基于模型的地震波阻抗反演在水平井随钻跟踪中的应用

在水平井地质导向随钻跟踪中,通常利用临井的测井资料建立地质导向前导模型指导随钻.该模型在水平井着陆阶段能相对准确地预测目的层的深度,但在水平段随钻跟踪时,要保证钻头始终控制在目的层内物性较好的部位钻进,仅靠临井的井资料插值预测储层物性,误差就比较大.为此,针对地质导向前导模型储层横向非均质预测的缺陷,把基于模型的地震波阻抗反演技术引入到地质导向模型修正中,预测目的层横向非均质性,指导水平井水平段随钻跟踪服务,以控制井轨迹始终在储层物性较好的部位钻进,提高储层钻遇率.此方法经过实钻水平井的验证,达到了良好的效果.     

水平井随钻地质导向方法的研究与应用

以大港埕海油田水平井随钻地质导向的应用为例,总结分析了国内外现场水平井地质导向技术方法,提出了水平井优化设计的技术思路;通过结合精确地质模型的建立、随钻过程中围岩储层的识别及现场录井等技术,摸索出了水平井着陆与水平段钻进的主要技术流程与导向原则,提出了钻头位置、地层倾角及地层视厚度的判定方法;并在此基础上,完成了地质导向监测系统的构建,实现了油田地质、钻井、录井实时数据的资源共享,保证了水平井精确中靶及最大限度地钻遇储集层,该方法与传统水平井导向相比,较大幅度地提高了水平井的钻井成功率。     

子洲气田榆30井区精细地质建模与潜力分析

三维地质特征模型是油气藏描述的重要手段,对子洲气田榆30井区进行了精细地质建模,在地震解释、测井解释、沉积微相、小层对比、录井解释、物性分析等工作的基础上,建立了该井区的三维精细地质模型,实现了沉积微相研究成果的量化应用及与储层参数分布的有效结合,并在此基础上对该地区的剩余油分布和勘探开发潜力进行了分析。     

基于速度-深度线性模型的时深转换方法及其在南海海盆深水区的应用*

介绍了沉积层速度-深度线性模型的原理及其基本特点,利用沿南海海盆深水区一条多道地震剖面解释的速度谱资料,将沉积层速度-深度线性模型应用于该剖面解释数据的时深转换中,建立了与之相关的一整套工作流程,整个流程实现了可视化,并考虑了沉积地层速度的横向变化,为地震剖面的地质解释提供了直观且更为可靠的素材。最后,分别从理论和实践角度分析探讨了该时深转换模型的应用前景和局限性,借此为后续研究工作提供参考。     

提高地震横向分辨率在HZ25-7地质综合研究中的应用

受地震资料横向分辨率的限制以及偏移成像不够精确的影响,高角度地层的构造解释存在较大的不确定性,这种不确定性直接影响后期对构造的落实、沉积和成藏的研究。以珠江口盆地东部惠州地区HZ25-7文昌组地层圈闭为例,通过理论推导、模型正演、地震重处理和倾斜电缆地震重采集,从各种途径提高三维地震横向分辨率,并在此基础上确定解释方案,得到了文昌组沉积时期沟隆相间的古地貌图;结合该地区地质背景和对已有钻井的分析,结合物源方向,初步分析了该构造的沉积和成藏特征以及有利的勘探方向。     

南海及邻区中生界——新的油气勘探领域

在对大量地震资料长期解释基础上,通过与南海周边邻区资料的类比,从南海地质构造演化背景、中生界地震反射结构特征、地层划分对比等多方面阐述了南沙海域发育中生代地层的地质背景及其地质时代归属问题,由陆及海,对比了该海域钻录井第一手资料与周边已钻遇的中生界钻井资料,指出白垩系烃源岩是一套有机质含量较高,以Ⅱ2、Ⅲ型干酪根为主的...     

