表明中国近海里的137Cs浓度在20世纪50年代中期达到最大,其中吕宋海峡海域137Cs浓度最高,达80.99Bq/m3;进一步分析了2011年3月份日本福岛核事故前中国近海137Cs浓度分布状况,2011年整个中国近海137Cs浓度介于1.0~1.6Bq/m3间,且其浓度垂向分布较均匀,相对封闭的南海浓度略高于其他海域。     

青岛近海放射性状况

随着核工业的不断发展,核能的广泛利用,影响环境和人类安全的放射性物质向海洋排放的数量日趋增加。研究海洋自净能力,保护环境,防止海洋放射性污染,已成为一个非常重要的研究课题。为了解青岛近海放射性状况,我们于1983年9月—1984年10月对该海区进行了放射性状况调查研究。从而,基本上掌握了~(60)Co,~(90)Sr,~(106)Ru,~(137)Cs,U和Th在海水、生物、沉积物中的放射性水平及其分布特征。这一调查研究,将为制定海水放射性容许标准,为估算该海区的纳污容量,为放射性环境监测提供科学依据。对保护环境,保护海产资源,维护人民健康具有一定的意义。     

黄渤海一些经济海洋生物~(40)K的测定

~(40)K是海洋中一种重要的天然放射性元素,其放射性强度约占整个海洋天然放射性强度的90%以上。钾是海洋生物的必需元素。海洋生物体内的天然放射性元素,就其放射性强度来说也主要是~(40)K。为此,在海域受到放射性污染较轻的情况下,进行海水、海洋生物和海底沉积物样品的~(40)K放射性总β调查和监测时,为了判断样品是否受到人工放射性元素的污染,必须首先扣除样品的~(40)K放射性强度。深入开展海洋生物~(40)K的含量     

厦门邻近海域海洋环境放射性水平及评价

良好的环境质量是厦门成为一个宜居和滨海旅游城市的重要基石。自日本福岛核事故发生和福建省核电站陆续运行之后,厦门邻近海域潜在的核污染风险受到公众和管理部门的关注。本研究测定了2015年2月和8月厦门邻近海域海水和海洋沉积物中主要放射性核素的含量水平,并据此评价了该海域的环境放射性质量状况。结果表明海水中总铀、90Sr、226Ra、137Cs处于我国海洋放射性水平变化范围以内,无明显季节差异,其他放射性核素58Co、60Co、134Cs、110mAg、59Fe、54Mn、65Zn均未检出,海水中90Sr和137Cs的活度最大值远低于国家海水水质标准限值,海洋沉积物中放射性核素活度水平亦在我国海洋放射性水平变化范围以内。利用我国现有的海洋放射性环境质量评价方法对厦门邻近海域放射性质量状况进行分级评价得出其海水放射性质量为2级,海洋沉积物放射性环境质量为1级,均属于安全级别。研究结果表明2015年在厦门附近海域未观测到放射性污染现象。     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.