长江三峡坝区河谷深槽的地貌特征及其成因

通过实地观察，分析三峡工程坝区河谷深槽的地貌特征，并在此基础上，对三峡深槽的成因及其发育年代进行探讨，结果表明：（1）三峡坝区河谷深槽是在三峡地区构造抬升过程中，水流顺构造裂隙强裂侵蚀下切而形成的；对深槽堆积物中朽木进行的14C测年表明，三峡深槽的深切侵蚀大约发生在30－40ka BP;(2)三峡深槽的向下深切主要是急流（特别是漩流）携带岩砾对槽底进行研磨，掏蚀作用形成的；三峡坝区坝上深槽中的岩礁和左壁以及坝下深槽的右壁还受到急流携带岩砾的撞击、冲蚀、磨蚀和下沉流的垂向磨蚀作用；坝下深槽的左壁则是发育了深槽之后，由槽壁岩石的减压张裂及其水下的坍塌而拓展形成的；（3）深槽的平面延伸受到纵向裂隙构造的控制，最容易发生强烈深切的位置，则受到横向裂隙与纵向裂隙的受切部位控制；深槽中的深潭向下深切所能达到的深度，主要与局部水势的变化及床底岩石抗蚀强度的差异有关，其深度不受海面高度的限制。     

X射线荧光光谱法测定碳酸锶产品中锶钡钙镁组分含量

采用人工配制系列标准样,硼酸镶边垫底粉末压片方法制样,建立X射线荧光光谱法测定SrCO3产品中锶钙钡镁含量的定量分析曲线。由于SrCO3产品中锶含量极高,按照仪器给定的测量条件进行测量会产生谱峰饱和现象,造成计数率溢出,分析结果误差较大;文章对锶的分析条件进行了研究,提出降低锶的测定功率来降低计数率,以达到测量目的。同时还对自成特性很差的SrCO3产品的压片条件进行了讨论。使用α经验系数法校正基体效应,通过对实际样进行检验,测量值与化学分析值结果吻合。方法的检出限和准确度均满足分析要求。方法的RSD分别为Sr0.029%,Ba0.17%,Ca0.89%,Mg0.20%。     

浙江缙云县大洋山石鼓尖花岗岩坑穴成因

On top of Shigujian Peak (1477 m a.s.l.) of the Dayangshan Mountain in Jinyun County, Zhejiang Province, large amounts of granite pits with diameters ranging from several dozens of centimeters to around one meter and depth from 10 cm to 45 cm are found on rock surface. These pits mainly appear on the NE and SE sides, and their drainage mouths are in the same direction. The identification results through micropolariscope and X-ray fluorescence spectrometer reveal that bedrock of pits is from middle to fine-grained moyite being apt to be weathered and modified. In Dayangshan region the annual mean temperature is 9.2°C and annual precipitation is over 1700 mm. On the one hand, there always experiences a period of periglacial action with temperature oscillating near 0°C for 4 months, i.e., from December to March next year. As a consequence, the freezing-thawing cycles may be remarkable to disintegrate the bedrock. On the other hand, the windward slope of Shigujian Peak meets typhoon of over force 10 on the Beaufort scale in summer, therefore, the blowing makes suspending sands or pebbles grind in swirling form. Based on field investigation and periglacial geomorphic theory, the pits on top of Shigujian Peak are attributed to freezing-thawing of periglacial action. Meanwhile, storm and strong wind accelerate the process. Observation shows that both the actions are still undergoing and variant directions of wind are the main cause for making different shapes of the pits. Because the top of Shigujian is 1500 m lower than the present snow line, some scholars considered that “glacial pothole” formed in the Quaternary is hard to work, even though in the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Foundation: Regional landform and landscape survey programme of the Zhejiang Institute of Geological Survey Author: Zhu Cheng (1954–), Professor, specialized in geomorphology and the Quaternary geology.     

