大水沟碲矿中楚碲铋矿显微文像结构：交代成因新证据

大水沟楚碲铋矿的产状及其文像矿物形态既有普遍的“交代”现象,也有明显的“出溶”特征。文像黄铁矿与伴生或残余的磁黄匠矿成分的相似性,以及文像矿物在分布和成分上与溶动力实验以及理论模式的差异,表明形成显微文像结构的根本原因富碲、铋流体交代早期磁黄铁矿。楚碲铋矿及其显微文像结构的特征取决于交代环境的“封闭”程度：强度弱、无铁带出的交代形成具明显“交代”特征的楚碲铋矿;当交代强度大、环境封闭时,交代残余矿     

四川大水独立碲矿床中的楚碲铋矿

四川大水沟碲矿床是世界唯一的独立碲矿床，楚碲铋矿是该矿床中重要的碲矿物之一。它存在于辉碲铋矿和磁黄铁矿晶粒之间，或包裹在辉碲铋矿中，呈银灰色，金属光泽，一组底面解理发育。显微压入硬度８０．５ｋｇ／ｍｍ＾２。反光显微镜下为白色，非均质性清楚，反射率为５８．０－５９．０，Ｘ射线衍晶衍射分析的主要谱线有：４．７９７，３．２２９，２．３６８，２．１６９。矿物的化学组成据１１个电子探针分析的平均值为：Ｆｅ０     

大水沟碲矿床流体包裹体的He、Ar同位素组成及其示踪成矿流体的来源

大水沟碲矿床作为一种新矿床类型 ,自发现以来 ,已进行了大量的研究 ,但对其成矿过程和成矿物质来源仍有不同的认识。本次工作选取磁黄铁矿黄铁矿阶段中的 3件磁黄铁矿和辉碲铋矿阶段的 3件辉碲铋矿和 6件白云母进行成矿流体He、Ar同位素测试 ,获得3He/ 4 He比值为 0 .2～ 2 .8R/Ra ,其中磁黄铁矿的比值在 1.6～ 2 .8R/Ra之间 ,平均 2 .1R/Ra ;辉碲铋矿1.2～ 1.5R/Ra ,平均 1.3R/Ra ;白云母为 0 .2～ 2 .2R/Ra ,平均 1.1R/Ra。成矿流体的40 Ar/ 4 He比值变化较大 ,磁黄铁矿黄铁矿阶段的磁黄铁矿为 2 37～ 379,辉碲铋矿阶段的辉碲铋矿为 7～ 66。这些数据表明大水沟碲矿床在成矿过程中有大量地幔物质参与。     

四川大水沟独立碲矿床中的楚碲铋矿

四川大水沟碲矿床是世界唯一的独立碲矿床，楚碲铋矿是该矿床中重要的碲矿物之一。它存在于辉碲铋矿和磁黄铁矿晶粒之间，或包裹在辉碲铋矿中。呈银灰色，金属光泽，一组底面解理发育。显微压入硬度为80．5kg／mm2（15g负荷）。反光显微镜下为白色，非均质性清楚，反射率为58．0～59．9（λ=546nm）。X射线粉晶衍射分析的主要谱线有：4．797（60），3．229（100），2．368（80），2．169（50）。矿物的化学组成据11个电子探针分析的平均值为（重量％）；Fe0．13，S0．04，Cu0．03，Te37．84，Bi61．37，Se0．01，Sb0．16；总量99．58，其化学成分式为；BiTe。楚碲铋矿形成于贫硫环境中。     

