研究剩余电磁效应的理想参数

在频谱激电法中利用剩余电磁效应(REM)研究地下电性分布已引起人们的重视。本文基于对数值计算结果的分析指出,选择适当高频f_G,以偶极装置观测视复电阻率的相位φ_s⁰(f_G),用相应条件下均匀大地的视复电阻率相位理论值(f_G)对其作归一,所得比值参数φ_s⁰(f_G)/(f_G)是表示剩余电磁效应的理想参数。文中还结合数值计算结果和野外实测资料,分析了这一参数的异常特征和在油气探测中的应用效果。     

频谱激电法在几个金属矿区的应用效果

通过野外实例说明激电谱的视时间常数(τ_s)的稀释作用小,岩矿的时间常数差异大有可能发现为激电强度参数(η_sρ_sm_s或ψ_s)所不能发现的深部矿(或矿化)体的异常.以τ_s参数为主,综合激电谱的其它参数,有可能对浅源激电异常性质进行区分.     

大地电磁测深法阻抗相位的特性与应用

作为大地电磁测深法的主要参数,阻抗相位和视电阻率相比,具有较强的抗干扰能力和较高的分辨率.笔者从分析阻抗相位与视电阻率的关系入手,导出了相位视电阻率的递推公式,分析了阻抗相位的重要特性.以银额盆地实测大地电磁测深剖面资料的处理和解释为例,利用相位递推视电阻率校正了低频段视电阻率曲线的形态畸变,使视电阻率的残余静态效应得到了较好的压制,利用相位曲线的极值点准确地确定了白垩系低阻电性层的界面,弥补了视电阻率在资料解释中的不足之处,说明了阻抗相位在大地电磁测深资料处理解释中的作用.     

利用电测深曲线极大值计算水文地质参数的探讨

利用电测深成果(含水层电阻率或地层因素)估算含水层渗透系数的问题,前人已做了很多工作^[1,2].作者针对安阳市安阳河北水源地电测深资料的解释和水文地质勘察成果,提出采用电测深K型曲线极大值计算水文地质参数的方法,建立了ρ_{s max}～K之间的4种回归分析模型.结果表明,K与ρ_{s max}存在对数相关关系.经计算的成果图件(K、T等值线图)对评价该区水文地质条件,估算单井涌水量及水井位置选择等都具有十分重要的实用价值.     

电法测定水文地质参数的尝试

1. 含水层导水系数(T)的确定在相同条件下,含水层厚度大,视横向电阻(R_t)大,颗粒粗Rt也大,公式R_t＝P₂·H₂;含水层导水系数(T)也取决于含水层厚度和结构,即T=K·h.可见T与R_t存在着正相关关系.这样求取了T-R_t相关曲线,其导水系数便可求出.解释野外所做的电测深曲线确定出R_t;利用7个已知抽水孔的资料确定含水层导水系数;将计算出的T值与R_t值对比,分别建立Q₃砂卵石层和Q₂泥质卵石层中T-R_t相关曲线(直线).经计算,Q₃层中T－Rt相关系数γ=0.964(Q₂层略),证明相关曲线可靠.依据T=R_t相关关系绘制了“导水系数分布图”,计算出Q₃层的渗透系数(K)值80-120m/d,R_t/T值2.13-2.68,Q₂层的K值40-50m/d,R_t/T 值5-8.2.含水层有效孔隙度(ψ)的求取利用阿尔奇公式ρ=ψ^-mS^-nρ_w求取.野外采用电测深法.先求出11个已知孔含水层电阻率(ρ_s);野外采水样,室内分析,依据16℃时地层水(ρ_w)与矿化度(C)关系图确定各孔ρ_w;取m=1.5,利用上述公式求出各孔ψ值.Q₃层 值0.1769-0.3444,多数0.2-0.25.此值与室内试验得出的值0.25一致,与重力给水度经验值0.23-0.26相近.     

