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1.
世界众多江河洪水超定量(POT)系列门限值已发生变化,门限值选取不当会影响频率分析合理性.结合历史洪水资料,采用洪水POT理论分析变化环境下武江门限值响应规律及影响.结果表明:武江流域下垫面植被和径流系数在1991年明显改变,变化环境下不仅洪水门限值显著增大,且超过特定量级洪水的发生次数也在增加,POT模型能捕捉洪水在量级和发生次数方面的变化信息.分别选用变化环境前后门限值来推算设计洪峰,当重现期大于200年时,坪石站差异度达19.21%,犁市站达8.12%以上.选用变化环境后高门限值可有效提高线型对大洪水的拟合程度和设计洪水计算精度. 相似文献
2.
长江洪水资源化思考 总被引:19,自引:0,他引:19
长江水患是我国最大的自然灾害, 华北缺水是我国最重要的资源环境问题.长江洪水资源化是使二者能够得到统筹解决而提出的一种思路.洪水资源化就是实现由灾害水向资源水和环境水的转化.长江洪水资源化不仅是由长江水资源特点、流域水旱交替频率加大及不断增加的水资源需求所决定, 也是解决华北水资源短缺的重要途径.蓄洪是洪水资源化的基础, 应在完善流域水库网络体系的基础上, 考虑人工控湖工程, 特别要重视蓄洪区建设, 通过“给水让地”, 实现“以土地换和平”和洪水资源化; 可通过引洪冲湖, 治理流域污染湖泊; 南水北调应以调洪水为主, 可通过蓄洪调水和直接引洪北调来实现. 相似文献
3.
洪水计算的新进展——古洪水研究 总被引:20,自引:3,他引:20
尽管中国有悠久历史,但利用历史洪水展延洪水频率曲线以求稀遇设计洪水,仍感困难和不可靠,古洪水研究可得到数千年的大洪水资料。使洪水的考证期大为扩展,因而得以从根本上避免现行数字外延洪水顺频率曲的弊端,成果稳定可靠,为洪水计算工辟了一条新的途径,本文论述了古洪水研究的原理方法和我国四大河流应用古洪水研究的经验与成果。 相似文献
4.
干旱、半干旱地区河流径流对全球气候变化具有更高敏感性.主要位于内蒙古东北部半干旱、半湿润地区的洮儿河是本区域为数不多的河流,分析其径流的时序变化特征对研究本区域的全球气候变化响应具有重要意义.本文主要利用洮儿河上游索伦和察尔森两个代表性站点的近40年时间序列的逐日径流量资料,分别利用Kendall秩次检验,洪水频率和洪水滞时分析方法来分析洮儿河上游河流径流变化趋势、洪水频率和洪水滞时变化特征.结果如下:在过去40年内洮儿河上游径流量经历了下降-上升-下降的变化趋势,呈现平躺的S型,即可将其划分为1957~1972年的下降段、1972~1988年的上升段和1988~1997年的下降段.而通过Kendall秩次检验发现在相应的时段内两站的径流呈现显著性变化趋势.洪水频率分析表明,40年来洮儿河洪水发生频率有增加趋势,滞时分析结果则显示流域滞时时间呈减小变化. 相似文献
5.
设计洪水是工程水文学中的难题,靠数学化来指导频率曲线外延的成就不大,但用新近提出的古洪水概念与方法,可取得距今几千年的洪水信息,对提高洪水频率曲线稀遇部分的情度有重要意义.本文还阐述了PMP/PMF途径在“可能”与“最大”两方面的新概念和新方法. 相似文献
6.
分析了发生在海南省昌化江流域的9618号台风暴雨洪水的天气系统、暴雨特点和洪水形成原因,通过洪水调查和频率分析得出,在昌化江下游本次洪水的重现期有逐渐变大的特点. 相似文献
7.
自然灾害是由于异常变异所引发,表现出它的自然属性。此外,作为承灾体的人类社会对洪水的影响也是不容忽视的。大规模的人类活动有制约洪水为害的一面,也有促使灾害增长的负面影响。因此,灾害又具有社会属性。本文主要探讨大规模人类活动如何影响洪水灾害,以及相应的完善防洪方针的途径。 相似文献
8.
变化环境下武江超定量洪水门限值响应规律及影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
世界众多江河洪水超定量(POT)系列门限值已发生变化,门限值选取不当会影响频率分析合理性。结合历史洪水资料,采用洪水POT理论分析变化环境下武江门限值响应规律及影响。结果表明:武江流域下垫面植被和径流系数在1991年明显改变,变化环境下不仅洪水门限值显著增大,且超过特定量级洪水的发生次数也在增加,POT模型能捕捉洪水在量级和发生次数方面的变化信息。分别选用变化环境前后门限值来推算设计洪峰,当重现期大于200年时,坪石站差异度达19.21%,犁市站达8.12%以上。选用变化环境后高门限值可有效提高线型对大洪水的拟合程度和设计洪水计算精度。 相似文献
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地球系统科学对全球变化进程的研究中特别关切对人类有意义的时间尺度上的作用与发展.对几十年到几百年的时间尺度上的工程地质作用进行了探讨.岩石风化作用既是地壳固体物质形态转变的重要途径,也是产生块体运动灾害的必要前提条件,其类型和强度受区域气温及降雨条件的控制;水的侵蚀作用的区域性规律受地貌成因和气候条件的制约,它对陆地环境的最大冲击是对海洋、湖泊及水库岸滩带的侵蚀和改造;流水的溶蚀作用可在几十年内对可溶岩类地区产生影响.人类活动可对自然地质作用的强度、频率和速率产生重要的影响,如酸沉积物是人类活动的间接产物,会对人类环境产生多方面的效应.探索地质作用对长期运行或永久性工程的负效应尤为迫切,需要开展及时的研究. 相似文献
11.