鄂东南鸡笼山矽卡岩型金铜矿床金、银、碲、铋的赋存状态及其对成矿条件的制约

鸡笼山矽卡岩型金铜矿床是长江中下游成矿带典型的矽卡岩矿床,矿体主要赋存于下三叠统大冶组碳酸盐岩与花岗闪长斑岩接触带内。根据野外观察和镜下鉴定,将成矿过程划分为进矽卡岩阶段、退化蚀变阶段、石英-硫化物阶段和碳酸盐阶段,其中石英-硫化物阶段为金和铜的主要成矿阶段。鸡笼山金铜矿床中不同类型矿石的矿相学观察和电子探针微区成分分析(EPMA)表明,金、银主要以自然金、银金矿、碲银矿、硫银铋矿等形式产出,主要载金矿物为黄铜矿和黄铁矿;同时发现鸡笼山金铜矿床中发育大量碲-铋矿物(如辉碲铋矿、针硫铋铅矿等)。成矿流体物理化学性质研究表明,鸡笼山金铜矿床中金银元素在高温热液中主要以氯络合物的形式运移,随着温度降低和流体进一步的演化,金银元素转变为以硫络合物、碲铋化物熔体等形式运移。在石英-硫化物阶段,由于硫化作用与流体的沸腾作用,流体中硫逸度降低,碲逸度升高;当流体处于黄铁矿-磁黄铁矿氧逸度范围、酸碱性呈中性-弱碱性、碲逸度(logf_(Te2))为-10.7~-8.4、硫逸度(logf_(S_2))为-11.4~-10.6时,金、银、铜元素近于同时沉淀,碲、铋和砷元素对金和银元素运移和富集起到了重要作用,最终形成了鸡笼山矽卡岩型金铜矿床。     

江西盘古山钨矿床的碲化物特征及富集成因

江西盘古山钨矿是一个钨、铋、碲均可综合利用的大型矿床,有关其碲化物的特征及成矿流体的物理化学条件研究尚属空白.文章在整理和总结前人研究成果的基础上,对矿床中碲化物开展了详细的矿相学鉴定、电子探针和流体包裹体测温.结果显示,盘古山钨矿床的碲化物主要有硫碲铋矿A、硫碲铋矿B、应硫碲铋矿、巴硫碲铋矿、硫楚碲铋矿及辉碲铋矿.矿...     

长江中下游成矿带城门山斑岩-矽卡岩型铜金矿床碲元素赋存状态及沉淀机制初步研究

碲是一种重要的战略性关键金属,主要以共伴生形式产出多个类型矿床中,斑岩-矽卡岩型矿床是碲资源重要的来源之一。城门山铜金矿床是长江中下游成矿带中一典型斑岩-矽卡岩型矿床,也是该区目前已报道的最大的共伴生碲矿床,然而碲在该矿床的赋存状态、碲的沉淀机制等尚不清楚。本文在详细划分成矿阶段基础上,对该矿床不同类型矿石中的矿物开展电子探针测试、LA-ICP-MS微量元素分析以及面扫描研究工作。测试结果表明碲元素主要以碲银矿、碲铋银矿等碲化物和辉碲铋矿、硫楚碲铋矿、碲黝铜矿等碲的硫化物形式存在,少量呈类质同象赋存在黄铁矿和黄铜矿中。黄铜矿中Te含量在矽卡岩型矿石中变化范围(0.15×10~(-6)～20.50×10~(-6))大于碳酸盐岩交代型矿石(0～3.44×10~(-6))。黄铁矿中Te含量在碳酸盐岩交代型矿石中最高,可达173×10~(-6);黄铁矿mapping显示在同一颗矿物中Te含量分布也不均匀。通过300℃logf_(Te_2)-logf_(S_2)相图分析,硫逸度介于-6.8～-11.4,碲逸度介于-7.8～-14.8;自花岗闪长斑岩向碳酸盐岩地层围岩,从成矿早阶段到晚阶段,硫逸度和温度逐渐降低,碲逸度升高,这是城门山矿床碲矿物沉淀的主要机制。城门山矿床中无论是单颗粒黄铁矿硫同位素还是原位硫同位素均显示岩浆来源特征,结合岩相学碲矿物与黄铁矿等硫化物密切共生,具有成因联系,表明碲的成矿物质来源也应为岩浆来源,与花岗闪长斑岩岩浆热液作用有关。     

甘肃党河南山某金矿碲化物的发现及其成因探讨

利用电子探针显微分析技术首次在甘肃党河南山某金矿中发现了碲金银矿、碲银矿、碲金矿、碲铅矿、碲铋矿等碲化物。通过电子探针显微图像观察,发现研究区碲化物均较为细小,赋存状态多以独立矿物形式存在,无连生、交生现象,但空间上与黄铁矿关系密切,多被黄铁矿包裹或产于黄铁矿、石英粒间和黄铁矿裂隙。根据不同碲化物与黄铁矿之间的共生组合关系,推测其形成顺序为碲金矿→碲金银矿→碲铅矿→碲铋矿→碲银矿。依据碲化物矿物组合特征及成矿温度,对其形成时fTe2与fS2进行了限定,lgfTe2范围为-15.2~-11.2,lgfS2范围为-16.7~-14.4。并认为金矿中Au、Te来源与加里东期埃达克质斜长花岗岩体有较大联系,可能为俯冲板片部分熔融形成的埃达克质岩浆与地幔楔相互作用,将成矿元素富集后带入近地表形成含碲化物的金矿床。     

