黄土地震滑坡卫星影像识别方法

为获得详细的地震滑坡数据和分布特征,揭示黄土地震滑坡的成灾模式和防治措施,需要对黄土地区地震滑坡进行详细的编录,利用卫星影像的识别方法是重要的手段之一。通过总结黄土地震滑坡特有的空间分布特征、平面形态特征、地震滑坡发育特征和伴生水文特征,归纳利用卫星影像识别黄土地震滑坡的7种识别标志。利用该方法,研究通渭地区黄土地震滑坡的空间分布与规律,结果表明：黄土地震滑坡卫星影像识别方法获得的滑坡与野外现场调查结果相近;通渭地区滑坡拥有缓坡发育、低角度、中远滑距、大体积、方向性明显等特点。     

昆仑山口西MS 81级地震地表破裂带高分辨率卫星影像特征研究

2001年11月14日昆仑山口西发生81级地震.应用高分辨率卫星影像进行地震地表破裂带解译，10m分辨率SPOT卫星影像能够清楚地反映出地震地表破裂主破裂带的形迹, 1m分辨率IKONOS影像能反映出地震地表破裂的精细结构及运动特征.结果表明，昆仑山口西81级地震地表破裂带主要位于东昆仑断裂南麓冲洪积台地或冲洪积台地后缘的地貌陡变带和断层谷地里，是一条叠置在先存破裂带上的地震破裂带.在布喀达坂峰以东的地表破裂带长近350km，由3条次级破裂组成，走向100°.流经破裂带的一系列沟谷发生左旋同步扭曲，平均滑动速率为134～168mm/a，属AA级活动水平.最大左旋位错78m，地震破裂带最宽达1250m，宏观震中位于93°17′E，35°47′N，即玉西峰附近的地震地表破裂带上.     

基于高分卫星遥感影像的城市建筑物提取研究

以安庆市区的高分一号影像为信息源,结合地震应急基础统计数据资料,重点研究基于CART决策树的面向对象分类对研究区的建筑物进行分类提取,分类的总体精度和Kappa系数分别为83.9%和0.821。结果表明:基于CART决策树面向对象分类方法对研究区高分一号影像进行建筑物提取,分类精度较好,可作为地震应急基础数据库更新辅助手段之一。     

城市典型建筑地震损失预测方法II：地震损失估计

本文在文[1]的基础上，给出城市典型建筑地震损失估计方法。首先，给出砖砌体结构、排架结构和钢筋混凝土结构的破坏分级描述；其次，介绍城市地震人员伤亡及经济损失估计方法。结合文[1]的结构易损性分析方法，以宁波市为例，给出了市区典型建筑的震害矩阵，并对地震作用下的人员伤亡和财产损失进行了估计。     

基于最优分割的高分辨率遥感影像震害建筑物识别技术

为了提高建筑物震害信息提取的效率与准确度,针对震后高分辨率遥感影像,根据震害建筑物在遥感影像上的特征,以2010年海地M_S7.0地震为例,通过尺度参数估计算法自动选择最优分割尺度对影像进行多尺度分割,并采用面向对象方法对海地高分辨率遥感影像进行建筑物震害信息提取,同时与基于像元的支持向量机、反向传播神经网络、基于分类回归算法的决策树分类方法进行比较。试验结果表明,面向对象的分类方法具有更好的目视效果和更高的分类精度,有利于地震后震害信息的准确提取和快速评估。      

城市活断层的抗干扰高分辨率浅层地震勘探研究

首先，简要介绍了城市活断层探测的意义及世界各国开展城市活断层探测的基本情况。在简述抗干扰高分辨率浅层地震勘探基本原理的基础上，重点论述了城市活断层的抗干扰高分辨率浅层地震勘探的震源激发、数字地震仪性能、接收方式与接收条件、观测系统以及数据处理与资料解释等。研究表明，对于城市活断层的抗干扰高分辨率浅层地震勘探，在数据采集环节应采用具有线性或非线性变频扫描功能的可控震源和与其相匹配的地震仪器，以及小道间距、小偏移距、多接收道、短排列和高频检波器接收的工作方法；在数据处理与解释环节，要重视折射静校正技术、噪声压制技术、高精度速度分析技术、子波压缩技术、子波零相位化技术和叠前偏移技术等的应用。最后，给出了城市活断层的抗干扰高分辨率浅层地震勘探实例。     

