X射线衍射全岩录井技术在渤海油田的应用

渤海油田的勘探中深层的快速发展、PDC钻头大量使用、大位移井等新技术的应用等,造成现场岩屑细碎,依靠传统的岩性识别方法进行岩性识别越来越困难,进而影响到中深层地层界面的准确判断,不能满足目前随钻岩性识别和实时建立地质岩性剖面的要求。为了解决细碎岩屑的岩性识别以及地层界面识别的问题,渤海油田引入了X射线衍射全岩录井技术(以下简称XRD),该技术主要分析岩石中所含矿物成分以及相对含量,通过特征指示矿物含量的变化,进行岩性识别,根据不同沉积环境的矿物含量的变化趋势来进行地层划分,为现场岩性快速识别及地层界面识别提供了有力支持。     

基于模型的地震波阻抗反演在水平井随钻跟踪中的应用

在水平井地质导向随钻跟踪中,通常利用临井的测井资料建立地质导向前导模型指导随钻.该模型在水平井着陆阶段能相对准确地预测目的层的深度,但在水平段随钻跟踪时,要保证钻头始终控制在目的层内物性较好的部位钻进,仅靠临井的井资料插值预测储层物性,误差就比较大.为此,针对地质导向前导模型储层横向非均质预测的缺陷,把基于模型的地震波阻抗反演技术引入到地质导向模型修正中,预测目的层横向非均质性,指导水平井水平段随钻跟踪服务,以控制井轨迹始终在储层物性较好的部位钻进,提高储层钻遇率.此方法经过实钻水平井的验证,达到了良好的效果.     

深海原位取芯钻机作业机理分析及实验研究

针对深海运载器海底岩芯原位取样作业需求,对基于水下运载器的深海原位取芯钻机在深海低温、高压、底层流速多变等特点条件下的作业机理及受力进行分析,并选取硬质合金钻头和PDC钻头进行了取芯钻头的轴向力、切向力和切削功率的数学力学对比计算,确定了单环四齿周向均布的金刚石复合片(PDC)钻头设计方案。在理论分析基础上,针对深海钴结壳设计了台架试验,开展钻进试验研究。通过理论计算和实验研究,探寻了一种基于深海运载器的钴结壳小型钻机设计方法,确定了钻机功率、转速、钻进正向压力和取芯率等基本参数选取范围,对开展海底岩芯原位取样作业具有重要的指导意义。     

石油地质技术进步

石油地质技术进步Ｇ．Ｄ．Ｈｏｂｓｏｎ１．非垂直井和随钻测井最近，尤其是在近海开发油田中，非垂直井钻探数目越来越多。从一个平台钻探一系列这种类型的钻井比从多个平台钻探同样数量井的费用少得多。除了费用降低之外，运输的风险降低，易于生产管理。为了能够钻探井...     

声波定向随钻对接钻井技术及其运用

常规的钻井导向技术测量是钻头的空间方位,误差与钻井深度成正比,不能满足随钻井眼直接对接要求.与常规钻井导向技术不同,声波定向随钻对接钻井技术是在靶点测量安装在钻挺的声波发生器的声波时差确定钻头与靶点的相对方向.钻头与靶点越近,测量精度越高,对接时误差小于1 cm.对接钻井技术省事、省时、省钱,在对接钻井、防碰钻井、重叠钻井、平行钻井等各种特殊钻井领域有广泛地运用价值.     

扩眼器在定向造斜段的应用可行性研究

随钻扩眼器可有效扩大下部井眼直径,对于优化井身结构、提高完井质量、提高钻进效率、降低后续作业风险具有重要意义。随钻扩眼时该工具相当于一个满眼扶正器,在直井段工作时扩眼器具有防斜作用,但在定向段随钻扩眼时该工具将改变常规造斜钻具的造斜特性,因此该工具在定向造斜段应用的可行性需要研究。以一套常用造斜钻具为例,计算了其初始造斜率以及直接扩眼工况和随钻扩眼工况的造斜率,发现使用扩眼器后对原有钻具组合的造斜特性影响很大。为达到原有造斜要求,通过单独和组合调整BHA参数（主要有螺杆钻具弯角、上稳定器外径、上稳定器距离钻头距离等）获得与原有BHA造斜特性基本相当的多种方案,这说明扩眼器可在既定的造斜要求下完成定向随钻扩眼钻进施工。     