碲在官田黄铁矿矿床中的聚集及地球化学

碲是官田黄铁矿矿床中的重要伴生组分,高度聚集在寄主矿物黄铁矿中,含碲矿物是楚碲铋矿、赫碲铋矿和碲铋矿。成碲和聚碲的物理化学条件是：压力低于１０ＭＰａ,温度１４０～２２０℃,含碲流体的盐度低于１２ω（ＮａＣｌ）,离子类型为ＳＯ２－４－Ｋ＋－Ｃａ２＋型,ｐＨ值为４．４～５．８,Ｅｈ值为－０．５Ｖ,ｆＯ２＜１０－２５×１０５Ｐａ,ｆＣＯ２＜１０１．８×１０５Ｐａ,ｆＳ２为（１０－２１．３４～１０－１５．７２）×１０５Ｐａ,ｆＴｅ２为（１０－１１．９３～１０－８．７２）×１０５Ｐａ。含碲热液具多来源,成碲和聚碲时期以天水为主导。碲的可能迁移形式是［ＴｅＳ３］２－和［ＡｕＴｅＳ３］－。文章最后与大水沟独立碲矿床进行了综合对比。     

广东大宝山铜多金属矿床伴生碲铋矿物特征及其指示意义

铋、碲金属元素作为广东大宝山铜多金属矿床中的两种重要伴生矿化组分,其赋存状态及成因研究较为薄弱。通过野外系统地质采样、详细岩矿鉴定和电子探针成分分析,查明了铋、碲元素在该矿床中主要呈独立矿物赋存于金属硫化物内部、裂隙或边缘,形成的碲铋矿物种类丰富,主要包括自然铋、硫碲铋矿B、叶碲铋矿、辉铋矿、碲银矿、碲铋矿、辉碲铋矿、赫碲铋矿、萨硫碲铋铅矿和应硫碲铋矿等。自然铋的矿物颗粒结晶粗大,形成环境相对稳定,是Bi的主要赋存形式之一,且常常出现自然铋和辉铋矿共存。Bi主要来源于燕山期中酸性岩浆热液和部分围岩中矿化元素的活化,Te的来源与深部岩浆活动或地幔物质有着密切关系。燕山期岩浆热液携带了大量含矿流体上升,当高温热液演化到中温时,Bi、Te金属元素便逐渐富集、沉淀而成矿。     

我国氧化矿石银的赋存状态研究

通过我国氧化矿石伴生银赋存特征的系统研究后指出,银以独立银矿物为主,少量为离子吸附银和类质同象银。银矿物组合及矿化系列、产出形态、结构、粒度及嵌布类型与原矿的成矿溶液性质和氧化程度有关。铅、锌、铁氧化物和残留的硫化物是银的主要载体矿物。银的配分受矿石氧化强度、矿物组合及嵌布形式控制。这一研究成果为有效提高银的回收率提供了科学依据。     

安徽铜陵冬瓜山铜矿床的叠加改造成矿机制：来自矿石结构的证据

长江中、下游地区块状硫化物矿床普遍受到燕山期岩浆及其热液的改造与叠加.本文以铜陵冬瓜山矿床为例,探讨这类矿床的成矿机制.该矿床主要由层状硫化物矿体组成,伴有矽卡岩型和斑岩型矿体.野外地质观察及室内矿相学的研究表明,冬瓜山层状矿体中矿石遭受了强烈的热变质作用及热液交代作用.进变质过程中形成的结构主要为黄铁矿受燕山期岩浆侵...     