基于高分辨率影像的九寨沟7.0级地震道路震害评估

2017年8月8日九寨沟7.0级地震引发贯通重灾区的S301省道、Z120县道多处损坏,给应急救援和灾后重建带来较大困难。利用高分辨率无人机和卫星影像可以对道路震害情况进行评估。本文首先对道路震害进行破坏类型和破坏等级的划分,针对不同分辨率影像所表现的道路破坏特征,建立各破坏等级、各损坏类型的解译标志,并完成灾区遥感图像覆盖范围内主要道路震害的研判与评估。经统计分析,研究区域共出现110处明显破坏,其中,68处为部分损坏,42处为完全损毁,道路整体破坏严重。     

城市典型建筑地震损失预测方法Ⅱ:地震损失估计

本文在文[1]的基础上,给出城市典型建筑地震损失估计方法。首先,给出砖砌体结构、排架结构和钢筋混凝土结构的破坏分级描述;其次,介绍城市地震人员伤亡及经济损失估计方法。结合文[1]的结构易损性分析方法,以宁波市为例,给出了市区典型建筑的震害矩阵,并对地震作用下的人员伤亡和财产损失进行了估计。     

基于高分辨率遥感影像的震后重点搜救目标判定模型初步研究

随着高分辨率卫星遥感技术的发展,高分遥感影像在灾害应急评估和紧急救援方面得到了越来越多的应用．本文首先总结了应急搜救目标选取和遥感影像判识两方面工作,然后分析了震后重点搜救区域和目标判定的基本原则,研究了面向搜救的高分辨率影像基本特征,确定了基于高分辨率影像判定重点搜救目标的方法．在此基础上给出了基于高分辨率遥感影像的震后重点搜救区域和搜救目标的分析模型和流程．相关研究方法采用汶川地震的资料进行了初步的尝试．     

IKONOS卫星影像在城市防震减灾及震害评价中的应用研究

文中探讨了IKONOS卫星影像在地震灾害评价中应用的可行性 ,认为高分辨率卫星影像在城市基础数据获取与更新、震害的快速评估和地震应急决策中有广阔的应用前景。在IKONOS卫星影像上 ,可以轻易分辨出城市防震减灾工作中需要的基本要素、如建筑物、构筑物、道路和桥梁。利用遥感图像处理软件可以从IKONOS数字影像中自动提取地物的形状、位置和属性等信息 ,从而节省大量的人力和财力。由于IKONOS卫星影像的更新速度远远高于城市地震灾害评价所需要的航空相片或大比例尺地形图 ,因此可以保证数据的实效性 ,从而解决“九五”震害预测与减灾对策研究中的数据老化问题。IKONOS卫星影像的重复周期为 3天 ,在理想的天气状况下 ,地震发生后的 3天之内 ,用户就可以得到震区影像 ,因此可用于震害的快速评估 ,还可取代航空相片用于地震现场调查     

遥感图像震害特征组合增强模型及其算法实现

在高分辨率遥感图像中, 不同震害损毁程度的建筑物呈现不同的图像特征, 鉴于此本文提出一种利用遥感图像多特征分析建筑物损毁程度的检测方法. 以2015年尼泊尔M_S8.1地震为例, 结合震后高分一号卫星全色遥感图像和城市道路矢量数据提供的街区信息, 以建筑物街区为单元进行图像纹理提取和局部空间统计等多类别图像特征参数分析, 并构建多特征分类模型, 将震后建筑物街区划分为基本完好、 部分损毁和严重损毁等3个类别. 试验结果表明, 本文提取的参数能够有效地表征损毁建筑物的图像特征, 而且建筑物震害损毁检测精度较高. 该方法可用于建筑物震害损毁信息的快速提取, 为震后应急救援提供指导; 同时还可为我国自主研发高分卫星遥感数据在地震灾害信息提取中的应用提供技术参考与方法借鉴.     

A practical approach for seismic risk assessment of underground structures: A case study of Iranian subway tunnels

Active geological and young faulted zones have made Iran’s territory one of the most seismological active areas in the world according to recent historical earthquakes. Some of the deadliest earthquakes such as Gilan 1990 and Kermanshah 2018 caused tens of thousands fatalities. If such violent earthquakes affect strategical structures of a country, indirect losses would be more concerning than direct losses. Nowadays there is no doubt about the vital role of tunnels and underground structures in urban areas. These facilities serve as nonstop functional structures for human transportation, water and sewage systems and underground pedestrian ways. Any external hazard subjected to underground spaces, such as earthquake could directly affect passenger’s lives and significantly decrease whole system reliability of public transportation. Commonly two earthquake levels of intensities, Maximum Design Earthquake (MDE) and Operating Design Earthquake (ODE) were used in seismic design of underground structures. However, uncertain nature of earthquakes in terms of frequency content, duration of strong ground motion, and level of intensity indicate that only the two levels of earthquake (ODE and MDE) cannot cover the all range of possible seismic responses of structures during a probable earthquake. It is important to evaluate the behavior of tunnel under a wide range of earthquake intensities. For this purpose, a practical risk-based approach which is obtained using the total probability rule was used. This study illustrates a framework for evaluation seismic stability of tunnels. Urban railway tunnels of Tehran, Shiraz, Ahwaz, Mashhad, Isfahan and Tabriz were considered as study cases. Nominal value of seismic risk for three main damage states, including minor, moderate and major were calculated.     

A simplified approach for including the incidence angle effect in seismic risk assessment

A simplified procedure is developed to consider the azimuthal orientation of buildings when estimating seismic risk. Two square-plan reinforced concrete building models are considered as a testbed, one with similar and one with dissimilar properties along the two principal horizontal axes. The fragility of both structures is analysed using a set of ground motion records rotated to multiple incidence angles to develop orientation-dependent fragility functions. It has been observed that, re-orienting all records so that these structures have the same azimuth vis-à-vis the corresponding epicentre leads to significant differences compared to assuming random orientations. Additional results stemming from single-degree-of-freedom oscillators further confirm such findings, showing a dependence to the proximity to the faults and the level of dissimilarity in the principal horizontal axes of the structure. The end results point to a non-negligible bias in assessment studies when a structure's orientation with respect to governing rupture scenarios is not taken into account. It is shown that the median of fragility curves calculated for un-rotated incidence angles can be bias-corrected through shifted by an amount that depends on the azimuthal orientation and level of axes-dissimilarity of structures.     

The SERGISAI procedure for seismic risk assessment

The European project SERGISAI developed a computational tool where amethodology for seismic risk assessment at different geographical scales hasbeen implemented. Experts of various disciplines, including seismologists,engineers, planners, geologists, and computer scientists, co-operated in anactual multidisciplinary process to develop this tool. Standard proceduralcodes, Geographical Information Systems (GIS), and Artificial Intelligence(AI) techniques compose the whole system, that will enable the end userto carry out a complete seismic risk assessment at three geographical scales:regional, sub-regional and local. At present, single codes or models thathave been incorporated are not new in general, but the modularity of theprototype, based on a user-friendly front-end, offers potential users thepossibility of updating or replacing any code or model if desired. Theproposed procedure is a first attempt to integrate tools, codes and methodsfor assessing expected earthquake damage, and it was mainly designedto become a useful support for civil defence and land use planning agencies.Risk factors have been treated in the most suitable way for each one, interms of level of detail, kind of parameters and units of measure.Identifying various geographical scales is not a mere question of dimension;since entities to be studied correspond to areas defined by administrativeand geographical borders. The procedure was applied in the following areas:Toscana in Italy, for the regional scale, the Garfagnana area in Toscana, forthe sub-regional scale, and a part of Barcelona city, Spain, for the localscale.     