TLP干式钻完井技术特点分析

TLP使得干式井口在深水的应用成为可能,与常规的深水开发模式水下井口相比,TLP降低了钻完井作业的难度和费用,尤其在后期修井和调整并作业时,能够大大降低项目的投资,经济效益明显.TLP目前在墨西哥湾、北海及印度尼西亚深水油气田均有采用.目前针对TLP的钻完井设计和作业程序国内开展研究较少,制约了深水油气田开发前期方案设计工作的开展.因此,重点介绍了TLP对钻完井程序的影响;对于不同的平台钻机配置,总结了TLP的钻完井程序;提出了钻完井设计和作业过程中,TLP对回接套管、升沉补偿等问题的要求,分析了与常规深水湿式井口的温度剖面差异,为开展TLP钻完井技术研究和前期方案设计提供参考.     

小井眼侧钻水平井钻完井工艺在QHD32—6油田的应用

由于海洋石油开发的特殊性,每个采油平台的槽口数量有限,而新建平台或者外挂槽口成本太高,因此利用低效井和关停井的槽口进行套管内开窗侧钻成为一种很好的选择。QHD32—6F平台部分生产井为中177．8mm生产套管,利用修井机在Ф177．8mm生产套管内开窗侧钻Ф152．4mm小井眼,直接着陆钻水平段,裸眼段最长达1120m,平均长1032m。该工艺技术可操作性较强,工期短,成本低,为延长老油田寿命,维持老油田经济开发指明了方向。     

基于和差直方图的岩屑纹理分析与分类识别

随着PDC钻头的推广使用,传统的岩屑录井方法已难以分析如此细小的岩屑。基于数字图像处理技术对岩屑分类识别技术进行研究,首先利用和差直方图统计方法对岩屑进行纹理特征分析和提取,接着运用贝叶斯分类器进行分类识别,实验结果表明,此统计特征提取方法对于大部分岩屑可以很好地获取其主要特征,并最终取得理想的识别结果。此技术的发展将提高现场录井人员的工作效率和识别准确率。     

南海珠三拗陷钻获高产气井

南海珠三拗陷钻获高产气井中国海洋石油南海西部石油公司，最近在南海珠江口盆地的珠三拗陷文昌９—１构造上，首次钻获一口高产天然气井．经测试，该井日产天然气４６．８万ｍ３，日产凝析油２０６ｍ３．钻获这口高产气井，比以往在这个地区的其他构造上钻获的油气井的产...     

小井眼开窗侧钻配套技术研究与应用

针对TUHA油田开发状况和油藏特点,对小井眼侧钻及配套技术进行研究和完善。特别是在小井眼侧钻井钻头选型、小井眼侧钻井钻具结构优化、小井眼MWD复合导向钻井以及小井眼扩眼技术、新型完井管柱优选、增产技术等方面取得进展,机械钻速大幅度提高,钻井周期显著缩短。与前一年度相比,平均机械钻速提高了95％,钻井周期缩短69％,事故复杂时效由14．6％下降到1．9％,侧钻井开发效果创历史最好水平。对同类型油田开发小井眼侧钻技术的应用具有借鉴意义。     

Stress Analysis and Optimum Design of PDC Die for Offshore Drilling Engineering

The maximum internal tangential stress is a critical parameter for the design of the PDC （polycrystalline diamond compact） die that has been widely applied to offshore oil drilling. A new simple equation for the calculation of the stress is developed, and verified by the test data from Kingdream Corp. of China, the largest bit Company in China. An opti- mum method for the design of the PDC die is presented and demonstrated in detail, and software for the design and FEM analysis of the die is developed on the basis of the method. This software has been used in oil industry in recent years.     

Bioavailability of heavy metals bound to sediments affected by a mining spill using Solea senegalensis and Scrobicularia plana

After the Aznalcóllar mining spill (April, 1998) different ecosystems along the Guadiamar river and the Guadalquivir estuary were impacted by high concentrations of metals. The concentration of metals Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu and As has been detected as a good tracer of the pathway of the toxic spill. Different individuals of the fish Solea senegalensis and the clam Scrobicularia plana were exposed to contaminated sediments after the accidental spill in the south-west Spain. The induction of metallothioneins in fish and the bioaccumulation of metals in clams were determined in different tissues to determine the biological adverse effect associated with the heavy metals from the spill. A relationship between the enrichment of metals in the tissues and the induction of metallothioneins was determined for those assays performed using contaminated sediments. The bioaccumulation of metals indicates that the risk associated with the spill should be continuously evaluated to establish the sublethal effects related to the accident.     