CSAMT 法在辽西康杖子区深部探矿中的应用 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
可控源音频大地电磁法(CSAMT)具有探测深度大、横向分辨率高、抗干扰能力强的特点,在深部找矿勘探中有着重要的指导意义。肖家营子铜钼矿床是辽西地区一个大型矽卡岩型金属矿床,大部分矿体是隐伏矿体,矿区外围的康杖子区与本区有相似的成矿地质环境,成矿地质条件优越.矿体与围岩电性差异明显,通过应用CSAMT,矿体具有低电阻特点,根据成果推断解释,对深部有利成矿部位进行了钻探验证,取得了理想的探矿效果,在矿区外围取得第二深度空间找矿重大突破。 相似文献
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Julie Okpala 《GeoJournal》1990,20(1):37-43
This paper traces the development of geographic education in Nigeria and examines the views of geographers, other academics,
students and the public at large about the importance of geography. Geography's value is immense despite the non-professional
nature of the discipline. Nevertheless, there is a need to define geography's status and ensure career prospects for students.
The Nigerian Geographical Association (from classroom teaachers to top geographers) must promote geography, improve its status
in schools and universities, and continuously restructure its content and methods to address pertinent social needs. 相似文献
14.
Trends in landslide occurrence in Nepal 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
David N. Petley Gareth J. Hearn Andrew Hart Nicholas J. Rosser Stuart A. Dunning Katie Oven Wishart A. Mitchell 《Natural Hazards》2007,43(1):23-44
Nepal is a mountainous, less developed kingdom that straddles the boundary between the Indian and Himalayan tectonic plates.
In Nepal, landslides represent a major constraint on development, causing high levels of economic loss and substantial numbers
of fatalities each year. There is a general consensus that the impacts of landslides in countries such as Nepal are increasing
with time, but until now there has been little or no quantitative data to support this view, or to explain the causes of the
increases. In this paper, a database of landslide fatalities in Nepal has been compiled and analysed for the period 1978–2005.
The database suggests that there is a high level of variability in the occurrence of landslides from year to year, but that
the overall trend is upward. Analyses of the trends in the data suggest that there is a cyclicity in the occurrence of landslide
fatalities that strongly mirrors the cyclicity observed in the SW (summer) monsoon in South Asia. Perhaps surprisingly the
relationship is inverse, but this is explained through an inverse relationship between monsoon strength and the amount of
precipitation in the Hill District areas of Nepal. It is also clear that in recent years the number of fatalities has increased
dramatically over and above the effects of the monsoon cycle. Three explanations are explored for this: land-use change, the
effects of the ongoing civil war in Nepal, and road building. It is concluded that a major component of the generally upward
trend in landslide impact probably results from the rural road-building programme, and its attendant changes to physical and
natural systems. 相似文献
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Takeshi Nose Dr. 《GeoJournal》1985,10(3):261-276
Conclusions During the last ten years, aquaculture, especially mariculture has undergone remarkable expansion to counter-balance the gap between the supply and demand of fishery products in Japan. Its expansion has also been supported by the traditional preference of the Japanese people for seafood. Mariculture is now being forced to change its structure due to adverse economic circumstances such as the rise in the cost of energy, feeds and other materials for culture, low market prices, deterioration of environmental conditions, and many other factors. Before these constraints can be resolved, advanced scientific knowledge and technologies must be integrated to develop new types of aquaculture. Expansion of maricultural activities to more open-sea and off shore areas would be one route to follow. Technologies for the development of formulated diets not only for young but also for adults and larvae, establishment of feeding standards, prevention of epizootic diseases must support the establishment of modern aquaculture.The culture-based fisheries, or marine ranching, is becoming a subject for further development in Japan. Much research work has been conducted with a great degree of governmental support. Establishment of a net work of seedstock production farms has made it possible to carry out releasing experiments on a large scale. A newly integrated restoration system could be developed on the basis of these experiments, even though the profits resulting from the artificial restoration of stocks is not thouroughly verified at present. The commencement of a national scheme for culture-based fisheries would be a manifestation of the enthusiasm of the Japanese fish industry. 相似文献
17.
2010年,美国铀矿总共施工7 209个钻孔,总进尺1 493 520 m;生产铀1 628.55 t;铀矿业总支出费用为2.773亿美元,其中铀矿地勘费支出为3 450万美元,占铀矿业总费用的12.44%。铀矿地勘钻探费用为4 460万美元,占铀矿业总费用的16.08%。 相似文献
18.
硫代砷是富硫化物地下水中砷的重要形态,对环境和人类健康有潜在威胁。目前硫代砷研究程度尚低,本次主要针对国内外地下水(地热水)中硫代砷的存在形态,水文—生物—环境地球化学过程,样品保存,定量检测方法等方面进行研究。结论如下:pH, 氧化还原电位,硫化物含量和微生物作用等是影响地下水中硫代砷稳定存在和形态分布的重要因素。含铁矿物能与水中的硫代砷形成配位键对其进行吸附,吸附性普遍弱于(亚)砷酸盐,因此,地下水中硫代砷可能表现出更强的迁移性。用于硫代砷检测的自然水样在采集中可采取过滤,速冻,厌氧和低温短期保存的操作流程,以减缓该形态的转化甚至消失。色谱联用ICP-MS系统可用于自然水样中硫代砷的分离定量检测,紫外—可见分光光度法和X射线吸收光谱法在不同场景下也可对硫代砷进行定量和表征分析。地热水和浅层地下水中均可能存在硫代砷,由于水样中硫代砷的不稳定性,室内检测和分析难以准确反映现场过程,因此,野外样品保存技术和现场检测方法的更新可能在未来有更大研究空间,值得进一步探索。 相似文献
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