Chemical element transfer of weathering granite regolith in the Three Gorges Dam region of Yangtze River

Clearing up sediment and regolith on the foundation of the dam in the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River in 1999, riverbed were exposed. On the basis of weathering granite regolith sampled from different portions of the valley landforms, by analysing total chemical contents with X rays fluorescent slice and calculating proper value of chemical element transferring ratio and intensity, the transferring law of chemical elements in different portions of the landforms were concluded: 1) In various landforms of the river valley, the process of desilication is not distinct; 2) in weathering granite regolith of riverbed, easy soluble CaO and MgO are relatively enriched whereas A1₂O₃ tends to decrease. The enriching rate of Fe₂O₃ is the greatest in various landforms of the river valley; 3) in weathering granite regolith of flood-plain, K₂O and MgO contents are relatively enriched; 4) the weathering granite regolith of valley slope is a typical north subtropical weathering regolith, and its chemical weathering degree is in the transition phase from early to middle period; and 5) there is an opposite layer where K₂O is relatively leaching and Na₂O relatively enriching in 6.5 m depth of all weathering granite regolith.     

Chemical element transfer of weathering granite regolith in the Three Gorges Dam region of Yangtze River

Clearing up sediment and regolith on the foundation of the dam in the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River in 1999, riverbed were exposed. On the basis of weathering granite regolith sampled from different portions of the valley landforms, by analysing total chemical contents with X rays fluorescent slice and calculating proper value of chemical element transferring ratio and intensity, the transferring law of chemical elements in different portions of the landforms were concluded: 1) In various landforms of the river valley, the process of desilication is not distinct; 2) in weathering granite regolith of riverbed, easy soluble CaO and MgO are relatively enriched whereas Al2O3 tends to decrease. The enriching rate of Fe2O3 is the greatest in various landforms of the river valley; 3) in weathering granite regolith of flood-plain, K2O and MgO contents are relatively enriched; 4) the weathering granite regolith of valley slope is a typical north subtropical weathering regolith, and its chemical weathering degree is in the transition phase from early to middle period; and 5) there is an opposite layer where K2O is relatively leaching and Na2O relatively enriching in 6.5 m depth of all weathering granite regolith.     

三峡库区紫色土微量元素含量的变化

以三峡库区典型坡面紫色土为例,对土壤中微量元素的含量及其在不同坡度、不同利用方式下的变化进行初步研究。结果表明,库区紫色土中Fe、Mn、Ni、Zr、Sr和Ti的含量相对较多,Mo的含量较为丰富,Zn和Pb的含量相对较低。Pb、Cu和Co的含量在一定坡度范围内随坡地坡度的增大而减少,Zr和Cr的含量则增加。紫色土中Cu、Pb、Co、Ti、Zr、Ni、Cr、Sr等微量元素的含量随坡度的变化具有一定的相关性。耕作土和非耕作土中微量元素含量差异明显,人为活动是引起库区紫色土微量元素含量变化的主要因素。     

镇江下蜀土剖面的化学风化强度与元素迁移特征

对镇江下蜀土剖面的化学风化强度及元素迁移特征进行了研究, 结合与黄土高原第四纪黄土、古土壤、晚第三纪红粘土以及安徽宣城风成红土等典型风成堆积剖面的对比分析, 得出如下结论: (1) 镇江下蜀土剖面经历了中等强度的化学风化, 明显强于洛川黄土以及古土壤, 显著弱于宣城风成红土, 而与西峰晚第三纪红粘土非常接近。下蜀土的化学风化过程及 其与其他风成堆积剖面风化强度的差异主要受气候条件的控制, 气候条件通过年平均温度和年降水量对化学风化的地球化学环境起重要的影响, 其中降水因素在化学风化过程中可能起着更为重要的制约作用。(2) 镇江下蜀土剖面风化过程中, 绝大部分常量元素的地球化学行为 表现为迁移淋失, 仅Fe 和Ti 轻微富集, 元素的活动性由强至弱依次为: P > Na > Ca > Mg > K > Fe²⁺ > Si > Mn > Al > Ti > Fe³⁺; 常量元素的迁移特征揭示下蜀土的化学风化已经完成初级阶段的去Ca、Na 过程, 并初步进入到去K 风化的中级阶段; 微量元素除Sr、Ga 迁移淋 失外, Th、Ba、Cu、Zn、Co、Ni、Cr、V 等均表现出富集特征, 这可能与下蜀土风化成壤过 程中的生物地球化学过程以及粘粒、有机质对微量元素的吸附作用有关。(3) 元素迁移在剖面 中的变化特征揭示, 在0.24 Ma 之前的中更新世早、中期, 该区气候较为暖湿, 兼有干湿交替的特征; 中更新世晚期气候偏干凉, 风化淋溶最弱; 至晚更新世早期则又出现一段明显暖湿的成壤时期, 形成下蜀土剖面中的S1 古土壤层。总之, 中更新世以来本区气候整体上向干凉的方向发展。     

三峡工程影响下三峡区域旅游地空间结构研究

文章以三峡区域为研究对象,在分析三峡工程对三峡区域旅游地空间结构影响因素的基础上,从构造符合市场多样化需求的区域旅游地空间结构,并带动三峡区域尤其是三峡库区移民经济稳定发展的角度,对三峡区域旅游地空间的变化趋势和结构形态进行了阐述,具体为“一轴”模式将转变为“双核”模式、水陆分化模式、空间掠夺与“边缘回头”模式,“两极、三轴、三区、四带”的空间结构骨架和空间拓展模式。     

基于广义加性模型估算1979-2014年三峡库区降水及其特征分析

高精度、长时间序列、空间连续的降水产品是气候分析、水文模拟等众多研究领域中的重要输入。近期欧洲研究人员融合了3种不同类型的降水数据：站点观测、遥感产品、再分析资料,制作了全球1979-2014年3小时一次0.25°空间分辨率的降水产品（Multi-Source Weighted-Ensemble Precipitation, MSWEP）,凭借高时空分辨率及其对多源信息的挖掘和融合,该产品一经发布即受到广泛关注。本文利用三峡库区及附近地区气象站点的降水资料对MSWEP月降水数据进行评估,采用广义加性模型算法（General Additive Model,GAM）融合站点降水空间插值结果和MSWEP产品,对三峡库区融合后降水进行分析。主要结论为：① 降水估算精度呈现冬春季偏高、夏秋季偏低的特征,MSWEP产品与站点插值方法具有互补性,前者对夏秋季降水估算精度更高,后者对冬春季降水估算精度更高;② GAM算法可以充分发挥站点插值和MSWEP数据各自的优势,提高区域降水估算精度,与融合前相比,均方根误差减少了17%~50%,相关系数r提高了10%~30%;③ 2003年库区蓄水前后降水变化的主要特征有：库区中部长江以南地区汛期降水（5-10月）下降,库区西部干季（1-4月,11-12月）降水增加,库区外围西北部（大巴山地区）汛期降水增加,降水空间格局异质性增加,干季降水占全年降水比例升高。     

Reservoir resettlement in China: past experience and the Three Gorges Dam

This paper reviews involuntary resettlement resulting from dam-building, which has been ignored relative to the dominant focus of migration research in China, rural to urban migration. Reservoir resettlement in China has a long history, often of misery and hardship for those displaced. Relocatees affected by the Three Gorges Project (1994–2009) on the Yangtze River face a similar situation. In China priority has been given to building the dam to provide electricity, flood control and navigation. Less attention has been paid to the problems of the people affected by the reservoir inundation. The rural population forced to relocate and rural-urban migrants in general have been discriminated against by national policies.     