Two genetic types of volcanic-hosted massive sulfide mineralizations from the Eastern Desert of Egypt

Volcanic-hosted (Cu–Zn–Pb) massive sulfide mineralizations are described from four prospects in the Eastern Desert: Helgate, Maaqal, Derhib, and Abu Gurdi. Helgate and Maaqal prospects are hosted in island arc volcanics in a well-defined stratigraphic level. Massive sulfides form veins and lenses. Although these veins and lenses are locally deformed, sulfides from Helgate and Maaqal prospects show primary depositional features. They form layers and colloidal textures. Sphalerite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, and galena are the major sulfides. Gangue minerals are represented by chlorite, quartz, and calcite. The sulfide mineralizations at Helgate and Maaqal are Zn-dominated. Derhib and Abu Gurdi prospects occur as disseminations, small massive lenses, and veins along shear zones in talc tremolite rocks at the contact between metavolcanics and metasedimentary rocks. The host rocks at Derhib and Abu Gurdi are metamorphosed to lower amphibolite facies as revealed by silicate mineral assemblage and chemistry. Chalcopyrite, pyrite, sphalerite, and galena are the major sulfide minerals while pyrrhotite is less common. Recrystallization, retexturing and remobilization of sulfide minerals are reflecting postdepositional metamorphic and structural modifications. Electrum and Ag–Pb–Bi tellurides are common accessories. Gangue minerals comprise amphiboles of actinolite and actinolitic hornblende composition, talc, and chlorite. The ores at Derhib and Abu Gurdi are Cu–Zn and Zn-dominated, respectively. The distinct geological, petrographical, and geochemical differences between sulfide mineralizations at Helgate–Maaqal on one hand and Derhib and Abu Gurdi on the other hand suggest two genetic types of sulfide mineralizations; Helgate–Maaqal prospects (type 1) are similar to the Archean analogs from Canada (Noranda type), while Derhib and Abu Gurdi (type 2) show similarity to ophiolite-associated deposits similar to those described from Cyprus, Oman, and Finland. In genetic type 1, ore minerals were deposited on the seafloor; the role of postdepositional hydrothermal activity is limited. In genetic type 2, base metals were part of the ultramafic rocks and were later redistributed and mobilized during deformation to be deposited along shear zones. The dominance and diversity of tellurides in genetic type 2 highlight the role of metamorphic–hydrothermal fluids.     

Effects of annealing on deformation textures in galena

Experimental annealing of galena samples with known deformation histories shows that this mineral has the necessary properties to be a valuable source of information about low-grade deformational environments. Annealed galena displays recovery and/or recrystallization features dependent upon the type of texture inherited from the tectonic event, which in turn is closely linked to deformation temperatures.In samples deformed at temperatures less than 200 ° C in the laboratory, later annealing produced subgrains, mosaics of new grains, or rapid grain boundary migration as the annealing temperatures were varied from 200 ° C to 700 ° C. Kink bands maintained characteristic straight simple boundaries inherited from the deformation event. Samples deformed above 300 ° C developed syntectonically recrystallized textures. Kink bands had been converted to elongate grains with complex sutured grain boundaries during deformation, and mosaics of new grains were found in highly deformed regions. These textures were extremely stable through later annealing. Despite our changing annealing temperatures through 500 ° C, we did not produce similar textures from both low and high temperature deformation runs.Examination of polished and etched galena from low-grade tectonic settings may well be worth the effort since galena textures appear to display features indicative of deformational evironments, even after being subjected to considerable post-tectonic thermal perturbations.     

湖南临武黑色石英岩质玉矿物组成特征及成因初探

石英岩质玉是一种市场上常见且产地较多的玉石品种,本文基于前人石英岩质玉的研究基础,通过常规宝石学测试、红外光谱测试、偏反光显微镜下观察,以及采用X射线粉晶衍射、X射线荧光光谱、电感耦合等离子体质谱仪对样品的宝石学特征、矿物组成进行分析,并对其成因进行讨论.结果表明:该地区黑色石英岩质玉多为中-细粒粒状结构,偏光显微镜观...     

鄂尔多斯盆地东北部砂岩型铀矿伴生矿物组合及其地质意义

特征矿物是地质作用的直接记录,研究铀矿物伴生组合类型和特征为探讨铀矿床成因提供直接信息.本文以鄂尔多斯盆地东北部杭锦旗-纳岭沟地区含铀岩系中侏罗统直罗组为研究对象,通过岩心观察、显微观察、扫描电镜和电子探针分析等,系统研究了含铀砂岩中铀矿物种类、赋存特征及典型矿物伴生组合类型,在此基础上,结合铀成矿过程中流体作用探讨了...     