北黄海海域复杂构造区三维地震精细解释技术

研究工区位于北黄海海域陆相断陷沉积盆地内,该区多期构造运动叠加,断裂发育,地震资料品质差.中生代为其主要勘探目的层,为一已证实的含油气区域.结合本区地质特点,对该区进行三维地震解释时所采用的综合解释技术进行了总结,主要包括三维地震资料品质分级评价技术、无VSP井区空间层位标定技术、层位自动追踪技术、三维可视化解释、多属性体断裂解释技术和变速成图技术等实用的解释技术.多种解释手段的联合应用高质高速地完成了本复杂构造区的构造精细解释,完善了该区的解释方案,理顺了复杂断层的切割关系,识别了活动较弱的小断层.特别是对高精度三维速度场的建立,实现了变速成图,消除了高陡构造区速度陷阱所带来的构造假象,为对该复杂区的地震解释和圈闭形态的落实以及进一步的井位部署与地质评价提供了依据.     

基于多构造属性联合约束的速度建模方法——以珠江口盆地恩平凹陷为例

复杂断块区域的高精度速度建模是解决成像剖面中断层阴影问题的有效方法。以南海珠江口盆地恩平凹陷A构造区域速度建模为例，发展了一种基于层位、断层以及倾角等多种构造属性联合约束的建模方法。该方法首先根据当前的地质认识，结合已有的钻井资料建立初始速度模型，然后将断层、层位及能体现断裂特征的倾角等构造属性联合约束在层析反演的过程中，最终可迭代得到精细的速度模型。该方法可更准确地保留住断层两侧速度的差异性，与实际地层更加吻合。基于所得速度模型的地震深度偏移成像处理显示，成像剖面中断层阴影区成像更加连续，断点清晰，成像质量明显优于老资料。     

高精度合成地震记录制作及层位精细标定

地震资料精细解释和储层预测需要对地质层位和砂体进行准确标定,合成地震记录的精度直接影响到地质层位的准确标定.在保证合理的时深关系、准确的反射系数前提下,利用测井资料得到确定性子波为提高合成地震记录精度的有效途径,理想化的雷克子波为判别地震资料品质的有效手段,二者结合提高了合成地震记录层位精细标定的精度.以南海北部珠江口...     

渤海海域锦州25-1油田地震勘探技术难点及对策

针对辽西低凸起古近系圈闭地震研究中存在的几个技术难点提出了相应的研究路线,实现了对该区构造和储层的精细描述。研究以先进的综合地震工作站为平台,以地震解释为中心,与地质、测井研究密切配合,应用多项地震勘探新技术对地震数据体进行分析研究。应用地震地质多信息综合标定技术,实现了地震层位的精确标定;基于地质模型约束的变层速度模型保证了时深转换的准确性;虚拟现实与三维可视化技术相结合的全三维地震解释贯穿地震研究的全过程;以运用基于自组织人工神经网络分析(SOM)和主成分分析(PCA)的地震相分析技术对地震属性及所反映的地质特征进行分析解释,得到与地震相相对应的沉积相,大大提高了储层研究的精确度和可信度。锦州25区实际钻探结果表明所提出的几种技术方法组合能够有效地解决该区地球物理研究中存在的主要问题。     

Investigating the complex structural integrity of the Zeit Bay Field,Gulf of Suez,Egypt, using interpretation of 3D seismic reflection data

Zeit Bay Field is one of the most important oil-bearing fields in the Gulf of Suez, Egypt, producing oil from the fractured basement rocks. Due to the complex structural setting of the area and the classical exploration concept that was based mainly on 2D seismic survey data, the area suffered from limited hydrocarbon interest for several years. During this time, most of the drilled wells hit structural highs and resulted in several dry holes. The present study is based on the interpretation of more recently acquired 3D seismic survey data as, matched with the available well logs, used to understand the complex structural setting of the Zeit Bay Field and provide insight into the entrapment style of the implied hydrocarbons. Several selected seismic cross sections were constructed, to extract subsurface geologic information, using available seismic profiles and wells. In addition, structure contour maps (isochronous maps, converted to depth maps) were constructed for the peaks of the basement, Nubian Sandstone, Kareem and Belayim Formations. Folds (anticlines and synclines) and faults (dip-slip) are identified on these maps, both individually and in groups, giving rise to step-like belts, as well as graben and horst blocks.     

The application of high-resolution 3D seismic data to model the distribution of mechanical and hydrogeological properties of a potential host rock for the deep storage of radioactive waste in France

In the context of a deep geological repository of high-level radioactive wastes, the French National Radioactive Waste Management Agency (Andra) has conducted an extensive characterization of the Callovo-Oxfordian argillaceous rock and surrounding formations in the Eastern Paris Basin. As part of this project, an accurate 3D seismic derived geological model is needed. The paper shows the procedure used for building the 3D seismic constrained geological model in depth by combining time-to-depth conversion of seismic horizons, consistent seismic velocity model and elastic impedance in time. It also shows how the 3D model is used for mechanical and hydrogeological studies. The 3D seismic field data example illustrates the potential of the proposed depth conversion procedure for estimating density and velocity distributions, which are consistent with the depth conversion of seismic horizons using the Bayesian Kriging method. The geological model shows good agreement with well log data obtained from a reference well, located closest to the 3D seismic survey area.Modeling of the mechanical parameters such as shear modulus, Young modulus, bulk modulus indicates low variability of parameters confirming the homogeneity of the target formation (Callovo-Oxfordian claystone). 3D modeling of a permeability index (Ik-Seis) computed from seismic attributes (instantaneous frequency, envelope, elastic impedance) and validated at the reference well shows promising potential for supporting hydrogeological simulation and decision making related to safety issues.     

Tying seismic data to geologic information from core data: an example from ODP Leg 177

The integration of seismic data with core data should provide ground-truth to a structural interpretation of seismic data. The main difficulty in such an integration effort is the correct translation of physical property measurements on cores to a form which can be used in seismostratigraphic interpretation. In the absence of down-hole well data and check-shots, required knowledge of the velocity structure at the drilling locations can be obtained directly from measurements of the physical properties of core samples. This involves upscaling of the data from physical properties of cores to the sample interval used in the seismic data. In the present study, three of the seven drill-sites of ODP (Ocean Drilling Program) Leg 177 in 1997/1998, located on the Agulhas Ridge in the south-eastern Atlantic (sites 1088–1090), were connected with eight seismic profiles. Physical properties data measured on the cores from the various holes at each site were combined to create a single continuous log and used to construct synthetic seismograms. The synthetics generally show a good agreement with real seismic data in terms of amplitude and waveform. Some reflections in these generated traces may have a time-shift due to sections with incomplete or spurious P-wave velocity measurements in the ODP datasets. The main reflectors identified in the real seismic data correspond to hiatuses or periods of reduced sedimentation rates, and correlate well with density variations. One particular hiatus, clearly observable in the real seismic data, was not unequivocally identifiable in the various types of core data, and tying core data to seismic data can confirm its existence in the core data, showing the benefit of including seismic data in an interpretation of core log data. On the other hand, core data provide a calibration tool for the geological timescale of seismic data and information about the lithology, needed in the interpretation of seismic data.     

Estimating saturation of gas hydrates using conventional 3D seismic data,Gulf of Mexico Joint Industry Project Leg II

We present a methodology for generating pre-drill estimations of hydrate saturations using conventional 3D seismic data. These seismic-based estimates will be compared with well log derived saturations from the subsequently drilled wells of the Gulf of Mexico Gas Hydrate Joint Industry Project Leg II (JIP Leg II) expedition.Predicting saturation of gas hydrates (S_h-seismic) combines pre-stack seismic inversion, rock physics modeling and stratigraphic interpretation. Before the wells were drilled, no nearby sonic and density logs were available to define and calibrate the elastic property trends for the shallow target interval containing the gas hydrate stability zone. Therefore, rock property trends were established by applying principles of rock physics and shallow sediment compaction, constrained by known regional geological parameters. S_h-seismic volumes were generated by inverting pre-stack data to acoustic impedance (PI) and shear impedance (SI) volumes, and then analyzing deviations from modeled impedance trends. To enhance the quality of the inversion, the signal-to-noise ratio of the offset data was maximized by conditioning the seismic prior to inversion. Seismic stratigraphic interpretation plays an important role by identifying the more promising strata and structures for the presence of gas hydrates.The pre-drill S_h-seismic results are compared with saturations calculated from log data, S_h-log, of the wells drilled in the JIP Leg II campaign. Due to weaker seismic reflections, predictions may be less accurate for low concentrations, such as saturations less than 40%, and for thin intervals below the vertical resolution of the seismic data (about 15 m). However, the integrated geophysical workflow is very effective for identifying and quantifying significant hydrate concentrations, making the method a promising prospecting technique.     

Seismic and well logging interpretation for evaluation of the lower Bahariya reservoir,southwest Qarun (SWQ) Field,Gindi Basin,Egypt

This paper focuses on seismic and well log interpretations for evaluating the sandstones of the Cenomanian Bahariya Formation in the southwest Qarun Field, Gindi Basin, northern Western Desert of Egypt. The seismic profiles display a clear anticlinal structure intersected by reverse faults in the study area. This faulted anticline has been interpreted to be one of the Syrian arc system folds formed by Upper Cretaceous tectonic inversion, which resulted from the NW movement of the African Plate relative to Laurasia. This anticline has been recommended as a target for exploration by the present work as it may represent a structural trap for hydrocarbon accumulation. The sandstones of the Lower Bahariya Formation in the southwest Qarun Field display good reservoir characteristics. The interpretation of the available well log data for the SWQ-21 and SWQ-25 wells for the Lower Bahariya Formation reflects a good reservoir quality for oil production in its topmost part. This reservoir possesses low S_W (<50%), high porosity (16%), low S_W/S_XO and low BVW (<0.09) which all reflect a high potential for oil production.     

基于地震约束的地质统计学建模方法研究

近年来,地质统计学在石油勘探开发中的应用日益广泛、深入,效果也越来越明显。基于地震约束的地质统计学建模技术是近几年发展起来的一项高新技术,是当今油藏描述的一个重要组成部分。它可以实现油气储层的精细描述和建模,降低储层建模中的不确定性。测井数据在垂向上具有很高的分辨率,地震数据在横向上能大范围地反映地质构造和砂体变化等特征。因此二者结合起来,发挥各自特点,取长补短,获得高精度的储层描述。笔者提出的方法,采用斯坦福大学的开源软件SGeMS中的多点统计算法模块模拟,将输入数据扩展为测井数据、训练图像及砂体概率。其中训练图像综合考虑地质分析中的砂体等厚图、地震反演结果切片、曲流河的沉积体系与物源方向,并可手工绘制得出。砂体概率数据通过地震数据反演获得。通过地震约束,可以大大降低只存在测井数据模拟时的井间区域不确定性。训练图像的加入,增加了地质学家对储层的地质认识。建模结果在反映目标体形态的基础上更加忠实于原始地质特征,对于井位稀少的区域效果尤其明显。     

A case study: travel time inversion for P-wave velocity using OBS data of South China Sea

It is very important for converting the seismic data from the time domain to the depth domain. Here we discuss the approaches of inverse modeling of travel times for determination of the P-wave velocity (Vp). The migration section of the single channel seismic data is used to define the model horizons and help to control their geometry. Wide angle hydrophone data of OBS are used to determine P-wave travel times. The picked travel times from various shots are inverted for P-wave interval velocities using RayInvr, which calculated theoretical travel times via ray tracing. Damped least squares optimization is performed to fine tune the fits between observed and calculated travel times. In the end, the Vp curve is achieved and the results are compared with that derived from the conventional hyperbolic curve velocity analysis method, the shape of the two curves are similar, and the velocity increases in the layer where gas hydrates are present.     