Bioavailability of heavy metals bound to sediments affected by a mining spill using Solea senegalensis and Scrobicularia plana

After the Aznalcóllar mining spill (April, 1998) different ecosystems along the Guadiamar river and the Guadalquivir estuary were impacted by high concentrations of metals. The concentration of metals Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu and As has been detected as a good tracer of the pathway of the toxic spill. Different individuals of the fish Solea senegalensis and the clam Scrobicularia plana were exposed to contaminated sediments after the accidental spill in the south-west Spain. The induction of metallothioneins in fish and the bioaccumulation of metals in clams were determined in different tissues to determine the biological adverse effect associated with the heavy metals from the spill. A relationship between the enrichment of metals in the tissues and the induction of metallothioneins was determined for those assays performed using contaminated sediments. The bioaccumulation of metals indicates that the risk associated with the spill should be continuously evaluated to establish the sublethal effects related to the accident.     

伪虎鲸的一些生物学测量数据

2003年12月山东省石岛的渔民偶然误捕了一头海豚,经作者鉴定,系伪虎鲸。主要鉴别特征：全身呈暗黑色,体细长,背鳍狭长而呈镰刀形,胸鳍前缘有一特有的隆起,即所谓的“肘部”,牙齿大,呈圆锥形,上领齿数为17,下领齿数为20。同时,还对其进行了较详细的观察和测量。     

Tracing value chains to understand effects of trade on coral reef fish in Zanzibar,Tanzania

Coral reef fish are an important source of food security and income for human coastal populations. They also underpin ecosystem processes vital for the future ability of coral reefs to generate ecological goods and services. Identifying socio-economic drivers behind the exploitation of fish that uphold these key ecosystem processes and the scales at which they operate is therefore critical for successful management. This study addresses this issue by examining the reef-associated fish value chain in Zanzibar, and how it links to functional groups of fish and maturity stage of fish within these groups. Semi-structured interviews with 188 respondents (fishers, traders and hotel staff) involved in the fisheries and trade with reef-associated fish in Zanzibar and participatory observations were used. The trade with reef fish in Zanzibar is a complex structure involving many different agents and this study shows that these different agents exhibit differential “preferences” regarding fish functional groups and/or maturity stages within these groups. Consequently, both high and low trophic species, as well as small and large fishes are fished and sold, which leaves no refuge for the fish assemblage to escape fishing. When other market agents than fishers have so much influence and there are few alternative income generating activities, it is not possible to put all burden on fishers. Management measures that extend down the value chain to include all market agents as well as their links to ecosystem processes are thus likely to be needed to reach the target of sustainable fisheries.     

基于总体最小二乘自适应切片的点云孔洞修补

针对普通孔洞修补方法在修补复杂曲面的孔洞无效或者所修补的曲面不光滑等缺点,提出基于自适应切片的孔洞修补方法。首先,在考虑点云局部特征的情况下对整体点云进行自适应切片,在得到切片后引入总体最小二乘进行拟合,最后,在线上取点填充缺失的点云。实验结果表明,采用自适应切片法修补孔洞能够顾及到点云的曲率和密度变化,保持点云的局部特征,用总体最小二乘法拟合切片得到的孔洞填充点云精度较高,光滑性好。通过对比常规方法,可以得到基于总体最小二乘自适应切片方法修补效果更优。     

Occurrence of gravel in the stomachs of two New Zealand stream‐dwelling fish (note)

Gravel occurred in. the stomachs of 17.8% of 924 Galaxias vulgaris and 2.8% of 430 Philypnodon breviceps taken from the Glentui River, Canterbury, between June 1970 and November 1971. It is suggested that differences in feeding habits and feeding locality are responsible for the difference in occurrence of gravel in the stomachs of the two fish species. Galaxias vulgaris feeds in the water column in riffles and, being a drift feeder, is more likely to ingest inedible material by accident than is P. breviceps, which feeds on the bottom in sheltered or quiet stretches of the river.