泰安地区岩溶富水构造激电测深法异常类型

大量的抗旱打井找水开发深层岩溶地下水资源实例证明,泰安岩溶区不同岩溶形态富水构造激电测深异常类型及成因有一定规律可循.富水构造上的电测深曲线异常类型可划分为缓升型、缓降型、低阻V型、低阻平台型,富水地段电测深视电阻率断面等值线异常类型可划分为低阻台阶型、低阻梯度带型、低阻U型.以溶洞等岩溶形态为主的富水带引起相对低视电阻率、低视极化率、低半衰时及衰减度低异常,出现激电测深法多参数“同步低”异常;以断层构造破碎为主的富水带引起相对低视电阻率及低视极化率异常,产生相对高半衰时及衰减度极大值异常,出现视电阻率与激电测深法多参数“反相”异常.     

山区找水的“相对衰减时法”探讨

实测资料表明,二次电场衰减时与视电阻率关系点分布区的下限存在正向密切区间、反向密切区间和不密切区间,即衰减时与视电阻率关系十分密切.忽视视电阻率的变化,有可能造成激电找水效果上的失误.针对衰减时与视电阻率关系的区间特性,我们采用“相对衰减时”的概念作为激电找水的含水因素(相对衰减时S_R＝ρS/_s).采用该参数的实际意义在于反向密切区间突出了含水异常,正向密切区间消除因极距增大引起的非水异常.因此,相对衰减时在研究山区地下水的富集情况时灵敏度较高.应用相对衰减时法在不同水文地质条件的山区找水中,取得了较好的效果,特别是在我国著名的玫瑰泉地下水工程中,在电阻率法和常用的衰减时法解释推断有困难时,能比较准确地确定了富水区,成井后获得水量6万t/d,建成大型农业地下水源地.     

激发极化法在内蒙古阿荣旗矿产远景调查中的应用

激发极化法是寻找硫化物金属矿床的一种有效方法,被广泛应用于矿产勘查中.在内蒙古阿荣旗矿产远景调查中,运用时间域激发极化法,通过激电中梯扫面测量后,绘制视电阻率与视极化率等值线平面图,迅速地圈定激电异常.依据地质与化探调查结果,选择其中3个激电异常区做激电测深.通过对激电测深数据反演,得到极化率与电阻率断面图,确定了潜在矿（化）体的形态.     

时域激电单极-偶极、偶极-单极排列测深法二维地电断面成像

介绍了不对称测深法装置的测深原理;在吉林某地进行了激电测深勘探,结果显示:正向单极-偶极和反向偶极-单极采集的视电阻率、视充电率原始数据在拟断面图的分布特征,和大地电磁测深原始数据受到的静态效应类似,视电阻率、视充电率受局部地形和电磁噪声的影响,在拟断面图中呈假的带状异常。正向单极-偶极、反向偶极-单极装置获取的视电阻率、视充电率数据也可分别进行二维反演,但联合单极-偶极/偶极-单极装置测深二维反演地质结果最好,具有采集的数据量大、激电信号强 、穿透深度大、勘探精度高等优点,根据视电阻率、视充电率二维反演在地电断面成像技术,能够准确确定电性异常体的空间分布,为钻探验证电异常提供准确的地球物理依据。     

电测深法视电阻率对介质电阻率偏导数的计算

在前人工作基础上,对电测深法一维正演解析解递推电阻率转换函数求偏导,给出了电测深法视电阻率对介质电阻率偏导数的解析计算方法;根据Seigel体激发极化理论,采用视电阻率对介质电阻率偏导数矩阵的线性组合,计算出了电测深法的视极化率,其结果与"等效电阻率法"计算视极化率最大相对误差小于1.1%。在一次正演计算过程中就可以同时得到视电阻率、视极化率以及视电阻率对介质电阻率的偏导数矩阵,提高了计算效率,也为后续的多层地电模型电测深法数据优化反演计算提供了关键性技术。     

江苏埤城岩群岩石物理性质

对ZK03孔岩芯物性测定,获得了埤城岩群密度、磁化率、剩余磁化强度和电阻率、极化率5项物性参数。埤城岩群有较高的密度,与围岩的密度差达0.15×10³ kg/m³,具有重力勘探的物性前提;埤城岩群有较高的电阻率,与部分围岩电阻率差异明显,可有条件的开展电阻率勘查工作;埤城岩群具低磁性和低电化学活动性,磁测和激电方法应慎用。     

Hydration of rhyolitic glass during weathering as characterized by IR microspectroscopy