Sulfide composition and phase relations in the Fe-Ni-Cu ore deposits of the Ivrea-Verbano basic complex (western Alps,Italy)

The bulk composition, mineralogy and mineral chemistry of base-metal sulfides have been investigated in the Fe-Ni-(Cu) ore deposits of the Ivrea-Verbano basic complex.The sulfide ores mostly display textural evidence of having been primarily deposited as an immiscible melt. Bulk compositions of the ores indicate that considerably low Ni/Fe and Ni/Co ratios are found in deposits developed close to metasedimentary country rocks, possibly as a result of mixing with sedimentary sulfur.Phase relations of primary sulfides indicate that early crystallization of the ore was dominated by a monosulfide solid solution (Mss) with a pyrrhotite composition, from which pentlandite and chalcopyrite were formed through subsolidus exsolution. Pentlandite from contaminated ores is typically enriched in Co. Troilite and hexagonal intermediate pyrrhotite intergrowths frequently occur due to low-temperature equilibration of metal-rich pyrrhotites, suggesting a low S fugacity of the original sulfide melt.The sulfides may be locally mobilized and redeposited along shear zones within the same host rock, giving rise to fairly massive ores having a typical cemented-breccia texture. Bulk composition and assemblages suggest that mobilization occurred at various temperatures during the cooling history of the ore, when sulfides were still in the molten state or at a lower temperature under the influence of abundant deuteric fluids. In this last case, growth of pyrite is seen as being possibly due to sulfurization and/or oxidation.     

热液脉型铅-锌-银矿床富铁闪锌矿中硫化物包裹体成因探讨

通过对热液脉型的铅－锌－银矿床（３个）和银矿床（１个）和闪锌矿中硫化物包囊体的特征研究表明,石英－硫化物阶段富铁闪锌矿（主矿物）的硫化物包裹体十分发育：沿生长带产出的乳滴状黄铜矿与主矿物为共同沉淀成因;沿穿切主矿物的黄铜矿或石英细脉两侧,和受粗粒黄铜矿溶蚀的富铁闪锌矿近接触部位发育的乳滴状黄铜矿为渗透－交代产物;沿解理（裂隙）或粒间、粒内产出的各种形态磁黄铁矿是充填－交代的结果;沿解理分布的脉状毒     

Melonite group minerals and other tellurides from three Cu–Ni–PGE prospects, Eastern Desert, Egypt

Melonite group minerals and other tellurides are described from three Cu–Ni–PGE prospects in the Eastern Desert of Egypt: Gabbro Akarem, Genina Gharbia and Abu Swayel. The prospects are hosted in late Precambrian mafic–ultramafic rocks and have different geologic histories. The Gabbro Akarem prospect is hosted in dunite pipes where net-textured and massive sulfides are associated with spinel and Cr-magnetite. Michenerite, merenskyite, Pd–Bi melonite and hessite occur mainly as inclusions in sulfides. Typical magmatic textures indicate a limited role of late- and post-magmatic hydrothermal processes. At Genina Gharbia, ore forms either disseminations in peridotite or massive patches in hornblende-gabbro in the vicinity of metasedimentary rocks. Actinolitic hornblende, epidote, chlorite and quartz are common secondary silicates. Sulfide textures and host rock petrography suggest a prolonged late-magmatic hydrothermal event. Michenerite, merenskyite, Pd–Bi melonite, altaite, hessite, tsumoite, sylvanite and native Te are mainly present in secondary silicates. The Abu Swayel prospect occurs in conformable, lens-like mafic–ultramafic rocks in metasedimentary rocks and along syn-metamorphic shear zone. The sulfide ore and host rocks are metamorphosed (amphibolite facies; 550 to 650 °C, 4 to 5 kbar) and syn-metamorphically sheared. Melonite group minerals are represented by merenskyite and Pd–Bi melonite. Other tellurides comprise hessite, altaite and joséite-B. Melonite group minerals and tellurides occur as inclusions in mobilized sulfides and along cracks in metamorphic garnet and plagioclase.The different geological history of the three prospects permits an examination of the role played by magmatic, late-magmatic and metamorphic processes on the mineralogy of melonite group minerals and diversity of tellurides. The contents of PGE and Te in the ore and temperature of crystallization control the mineralogy and compositional trends of the melonite group minerals. Crystallization of the melonite group minerals over a wide range of temperatures in a Te-rich environment enhances the elemental substitutions. Merenskyite dominates the mineralogy of the group at low Te activity, while Pd–Bi melonite is the common phase at high Te activity.