大话土地与"三农"

“三农”，一个中国社会特有的词汇。农业、农村、农民，其中农民问题是“三农”问题的核心问题，而农民问题的核心，又是土地问题，即一方土地能不能富裕一方的农民。     

切实保障失地农民的长久收益

中央反复强调，没有农民的小康，就没有全国人民的小康：没有农村的现代化，就没有国家的现代化。农民富才能全民富，农业兴才能百业兴，农村安才能天下安。“三农”问题说到底就是土地问题，土地是农民的“命根子”，是农民最可靠的社会保障。国土资源部门作为涉农部门，做好“三农”服务工作，特别是做好失地农民的征地补偿安置和基本生活保障工作，肩负着重要的历史使命。     

农村外出务工人员土地经营问题初探

农村剩余劳动力外出务工，一方面可以直接增加农民工资性收入，另一方面，可以腾出来大量土地向其他农民或种植能手集中，不仅可以解决外出务工农民的后顾之忧，而且对促进农业产业化和调整农业产业结构，发展农村经济，提高在家农民收入，全面建设小康社会具有重要意义。因此，认真研究并妥善解决农民向非农产业转移过程中出现的土地经营问题十分重要。     

土地管理制度创新与农民增收

土地管理制度创新在各地创造了许多鲜活、有效的经验，为农民增收、农业增效、农村经济发展提供了保障。同时还有一些问题亟待解决。调整政策、完善机制才能更好地为解决好“三农”问题，特别是农民增收问题，作出国土资源管理部门应有的贡献。     

对鹤岗市新农村建设及实现农村小康的思考

党的十六大以来,各级政府出台了一系列有关积极扶持、保护、促进农业发展的新机制、新办法、农业产业化经营等措施,明确了建设社会主义新农村的发展方向。但是,如何发展农业,怎样建设小康,从而构建社会主义和谐社会,仍然是摆在我们面前的一个重大课题。笔者通过对鹤岗市农业、农村、农民现状的调查,认为发展智能化农业、实施土地整理、加快农村城镇化步伐、     

浅谈对当前农村土地改革的几点认识

农村土地是稀缺资源,是农业基本生产要素.过去对农民来说土地就是命根子,失去土地就意味着吃不上饭,失去了赖以生存的生产及生活条件.改革开放以来,我国形成了所有权和承包权“两权分离”的农村土地承包制度.近年来,为了稳定农业生产,国家明确提出农民土地承包经营权将保持稳定并长久不变,这就意味着在可预期的时期内农村承包土地不能无偿收回,然而在当前农村改革和发展中还存在一些亟待解决的突出问题.诸如:在发展现代农业过程中,农村土地分散承包与农业发展规模经营之间的矛盾;在农村土地规划利用过程中,农地开发与农民利益之间的矛盾;在城镇化建设中,农业转移人口市民化与其承包土地产权关系及其连带利益之间的矛盾等.这些问题是当前农村改革的重点和难点,也是实现四化同步推进过程中绕不过去的坎.     

中国农村土地产权制度的改革方向探索

正党的十八届三中全会提出:要加快构建新型农业经营体系,赋予农民更多的财产权利,推进城乡要素平等交换和公共资源均衡配置,完善城镇化健康发展体制。其中,"赋予农民更多的财产权利"的提法既是众望所归的"亮点"和"新意",亦是破解当前农村改革、土地流转、城镇化发展动力的重要突破口。但是,应该赋予农民怎样     

对改革征地补偿制度的思考与建议

农村土地既是农民的基本生产资料,也是农民最可靠的生活保障。处理好农村集体土地问题,尤其是征用耕地问题,农村一系列重大问题也就可能较顺利地得到解决。 温家宝同志今年1月在中央农村工作会议上说:“我要特别专门强调一下土地征用问题。目前不少征地项目不给农民合理的补偿,不妥善解决农民的生计,造成农民失地失业,危及农村社会稳定。不少地方乱占滥征耕地,随意圈地,有的地方征地规模过大。这些问题必须引起高度重视。完善征地制度是一项重要工作,直接关系农民生产、农业发展和农村稳定。”温家宝同志进一步指出,“要改进土地征用的补…     

浅议土地供应制度的改革

根据我国现行法律、法规，集体建设用地与国有建设用地存在“待遇”上的巨大差异，集体建设用地是农民最重要的财产，集体建设用地与国有建设用地不平等的“待遇”，使集体建设用地不能以市场方式有效地合理配置，影响到农业、农村和农民稳定与发展。允许集体建设用地流转，改变土地供应制度，建立以土地用途管制为核心的城乡建设用地统一的市场，建立农民土地保障基金机制是保护农民土地财产权，提高生产力发展水平，增加农民收入的要求。     

春天里的奏鸣曲

“反哺农业,保护土地,支援农村”是当代中国的主旋律。社会主义新农村建设的关键就是解决农民与土地的关系。农民的根基在土地。农民呼唤具有时代精神的土地制度,解决农民深层次的土地权属已迫在眉睫。     

GEOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF Fe,Mn,Co,As,Cr,Sb,Zn,Sc AND V IN SURFACE SEDIMENTS FROM JIAOZHOU BAY

The contents of nearly forty-elements in surface sediments in Jiaozhou Bay were determined using a Neutron Activation Analysis Technique(Grancini,et al.,1976;Li Peiquan et al.,1985,1986;Li Xiuxia etal.,1986).This paper's detailed discussion on only nine elements(Fe,Mn,Co,Cr,Sc,As,Sb,Zn andV)includes their distributions,concentrations,correlationships,material sources,background,etc.Based on Zavaristski's classification method,Fe,Mn,Co Cr and V belong to the second group;As and Sb to theeighth groups:Sc and Zn to the third and sixth groups.It was found that their notably good correla-tionship is mainly due to the similarity of their ionic structures and that their variation is controlled by theFe content(except Mn).The source of sediments is mainly terristrial material,and the composition ofsediment is similar to that of shale and shale+clay.The contents for a large number of ele-ments are within the scope of the background level,but there still is pollution of Zn and Cr,at least in a few stations.     

氟、氯、溴、碘等卤族元素与人体健康的关系

卤族元素是人体的必需元素,正常情况下成人摄入量不超过F4 mg/d、C11.7～5.1g/d、I 100～200μg/d;少年不超过F 3 mg/d,儿童I1μg/kg-d,婴儿Cl0.3～1.2 g/d.过量摄入或缺乏卤族元素,都可能导致疾病的发生.而F含量0.5～1.0mg/L、C1＜50mg/L、Br＞100μg/L、I 10～100μg/L的饮用地下水,有利于人体健康.     

Controlling mechanisms for the trace metals, (Cu,Zn, Cd,Fe, Co and Ni) in anoxic sea water in Saanich Inlet,British Columbia,Canada

A study was conducted on Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe, Co and Ni levels in Saanich Inlet anoxic seawater. Data on the concentration of these trace metals and H₂S, and other oceanographic parameters were obtained in four cruises. Equilibrium models are presented together with in situ data. The results strongly support the assumption that the solubilities of Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe, Co and Ni are controlled by bisulfide and/or polysulfide complexes. The species of Cu, Zn, Cd and Ni are shown to be Cu(S₄) ₂ ³⁻ and Cu(Sn₄S₅)³⁻, Zn(HS) ₂ ⁰ and ZnHS ₂ ⁻ , Cd(HS) ₂ ⁰ and Ni(HS) ₂ ⁰ , respectively. The solid species controlling Fe²⁺ and Co²⁺ are respectively the pyrohotites FeS and CoS. The data illustrates that thermodynamic equilibrium has been established in the H₂S-controlled seawater of Saanich Inlet, and that equilibrium has not been established in the H₂S−O₂-coexisted seawater of Saanich Inlet. The lack of equilibrium in the H₂S−O₂-coexisted seawater is a result of the flushing or mixing of oxygenated seawater with anoxic water. The new species of trace metals are still in the processes of reduction and precipitation. Contribution No. 1428 from Institute of Oceanology, Academia Sinica     

Effects of small peptides,probiotics, prebiotics,and synbiotics on growth performance,digestive enzymes,and oxidative stress in orange-spotted grouper,Epinephelus coioides,juveniles reared in artificial seawater

Aquaculture production efficiency may increase by using feed additives. This study investigated the effects of different dietary additives [w/w: 2% small peptides, 0.01% probiotics( Bacillus licheniformis) and 0.2% prebiotics(inulin)] on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, and oxidative stress in juvenile Epinephelus coioides reared in artificial seawater of two salt concentrations(13.5 vs. 28.5). Weight gain rate was significantly higher in fish fed the diet supplemented with small peptides, B. licheniformis, inulin, or synbiotics than that in fish fed the basal diet; the greatest weight gain rate was found in fish fed the small peptide treatment [56.0% higher than basal diet]. Higher feed efficiency was detected in fish fed the diet supplemented with small peptides than that of fish in the other dietary treatments. Total protease activity in the stomach and intestines was highest in fish fed the small peptide-treated diet, whereas lipase activity was highest in those fed synbiotics(combination of Bacillus licheniformis and inulin) than that in fish fed the other treatments. Antioxidant enzyme(total superoxide dismutase and catalase) activities and hepatic malondialdehyde content were higher in fish receiving the dietary supplements and maintained in artificial seawater containing 13.5 salinity compared with those in the control(28.5). Hepatic catalase activity in grouper fed the diets with small peptides or synbiotics decreased significantly compared with that in control fish. Overall, the three types of additives improved growth rate of juvenile grouper and digestive enzymes activities to varying degrees but did not effectively improve antioxidant capacity under low-salinity stress conditions.     

GROWTH, REPRODUCTION & POPULATION STRUCTURE OF THE FRESHWATER CRAB SINOPOTAMON YANG TSEKIENSE BOTT, 1967, FROM ZHEJIANG, CHINA

Monthly investigatiom were made on the population of Chinese freshwater crab, Sinopotamon yangteskiense Bott, 1967 from April, 1984 to Match, 1985. The data on 4413 specimens show that the growth was affected mainly by temperature. During the April to November growth period, the crabs' major development occured from June through October. One year was required for a fine white oocyte to develop into a mature egg. The reproduction period was June-October. Females bearing eggs were taken from June-August, and crabs with young were found from July-October. The females reproduced once a year but could for more than one year. The number of eggs carried by a female varied greatly according to the size of the crab, ranging from 30 to 100 eggs. New-bom crabs become mature after 1-2 yeats. The sex ratio was approximately 1:1 in the overall population. However, the larger crabs are predominantly male. The age distribution of S. yangtsekinese was estimated from size frequency histograms. There were more adult crabs     

气、水、岩、生、人相互作用及其环境效应

这里所指示的大气圈、水圈、岩石圈、生物圈以及人类的作用千变万化,从而对人类的生存造成巨大影响,构成了一个复杂的生态环境,讨论这些问题,对人类生存至关重要。     

Growth,reproduction & population structure of the freshwater crabSinopotamon yangtsekiense bott, 1967, from Zhejiang,China

Monthly investigations were mae on the population of Chinese freshwater crab,Sinopotamon yangtsekiense Bott, 1967 from April, 1984 to March, 1985. The data on 4413 specimens show that the growth was affected mainly by temperature. During the April to November growth period, the crabs' major development occurred from June through October. One year was required for a fine white oocyte to develop into a mature egg. The reproduction period was June–October. Females bearing eggs were taken from June–August, and crabs with young were found from July–October. The females reproduced once a year but could for more than one year. The number of eggs carried by a female varied greatly according to the size of the crab, ranging from 30 to 100 eggs. New-born crabs become mature after 1–2 years. The sex ratio was approximately 1∶1 in the overall population. However, the larger crabs are predominantly male. The age distribution ofS. yangtsekinese was estimated from size frequency histograms. There were more adult crabs (over 70%) from June to October and more immature crabs (over 50%) from November to May.     

CONTROLLING MECHANISMS FOR THE TRACE METALS,(Cu,Zn, Cd, Fe, Co AND Ni) IN ANOXIC SEA WATER IN SAANICH INLET, BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA

A study was conducted on Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe, Co and Ni levels in Saanich Inlet anoxic seawaler. Data on the concentrations of these trace metals and H2S, and other oceanographic parameters were obtained in four cruisesEquilibrium models are presented together with in situ data. The" results strongly support the assumption that the solubilities of Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe, Co and Ni are controlled by bisulfide and /or polysulfide complexes. The species of Cu, Zn, Cd and Ni are shown to be Cu(S4)23- and Cu(S4S5)3-, Zn(HS)20 and ZnHS2-, Cd(HS)20 and Ni(HS)20 respectively. The solid species controlling Fe2 + and Co2+ are respectively the pyrohotites FeS and CoS. The data illustrates that thermodynamic equilibrium has been established in the H2S-controlled seawater of Saanich Inlet, and that equilibrium has not been established in the H2S-O2-coexisted seawater of Saanich Inlet. The lack of equilibrium in the H2S-O2-coexisted seawater is a result of the flushing or mixing of oxygenated seawater with anoxic water. The new s     

石漠化的成因机理与防治对策

从石漠化的研究现状出发,依据我国西南岩溶石山地区石漠化特征,着重分析其主要控制介质为岩性、构造、地貌、气候、岩溶、地下水、植被等自然介质因子与森林砍伐、高坡开垦等人为介质因子.石漠化是以岩溶山区脆弱的岩溶生态环境为基础,以内、外地质作用和人类恶性生态地质作用为驱动力,以资源退化和恶化为本质,基岩不断裸露,生态环境不断恶化,周而复始的恶性循环过程.提出对石漠化的研究重点是成因机理研究,对石漠化的防治应着重于对石漠化的驱动力及其主导因子的防治,阐述了治山必须先治水等防治对策与建议.     

Plate subduction,oxygen fugacity,and mineralization

Plate subduction is the largest natural factory that processes elements, which controls recycling and mineralization of a variety of elements. There are three major ore deposit belts in the world: the circumPaci?c, the central Asian, and the Tethys belts. All the three belts are closely associated with plate subductions, the mechanism remains obscure. We approached this problem from systematic studies on the behaviours of elements during geologic processes. This contribution summaries the recent progress of our research group. Our results suggest that porphyry Cu deposits form through partial melting of subducted young oceanic crust under oxygen fugacities higher than ? FMQ ～+1.5, which is promoted after the elevation of atmospheric oxygen at ca. 550 Ma. Tin deposits are associated with reducing magmatic rocks formed as a consequence of slab rollback. The Neo-Tethys tectonic regime hosts more than 60% of the world's total Sn reserves. This is due to the reducing environment formed during the subduction of organic rich sediments. For the same reason, porphyry Cu deposits formed in the late stages during the closure of the Neo-Tethys Ocean. Tungsten deposits are also controlled by slab rollback, but is not so sensitive to oxygen fugacity. Subduction related W/Sn deposits are mostly accompanied by abundant accessory ?uorites due to the breakdown of phengite and apatite. Decomposition of phengite is also signi?cant for hard rock lithium deposits, whereas orogenic belt resulted from plate subduction promote the formation of Li brine deposits. Cretaceous red bed basins near the Nanling region are favorable for Li brines. Both Mo and Re are enriched in the oxidationreduction cycle during surface processes, and may get further enriched once Mo-, Re-enriched sediments are subducted and involved in magmatism. During plate subduction, Mo and Re fractionate from each other. Molybdenum is mainly hosted in porphyry Mo deposits and to a less extent, porphyry Cu-Mo deposits, whereas Re is predominantly hosted in porphyry Cu-Mo deposits and sedimentary sul?de deposits.