The mechanism and rate of hydration of rhyolitic glass during weathering were studied. Doubly polished thin sections of two rhyolites with different duration of weathering (Ohsawa lava: 26,000 yr, Awanomikoto lava: 52,000 yr) were prepared. Optical microscope observation showed that altered layers had developed along the glass surfaces. IR spectral line profile analysis was conducted on the glass sections from the surface to the interior for a length of 250 μm and the contents of molecular H₂O (H₂O_m), OH species (OH) and total water (H₂O_t) were determined. The diffusion profile of H₂O_m in Ohsawa lava extends beyond the layer observed by optical microscope. The content of H₂O_m in the hydrated region is much higher than that of OH species. Thus, the reaction from H₂O_m to OH appears to be little and H₂O_m is the dominant water species moving into the glass during weathering. Based on the concentration profiles, the diffusion coefficients of H₂O_m(D_H2Om) and H₂O_t(D_H2Ot) were determined to be 2.8 × 10⁻¹⁰ and 3.4 × 10⁻¹⁰ μm² s⁻¹ for Ohsawa lava, and 5.2 × 10⁻¹¹ and 4.1 × 10⁻¹¹ μm² s⁻¹ for Awanomikoto lava, respectively. The obtained D_H2Om during weathering are more than 2-3 orders of magnitude larger than the diffusion coefficient at ∼20 °C that is extrapolated from the diffusivity data for >400 °C. This might suggest that the mechanism of water transport is different at weathering conditions and >400 °C.     

面极化和体极化球体上复视极化率的频谱特征及其理论计算的某些结果

用面极化的等效电阻率ρ₀^*=ρ₀+(λω)/aρ₁经验公式λ(ω)=λ₀β/β+iω和组合电阻率ρ₂=ρ¹1-V/1+2V(当ρ₂→0时)公式,代入已有的基本理论公式,分别导出了有关面极化和体极化球体的η_s(ω)公式,使两者通过λ(ω)建立了基本联系。根据推出的公式进行了理论计算,获得了某些有意义的结果。     

Silicate weathering in anoxic marine sediments

Two sediment cores retrieved at the northern slope of Sakhalin Island, Sea of Okhotsk, were analyzed for biogenic opal, organic carbon, carbonate, sulfur, major element concentrations, mineral contents, and dissolved substances including nutrients, sulfate, methane, major cations, humic substances, and total alkalinity. Down-core trends in mineral abundance suggest that plagioclase feldspars and other reactive silicate phases (olivine, pyroxene, volcanic ash) are transformed into smectite in the methanogenic sediment sections. The element ratios Na/Al, Mg/Al, and Ca/Al in the solid phase decrease with sediment depth indicating a loss of mobile cations with depth and producing a significant down-core increase in the chemical index of alteration. Pore waters separated from the sediment cores are highly enriched in dissolved magnesium, total alkalinity, humic substances, and boron. The high contents of dissolved organic carbon in the deeper methanogenic sediment sections (50-150 mg dm⁻³) may promote the dissolution of silicate phases through complexation of Al³⁺ and other structure-building cations. A non-steady state transport-reaction model was developed and applied to evaluate the down-core trends observed in the solid and dissolved phases. Dissolved Mg and total alkalinity were used to track the in-situ rates of marine silicate weathering since thermodynamic equilibrium calculations showed that these tracers are not affected by ion exchange processes with sediment surfaces. The modeling showed that silicate weathering is limited to the deeper methanogenic sediment section whereas reverse weathering was the dominant process in the overlying surface sediments. Depth-integrated rates of marine silicate weathering in methanogenic sediments derived from the model (81.4-99.2 mmol CO₂ m⁻² year⁻¹) are lower than the marine weathering rates calculated from the solid phase data (198-245 mmol CO₂ m⁻² year⁻¹) suggesting a decrease in marine weathering over time. The production of CO₂ through reverse weathering in surface sediments (4.22-15.0 mmol CO₂ m⁻² year⁻¹) is about one order of magnitude smaller than the weathering-induced CO₂ consumption in the underlying sediments. The evaluation of pore water data from other continental margin sites shows that silicate weathering is a common process in methanogenic sediments. The global rate of CO₂ consumption through marine silicate weathering estimated here as 5-20 Tmol CO₂ year⁻¹ is as high as the global rate of continental silicate weathering.     