基于多源卫星数据的小型水体蓝藻水华联合监测——以天津于桥水库为例

近年来水体富营养化呈扩张趋势,蓝藻水华不仅在太湖等大型湖泊频发,水面面积较小的天津于桥水库等也形势严峻,亟需加强卫星遥感监测.但是,以往在太湖等业务化使用非常成功的MODIS等卫星数据(约500 m),由于空间分辨率较低,难以满足小型水体的监测要求;而Landsat-8等空间分辨率较高的卫星数据(30 m),通常重返周期较长,无法满足水华高频监测需求.本文以天津市于桥水库(面积约80 km2)为研究区,针对常用的卫星数据,从空间、时间、光谱范围和数据可获取性共4个方面,评价不同卫星数据蓝藻水华监测能力和算法,同时对不同卫星监测结果一致性进行评估.结果表明:(1)筛选出国产HJ-1A\B CCD、GF-1 WFV和美国Landsat-8 OLI这3种卫星波段合适,空间分辨率较高,适用于桥水库蓝藻水华监测,但考虑到其重返周期较长,建议多星联合观测;(2)各个卫星监测结果与卫星影像目视解译结果基本一致,均方根误差和相对误差均分别控制在0.78 km2和4.9%以内;(3)不同卫星监测结果一致性良好,一致性精度达到99.5%;(4)根据历史影像结果,发现于桥水库2016年水质开始呈富营养化,藻华现象在夏、秋两季最为严重.研究表明,针对小型水面水体蓝藻水华监测,利用较高分辨率数据联合监测,是一种有效的替代策略,今后可在更多小型水域推广.     

利用绕射信息在裂缝型地层中进行钻前风险评估

钻前风险评估是智能导钻过程中减少井漏井塌等事故的关键环节.在裂缝型地层中, 特别是在深层、超深层地区, 井筒的承压能力极易受到地层中天然裂缝带的影响, 较易出现井漏、井塌等钻井事故, 亟需在钻进前进行基于裂缝带的风险评估.绕射波由于对裂缝等小地质体较为敏感, 是描述天然裂缝带的有效手段, 但是目前的绕射波成像结果通常信噪比不高, 较难直接应用于钻前风险评估.论文通过分析绕射波均方根振幅能量, 发展适用于绕射波成像的构造平滑技术, 提出了基于绕射波信息的天然裂缝带描述方法, 提高了数据信噪比, 更好地描述了天然裂缝带的空间分布.该方法应用于顺北地区某钻井的深部裂缝型地层中, 所得的目标层段预测结果与实钻的漏失、卡钻井段具有较好的对应关系, 验证了方法有效性.

     

Simplified seismic performance assessment and implications for seismic design

The last decade or so has seen the development of refined performance-based earthquake engineering(PBEE) approaches that now provide a framework for estimation of a range of important decision variables,such as repair costs,repair time and number of casualties. This paper reviews current tools for PBEE,including the PACT software,and examines the possibility of extending the innovative displacement-based assessment approach as a simplified structural analysis option for performance assessment. Details of the displacement-based s+eismic assessment method are reviewed and a simple means of quickly assessing multiple hazard levels is proposed. Furthermore,proposals for a simple definition of collapse fragility and relations between equivalent single-degree-of-freedom characteristics and multi-degree-of-freedom story drift and floor acceleration demands are discussed,highlighting needs for future research. To illustrate the potential of the methodology,performance measures obtained from the simplified method are compared with those computed using the results of incremental dynamic analyses within the PEER performance-based earthquake engineering framework,applied to a benchmark building. The comparison illustrates that the simplified method could be a very effective conceptual seismic design tool. The advantages and disadvantages of the simplified approach are discussed and potential implications of advanced seismic performance assessments for conceptual seismic design are highlighted through examination of different case study scenarios including different structural configurations.     

1996年度地震危险区预测

总结１９９５年度的预报情况，提出了１９９６年度全国４个大区的地震活动性水平以及可能的危险地区。     

国家测震台站卫星传输状态自动检测

介绍了国家测震台站卫星传输链路和数据传输状态检测方法,使用VS2015开发环境的C#语言编写了自动检测程序并将其应用于台站,台站值班人员可以及时得到卫星传输不正常的报警信息,以便及时进行修复。