Inversion tectonics in Central Africa Rift System: Evidence from the Heglig Field

The Mesozoic-Cenozoic tectonic history of the Muglad Basin, is dominated by extension and inversion tectonics, but evidence of the inversion tectonics has not been well documented yet. In some other rift basins of CARS and WARS the phase of the inversion tectonics is well documented by several authors.This paper presents a structural study of the Heglig field area located on the eastern flank of the Muglad Basin. Detailed 3D seismic interpretation allows a better understanding of the structural style of the Heglig field. The new structural analysis has shown that the Heglig field has a complex structural framework reflected in the presence of a combination of two structural styles. The extensional structure is influenced by inversion tectonics during the Santonian time that creates four-way dip anticline structure, overprinted by the subsequent extensional movement that creates tilted fault block. The presence of inversion tectonics has supported by different means including seismic reflection, velocity, and source rock maturity data. The authors attributed the trapping of oil in the Lower Bentiu reservoir, that requires a horizontal seal, to the presence of the four-way dip anticline structure created by the inversion tectonics.The current interpretation of the Heglig field 3D seismic data sheds new light on the development and evolution of a key structure in the Muglad Basin. The results help to resolve long-standing discussion concerning hydrocarbon accumulation of the lower part of Bentiu Formation that lacks horizontal sealing.     

井一震结合进行高分辨率层序地层划分——以南苏门答腊盆地N油田U组为例

N油田U组上段地层发育粉砂岩和钙质泥页岩的三角洲前缘一浅海过渡相,多变的沉积相加大了小层对比的难度。针对此特点,结合层序地层学理论以及地震地层学的理论与研究方法,进行井一震结合对比划分地层,利用地震资料和标准层控制,构建大套地层等时格架;然后运用地震反射轴的等时性结合沉积旋回在地层格架内对比小层,确定研究区80口井6个分界界面。建立了区域高分辨率层序地层格架,形成了可容纳空间控制下的高级次层序格架建立的技术方法。     

Experimental mechanical compaction of reconstituted shale and mudstone aggregates: Investigation of petrophysical and acoustic properties of SW Barents Sea cap rock sequences

This study investigates petrophysical and acoustic properties of experimentally compacted reconstituted samples of seal sequences from the southwestern Barents Sea. The aggregates were collected from drill cuttings of mudstone and shale formations of two exploration wells, 7220/10-1 (Salina discovery) and 7122/7-3 (Goliat field). The washed and freeze-dried samples were characterized for grain size distributions, geochemical analyses, and mineralogical compositions. A total of 25 compaction tests (12 dry and 13 brine-saturated) were performed with a maximum effective vertical stress of 50 MPa. The laboratory measurements demonstrated that petrophysical and acoustic properties of argillaceous sediments can change within a sedimentary basin and even within a given formation. The results show that the collected aggregates from Goliat field are compacted more compared to Salina discovery. The maximum and minimum compaction are measured in samples collected from Snadd and Fuglen formations, respectively. The final porosity of brine-saturated specimens varies between 5% and 22%. The ultrasonic velocity measurements depict that samples with the same porosity values can have a broad range of velocity values. The resulting compaction trends in this study were compared to published compaction curves for synthetic mixtures of quartz and clay. All compaction trends show higher porosity reduction than the silt fraction with 100% quartz. Comparison of experimental compaction result of each mudstone and shale aggregate with its corresponding acquired well log data helps to delineate the burial history and exhumation in the study area. A net exhumation of 950 m and 800 m is estimated at Salina and Goliat wells, respectively. The outcomes of this study can provide insights for hydrocarbon prospect discovery in a pre-mature sedimentary basin in terms of exploration and production, and also for geological CO₂ storage sites. The experimental results may provide information for well log and seismic interpretation, basin modeling and seal integrity of investigated horizons.