Chemical and structural characterization of As immobilization by nanoparticles of mackinawite (FeSm)

The mobility and availability of arsenite, As(III), in anoxic environments is largely controlled by adsorption onto iron sulfides and/or precipitation of arsenic in solid phases. The interaction of As(III) with synthetic mackinawite (FeS_m) in pH 5 and 9 suspensions was investigated using high-angle annular dark field (HAADF) scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), STEM elemental mapping, high resolution TEM, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). At pH 5, arsenic sulfide phases precipitate among the FeS_m particles as discrete particles that are an amorphous hydrous phase of arsenic sulfide. The oxidation state of As in the surface layers of the arsenic sulfide precipitates is ‘realgar-like’ based on XPS results showing that > 75% of the As 3d peak area is due to As with oxidation states between 0 and 2+. Discrete, arsenic sulfide precipitates are absent at pH 9, but elemental mapping in STEM-EDX mode shows that arsenic is uniformly distributed on the FeS_m, suggesting that uptake is caused by the sorption of As(III) oxyanions and/or the precipitation of highly dispersed arsenic sulfides on FeS_m. XPS also revealed that the FeS_m that equilibrated without As(III) has a more oxidized surface composition than the sample at pH 9, as indicated by the higher concentration of O ( three times greater than that at pH 9) and the larger fraction of Fe(III) species making up the total Fe (2p_3/2) peak. These findings provide a better understanding of redox processes and phase transitions upon As(III) adsorption on iron sulfide substrates.     

Water speciation and diffusion in haploandesitic melts at 743-873 K and 100 MPa

Water is an important volatile component in andesitic eruptions and deep-seated andesitic magma chambers. We report an investigation of H₂O speciation and diffusion by dehydrating haploandesitic melts containing ?2.5 wt.% water at 743-873 K and 100 MPa in cold-seal pressure vessels. FTIR microspectroscopy was utilized to measure species [molecular H₂O (H₂O_m) and hydroxyl group (OH)] and total H₂O (H₂O_t) concentration profiles on the quenched glasses from the dehydration experiments. The equilibrium constant of the H₂O speciation reaction H₂O_m+O?2OH, K = (X_OH)²/(X_H2OmX_O) where X means mole fraction on a single oxygen basis, in this Fe-free andesite varies with temperature as ln K = 1.547-2453/T where T is in K. Comparison with previous speciation data on rhyolitic and dacitic melts indicates that, for a given water concentration, Fe-free andesitic melt contains more hydroxyl groups. Water diffusivity at the experimental conditions increases rapidly with H₂O concentration, contrary to previous H₂O diffusion data in an andesitic melt at 1608-1848 K. The diffusion profiles are consistent with the model that molecular H₂O is the diffusion species. Based on the above speciation model, H₂O_m and H₂O_t diffusivity (in m²/s) in haploandesite at 743-873 K, 100 MPa, and H₂O_t ? 2.5 wt.% can be formulated as

     

Carbon isotopic fractionation during a mesocosm bloom experiment dominated by Emiliania huxleyi: Effects of CO2 concentration and primary production

We investigated the effect of CO₂ and primary production on the carbon isotopic fractionation of alkenones and particulate organic matter (POC) during a natural phytoplankton bloom dominated by the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi. In nine semi-closed mesocosms (∼11 m³ each), three different CO₂ partial pressures (pCO₂) in triplicate represented glacial (∼180 ppmv CO₂), present (∼380 ppmv CO₂), and year 2100 (∼710 ppmv CO₂) CO₂ conditions. The largest shift in alkenone isotopic composition (4-5‰) occurred during the exponential growth phase, regardless of the CO₂ concentration in the respective treatment. Despite the difference of ∼500 ppmv, the influence of pCO₂ on isotopic fractionation was marginal (1-2‰). During the stationary phase, E. huxleyi continued to produce alkenones, accumulating cellular concentrations almost four times higher than those of exponentially dividing cells. Our isotope data indicate that, while alkenone production was maintained, the interaction of carbon source and cellular uptake dynamics by E. huxleyi reached a steady state. During stationary phase, we further observed a remarkable increase in the difference between δ¹³C of bulk organic matter and of alkenones spanning 7-12‰. We suggest that this phenomenon is caused mainly by a combination of extracellular release of ¹³C-enriched polysaccharides and subsequent particle aggregation induced by the production of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP).