臭氧对物体表面IBV冠状病毒的杀灭效果的研究

本文利用强氧化剂臭氧O3对物体表面的冠状病毒进行杀灭试验。不同物体表面经不同臭氧浓度、湿度、温度处理灭活的冠状病毒于10日龄鸡胚培养一代，进行对流免疫电泳试验检测。结果表明，臭氧浓度在高于60．3mg／m^3，作用时间超过15min时就可将表面皿表面的病毒完全杀灭。温度对臭氧的杀毒效果也有影响，即温度越高杀毒效果越明显，而湿度对臭氧消毒效果则没有影响。同时，表面的材料不同对臭氧的消毒效果也存在一定影响，对金属材料和玻璃器皿的消毒效果较好；对纸片和布片的杀毒效果较差。     

ATOVS反演数据在大气中尺度模式MM5中的同化试验

基于中国海洋大学卫星地面站接收到的NOAA系列卫星数据,利用1种神经网络反演方法获取大气温度、湿度及风矢量垂直廓线数据。以2004年第14号台风"云娜"为例,在中尺度气象模式MM5中运用松弛逼近法对这些反演数据进行了一系列同化试验。结果表明:仅同化温度与湿度的效果比同时同化风矢量、温度与湿度的效果好;台风的路径与强度有所改善,不采用人造涡旋方案时同化效果相对采用人造涡旋方案时更能体现出改进作用。     

臭氧在卤虫卵孵化中的应用效果研究

臭氧因具有强氧化性,可以起到灭菌、消毒、净化水质的作用 ,并且它在水中可迅速分解为氧气,不会造成对水体的污染［１，８，９］,被认为是一种绿色环保型的“消毒剂” ,因而在水产养殖中的应用越来越广泛。以往人们的研究主要集中在臭氧对养殖鱼类的毒性及水体的杀菌效果等方面［５，６，８］ 另有报道臭氧影响微藻中的脂肪酸和蛋白质的含量［７］。有关臭氧对卤虫卵孵化率的影响仅见有孙广明等［２］报道 :利用臭氧处理过的水进行卤虫卵孵化,可使其孵化率提高１０%以上。但有关卤虫卵孵化的最佳臭氧浓度、臭氧对卤虫无节幼体的成活率影响、…     

臭氧化消毒技术将在鲍鱼育苗中得到应用

山东省长岛县科委关于臭氧化消毒技术在鲍鱼育苗中应用已申报山东省科委立项。这一应用研究课题旨在通过探索臭氧消毒海水对鲍鱼育苗的作用机理,研究不同臭氧浓度处理海水对稚鲍成活率及生长速度的关系,总结出一套利用臭氧消毒海水清除病害的困扰、提高稚鲍成活率的育苗生产新工艺,推动鲍鱼育苗生产走上高效低耗、科学健康发展的轨道。 臭氧化消毒技术是利用其臭氧的强氧化     

纳米锌对杀鲑气单胞菌的灭活效果及其细胞毒性

为探究纳米锌在制备水产动物致病菌灭活疫苗应用中的可行性。本研究利用不同浓度的纳米锌水溶液在不同温度条件下对杀鲑气单胞菌(Aeromonas salmonicida)进行不同时长的孵育处理。研究显示,纳米锌对杀鲑气单胞菌的灭活效果与浓度、温度及孵育时间均呈现正相关性,在高浓度与高温条件下灭活菌体所需的时间短。检测了不同灭活条件下纳米锌对杀鲑气单胞菌菌体蛋白及免疫原性的影响,SDS-PAGE结果显示不同条件下纳米锌灭活的杀鲑气单胞菌菌体蛋白组成及丰度与正常菌体没有明显差异;而扫描电镜结果显示,在37℃条件下纳米锌会造成菌体结构破损并出现细菌碎片;ELISA检测结果4℃条件下各纳米锌浓度灭活组菌体抗原性均未受到显著性影响,然而在28℃条件下,200和400mg/L纳米锌灭活组菌体抗原性显著低于对照组,而在37℃条件下除50mg/L浓度组外,其它3个浓度灭活组抗原性均显著低于对照组。比较研究了100mg/L-28℃灭活组与甲醛灭活的全菌疫苗的免疫保护效果,结果显示纳米锌与甲醛灭活菌体免疫组鱼体的免疫保护率分别为86.2%与79.3%。利用鲤上皮瘤细胞对纳米锌的细胞毒性进行了检测,结果显示400mg/L浓度以下纳米锌对细胞的贴壁、生长及代谢均无明显影响。本研究结果说明纳米锌对杀鲑气单胞菌具有明显的灭活效果,且灭活的全菌疫苗表现出良好的免疫保护效果,而其对菌体的抑杀能力及损伤程度与温度和时间密切相关,本研究为纳米锌在水产全菌灭活疫苗的制备提供了基础。     

鲈鱼鳗弧菌病疫苗的制备及免疫防治效果

以从患出血、烂尾病的鲈鱼 ( L ateolabrax japonicus)中分离的 1株致病性鳗弧菌 W- 1( Vibrio anguillarum)为材料 ,进行了鳗弧菌全细胞灭活疫苗研制 ,比较了福尔马林、苯酚、氯仿等不同灭活剂在不同温度下的灭活效果。最终确定以 0 .5 % ( v/ v)的福尔马林溶液在 2 8℃下处理 4 8h为最佳灭活条件 ,所用的菌悬液浓度为 2 .5× 10 9cfu/ m L。用福尔马林灭活的 W- 1( Vibrio anguil-larum)疫苗 ,分别浸泡免疫鲈鱼苗和注射成鱼 ,并检测了疫苗对鱼体的免疫保护力。结果表明 ,经疫苗浸泡免疫 4周后的鲈鱼苗免疫保护力达 64.7% ,90 d后同批次的鲈鱼再注射免疫 ,其免疫保护力为 78.9% ,血清中抗体凝集效价为 1∶ 192。仅进行注射免疫组 ,其免疫保护力为 5 7.9% ,血清中抗体凝集效价为 1∶ 2 2 4。     

臭氧氧化分解污泥的试验研究

臭氧氧化能有效地分解污泥,为对臭氧氧化后污泥性质的变化进行系统的研究,本文采用接触反应柱对污泥在臭氧氧化过程中性质的变化进行了研究。结果表明,在臭氧投量为0．1gO3／gSS时,污泥中的溶解性COD浓度从256mg／L增加到2126mg／L,污泥沉降速度由初始的0．19cm／min增至1．43cm／min,滤饼的含水率由初始的76．6％降至70．6％。臭氧氧化后污泥絮体被分解,产生大量悬浮粒子,使污泥上清液的浊度和悬浮物浓度增加。臭氧氧化处理后污泥的过滤性能恶化。污泥比阻增大。     

用臭氧处理海水对鱼虾的急性毒性效应研究

本实验检测了不同浓度臭氧残留对中国对虾(Penaeus chinensis)、牙鲆（Paralichthys oilvaceus）存活率的影响。结果表明，对虾的耐受力要比牙鲆鱼强，中国对虾在臭氧浓度≥1.0mg/L时，可存活至少48h，而芽鲆在此浓度下3h后，即出现鳃部充血肿胀、呼吸频率加快等不适应现象，48h LC50为0.13mg/L。如果能正确控制臭氧的残留量，利用臭氧净化养殖用水是一个不容质疑的水质净化的好方法。     

大黄鱼雌核发育二倍体的人工诱导

采用紫外线照射对大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea Richardson)精子遗传物质进行完全灭活,灭活后精子与卵子受精获得雌核发育单倍体受精卵,再通过冷休克对单倍体受精卵进行倍性恢复,成功诱导出大黄鱼雌核发育二倍体。实验结果表明:(1)在紫外照射过程中照射剂量与大黄鱼精子和卵子受精后其成活率和孵化率呈现出明显的Hertwig效应,紫外照射时间超过2 min(剂量>2 400 ergs/mm2),可使大黄鱼精子遗传物质完全灭活。大黄鱼雌核发育诱导中精子遗传灭活的最适紫外照射时间为2.5 min(剂量为3 000 ergs/mm2);(2)冷休克法可成功抑制大黄鱼受精卵第二极体排放,诱导效果受处理时刻、处理时间和处理温度三因素的影响。综合雌核发育二倍体的诱导率、处理后受精卵早期胚胎存活率和仔鱼孵化率等因素,较适合的染色体加倍条件为23℃培育水温下授精后2 min,在3-4℃海水中处理10 min。     

湿度变化对气体污染物扩散影响的研究

完善污染物扩散基本方程。结合多组分扩散理论针对湿度变化对气体污染物扩散的影响进行研究,通过对气体污染物迁移、转化的基本方程进行修正,得到在无边界大气条件下1个稳定污染点源连续排放的扩散模型,并对方程进行了简化和求解;通过变湿度气态物扩散特性试验装置,对不同湿度条件下气体扩散性质进行了试验确定。得到了湿度变化条件下气体污染物扩散的一般规律。     

On the influence of the 11-year cycle of solar activity on quasi-biennial variations in ozone and temperature in the Canadian sector of the arctic

An analysis of the high-latitude ozone balloon sounding data derived from Canadian stations shows that, in the maximum of the 11-year cycle of solar activity (SA), the ozone content in the lower stratosphere is higher than in the SA minimum and, in the SA maximum, the lower stratosphere is warmer and the troposphere is colder than in the SA minimum. The ozone and temperature responses to the equatorial quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) in the opposite phases of the 11-year cycle of SA show substantial differences: in the SA maximum, the QBO effects in the ozone and temperature cover a wider range of heights, the maxima of the effects manifest themselves at 5–10 km higher, and their amplitudes exceed the amplitudes of the effects in the SA minimum. The results indicate that the QBO is one of the “conductors” of the influence of the 11-year SA cycle in the Canadian sector of the Arctic.     

紫球藻细胞破碎方法研究

采用反复冻融法和超声波细胞破碎法分别对不同密度的紫球藻细胞进行了破碎研究，并通过细胞计数和藻红蛋白含量测定的手段对两种方法所得细胞破碎效率进行了比较。结果表明，随着冻融温度的降低，细胞的破碎率明显增大，而藻液密度对破碎率的影响较小。超声波法对细胞的破碎率明显高于冻融法，其中占空比和破碎时间两个因素对细胞的破碎率影响较大，在占空比为50％、输出功率为150W和时间20min的条件下，紫球藻细胞的破碎率可达到87.4％，并且随着细胞破碎效率的提高，藻红蛋白的提取量也明显增加。     

热红外波段大气透过率和程辐射的估算方法

文中对M ONTRAN模型内嵌6种大气模式的主要特性差异进行分析,并以中纬度夏季大气模式为例,分析了主要参数(如水汽、臭氧以及气温等)对估算热红外波段大气透过率和程辐射的影响。论文最后对利用探空数据构造完整大气模式进行了研究。     

Prognostic estimations of the atmospheric ozone content in the first half of the 21st century

New prognostic estimates are obtained for the potential variability of the atmospheric ozone content in the first half of the 21st century. The calculations are based on models of gas composition and general circulation in the lower and middle atmosphere and on the scenarios of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). It is shown that the rate of ozone content increase will be controlled to a considerable extent by variations in stratospheric temperature. Even though the contents of atmospheric chlorine and bromine are not reduced, contrary to the WMO prediction, and remain at the present-day levels, the continuation of stratospheric cooling will lead to a rapid recovery of the ozone content to its level characteristic of the 1980s. Model experiments on variations in the stratospheric aerosol content have shown that an increase in the aerosol concentration will not affect the rate of ozone recovery in the atmosphere during reduced emissions of chlorine and bromine gases if the stratospheric temperature remains lowered. Numerical experiments have also shown that the simultaneous anthropogenic action on the contents of halogen gases and on the lower-stratosphere temperature can reduce the adverse effects of Freons and halons on the ozone layer.     

气候变化和污染源对中国华北地区臭氧的影响

中国近年来空气污染严重,尤其是臭氧污染问题日益突出,因此,探讨全球变暖下未来气候变化和污染源等综合作用如何影响中国臭氧污染,对中国未来污染控制具有重要意义.本研究主要利用Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project(ACCMIP)中GFD...     

Changes in Vertical Distribution and Column Content of NO<Subscript>2</Subscript> under the Influence of Sudden Stratospheric Warmings

Characteristic features of changes in the vertical distribution and column content of NO₂, total ozone, and stratospheric temperature have been revealed as a result of major sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs). Strong negative anomalies of column NO₂, total ozone and stratospheric temperature are caused by the displacement of the stratospheric circumpolar vortex aside from the pole. Strong positive anomalies of column NO₂ and total ozone are observed more frequently under SSWs accompanied by splitting of the stratospheric circumpolar vortex and are caused by the transport of stratospheric air from the low latitudes. Major SSWs can lead to significant changes in the vertical profile of NO₂. The changes in different stratospheric layers can be opposite to each other when the edge of the polar vortex is over a site of ground-based observations.     

Variability of trace gases in the atmospheric surface layer from observations in the city of Moscow

The results of continuous minute measurements of the surface concentrations of ozone, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, and sulfur dioxide during the 2002–2004 period at the environmental station of the Oboukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences (IAP), and the Faculty of Geography, Moscow State University (MSU), are discussed. It is shown that the conditions of Moscow’s southwestern region remote from large local pollution sources reflect the general regularities of the variability of trace gases in an urban atmosphere. This is manifested in the mean annual value of the ratio NO/NO₂ (a little less than 1), decreased daylight values of O₃, increased values of the rest of the trace gases as compared to the background region, and the presence of a secondary nocturnal maximum in the diurnal cycle of O₃. The features of the annual and diurnal cycles of the concentrations of the substances under analysis are discussed. In the diurnal cycle of the primary products of combustion (NO and CO), an excess of the morning maximum (over the evening one) is observed during both warm and transition periods and higher values of the night maximum (as compared to the daylight one) are noted for summer. The temperature stratification properties determined from the MSU long-term acoustic sounding data serve as a possible cause for both of the effects revealed. The annual cycle of the concentration of surface ozone is characterized by the highest values for spring and summer. The annual cycles of NO, NO₂, CO, and SO₂ do not demonstrate any obvious seasonal regularities. A significant seasonal variation of the ratio NO/NO₂, which is associated with the oxidizing properties of the urban atmosphere, is revealed. The record high concentrations of trace gases in the atmosphere over Moscow are given, and the meteorological conditions for their accumulation are discussed.     

Combined chemistry-climate model of the atmosphere

A combined three-dimensional global model of the chemistry and dynamics of the lower and middle atmosphere (up to 90 km from the Earth’s surface) is described. With the use of this model within the AMIP2 (1979–1995) program, numerical calculations were performed with consideration for the interactive coupling between the ozone content, radiation heating, and atmospheric circulation. Comparisons were made between calculated and observed data on the ozone content and temperature. Heterogeneous processes on the surface of polar stratospheric clouds were shown to be important for a correct simulation of the spatial and temporal distribution of atmospheric ozone.     

Ozone and nitric oxides in the surface air over northern Eurasia according to observational data obtained in TROICA experiments

The results of the 1995–2008 observations of the concentrations of ozone and nitric oxides in the surface air over the Trans-Siberian Railway using a mobile laboratory (the TROICA experiments) are analyzed. The features of the spatial distribution and time variability of these gases over the continent within the latitudinal belt 48°–58° N are revealed individually for polluted and background conditions. The characteristic features of their distribution are a decrease in the concentration of nitric oxides and an increase in the concentration of ozone in an eastward direction. On the whole, the process of photochemical ozone formation over the territory of Siberia is slow. Noticeable increases in the concentration of ozone are associated with both forest and steppe fires and with the transboundary transport of pollution from the countries of eastern Asia. The dry precipitation of trace gases plays a significantly larger role in Siberia than in coastal and high-altitude unpolluted regions due to powerful and long temperature inversions.