Interacting effects of multiple factors on the morphological evolution of the meandering reaches downstream the Three Gorges Dam

Elucidating the influence of dams on fluvial processes can inform river protection and basin management. However, relatively few studies have focused on how multiple factors interact to affect the morphological evolution of meandering reaches. Using hydrological and topographical data, we analyzed the factors that influence and regulate the meandering reaches downstream the Three Gorges Dam (TGD). Our conclusions are as follows. (1) The meandering reaches can be classified into two types based on their evolution during the pre-dam period: G1 reaches, characterized by convex point bar erosion and concave channel deposition (CECD), and G2 reaches, characterized by convex point bar deposition and concave channel erosion (CDCE). Both reach types exhibited CECD features during the post-dam period. (2) Flow processes and sediment transport are the factors that caused serious erosion of the low beaches located in the convex point bars. However, changes in the river regime, river boundaries and jacking of Dongting Lake do not act as primary controls on the morphological evolution of the meandering reaches. (3) Flood discharges ranging from 20,000 to 25,000 m³/s result in greater erosion of convex point bars. The point bars become scoured if the durations of these flows, which are close to bankfull discharge, exceed 20 days. In addition, the reduction in bedload causes the decreasing of point bar siltation in the water-falling period. (4) During the post-dam period, flood abatement, the increased duration of discharges ranging from 20,000 to 25,000 m³/s, and a significant reduction in sediment transport are the main factors that caused meandering reaches to show CECD features. Our results are relevant to other meandering reaches, where they can inform estimates of riverbed change, river management strategies and river protection.     

Seasonal variations of sediment discharge from the Yangtze River before and after impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam

Over the past decades, > 50,000 dams and reforestation on the Yangtze River (Changjiang) have had little impact on water discharge but have drastically altered annual and particularly seasonal sediment discharge. Before impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) in June 2003, annual sediment discharge had decreased by 60%, and the hysteresis of seasonal rating curves in the upper reaches at Yichang station had shifted from clockwise to counterclockwise. In addition, the river channel in middle-lower reaches had changed from depositional to erosional in 2002.During the four years (2003–2006) after TGD impoundment, ~ 60% of sediment entering the Three Gorges Reservoir was trapped, primarily during the high-discharge months (June–September). Although periodic sediment deposition continues downstream of the TGD, during most months substantial erosion has occurred, supplying ~ 70 million tons per year (Mt/y) of channel-derived sediment to the lower reaches of the river. If sand extraction (~ 40 Mt/y) is taken into consideration, the river channel loses a total of 110 Mt/y. During the extreme drought year 2006, sediment discharge in the upper reaches drastically decreased to 9 Mt (only 2% of its 1950–1960s level) because of decreased water discharge and TGD trapping. In addition, Dongting Lake in the middle reaches, for the first time, changed from trapping net sediment from the mainstem to supplying 14 Mt net sediment to the mainstem. Severe channel erosion and drastic sediment decline have put considerable pressure on the Yangtze coastal areas and East China Sea.     

Effect of Three Gorges Dam on Poyang Lake water level at daily scale based on machine learning

Lake water level is an essential indicator of environmental changes caused by natural and human factors. The water level of Poyang Lake, the largest freshwater lake in China,has exhibited a dramatic variation for the past few years, especially after the completion of the Three Gorges Dam(TGD). However, there is a lack of more accurate assessment of the effect of the TGD on the Poyang Lake water level(PLWL) at finer temporal scales(e.g., the daily scale). Here, we used three machine learning models, namely, an Artificial Neural Network(ANN), a Nonlinear Autoregressive model with eXogenous input(NARX), and a Gated Recurrent Unit(GRU), to simulate the daily lake level during 2003–2016. We found that machine learning models with historical memory(i.e., the GRU model) are more suitable for simulating the PLWL under the influence of the TGD. The GRU-based results show that the lake level is significantly affected by the TGD regulation in the different operation stages and in different periods. Although the TGD has had a slight but not very significant impact on the yearly decline of the PLWL, the blocking or releasing of water at the TGD at certain moments has caused large changes in the lake level. This machine-learning-based study sheds light on the interactions between Poyang Lake and the Yangtze River regulated by the TGD.