实际井眼条件下过套管电阻率测井响应的传输线方程正演算法

过套管电阻率测井通过测量套管壁电势实现测量地层视电阻率,不同的地层模型对过套管电阻率测井会有不同的测井响应. 在传输线方程系数中本文考虑了径向含多个界面地层的影响,对轴向（井轴方向）呈层状、径向阶跃变化地层模型,给出了电势分布递推公式,计算了过套管电阻率测井响应,绘出了测井响应曲线. 算例表明,该方法有较强的轴向地层界面分辨能力;对径向均匀地层计算结果非常接近地层模型电导率,能较好地反映实际地层特征;对高电导地层,低电导水泥环有明显的测井响应;当径向存在多个地层界面时计算结果则为径向各层电导率的综合反映,不是某一径向层的电导率;算例显示该方法有较快（算例运行时间在1s内）的计算速度.     

过套管电阻率测井仪器的径向探测特性

为研究过套管电阻率测井仪器的径向探测特性,本文给出了反映地层径向介质变化的几何因子.利用过套管电阻率测井的传输线方程实现了电阻率测井几何因子的数值计算,针对Schlumberger公司的CHFR测井仪和俄罗斯的ЭКОС-31-7测井仪分别计算了几何因子响应曲线,通过曲线分析发现：两种测井仪对低侵剖面（有低阻流体侵入）均有较大的探测半径,但随侵入流体电阻的增大（高侵剖面）仪器的径向探测半径在减小,本文的研究为地层电阻率测井解释和仪器径向探测特性分析提供了理论依据.     

非均匀套管井中的过套管电阻率测井响应

套管井壁的电势分布包含了金属套管和地层模型的信息,套管电阻率的变化对过套管电阻率测井有重要影响,本文考虑了套管电阻率的变化对传输线方程系数的影响,给出了非均匀套管壁电势分布的计算方法．利用套管井壁电势分布实现了非均匀套管测井响应的计算,考察了套管电阻率变化对过套管电阻率测井响应的影响,模拟结果表明,套管的变薄或变厚对测井响应均有一定影响,当套管电阻突然变小（套管变厚）或突然变大（套管变薄）时过套管电阻率测井异常发生在套管电阻突变界面附近．模拟结果还显示电极距对测井结果有明显影响．     

地层水矿化度检测的地球物理测井方法

传统的水文地质研究方法在进行地下水的矿化度评价时，是通过地层水的取样进行室内分析化验，确定含水岩组中地层水的矿化度，目前，在利用已有的地质、地球物理资料进行西部地下水资源评价的研究中，鉴于大多数石油井不含有浅层地层水的水样化验资料，因而本文介绍一种利用石油测井数据（主要为自然电位曲线）计算地层水矿化度的方法，并将之应用于鄂尔多斯白垩系自流水盆地地层水的矿化度估算，方法研究和应用实例证明这种方法是较为可靠的，虽然求取的地层水的矿化度的数值存在一定的误差，但完全可以满足地层水矿化度分级评价的需求，从而开发了石油测井数据在水文地质中的应用，也降低了单纯利用水文取样，由于样点少，矿化度预测精度低的缺点。     

含裂缝地层的过套管电阻率测井响应特征研究

由于石油压裂开采等开发措施的实施,会使在套管周围存在着许多被油气等高阻流体填充的微裂缝.尽管这些裂缝或孔隙可能很小,但对套管井电阻率测量会有非常大的影响,甚至会改变原地层的电阻率测井特征,因此裂缝测井响应的计算及考察对过套管电阻率测井十分重要.为解决裂缝测井响应的计算问题,本文提出了计算等效电阻的电流通量管模型,利用该电流通量管模型给出了含垂直裂缝地层横向电阻的计算方法,基于传输线方程法及地层电阻的过套管测量方法实现了含裂缝地层的过套管电阻率测井响应的数值计算,通过计算实例考察了地层裂缝对过套管电阻率测井响应的影响.算例表明:裂缝中的高阻流体对地层视电阻率测量结果会有较大的影响;环形裂隙比垂直裂缝有更大的电阻率测井响应.本文的研究为解决微裂缝过套管电阻率测井响应的计算这一关键技术问题提供了一种可行的计算与考察方法.     

基于元素俘获能谱测井的多矿物最优化处理方法(英文)

计算地层岩石矿物组分并形成连续变化的岩性剖面是测井解释的核心工作之一。相对于传统的POR、CRA等处理方法,最优化方法能够利用各类测井、地质信息进行综合求解,适用范围更广、计算精度更高。元素俘获能谱测井可以提供多达9种常见地层元素的重量百分含量,使得岩性剖面的计算更直接、更准确。为了充分发挥最优化方法、元素俘获能谱测井的优势,进一步提高岩石矿物组分计算的精度,本文首先确定了不同矿物的元素俘获能谱测井响应方程形式和权重系数计算方法,然后在全岩氧化物实验分析和理论计算的基础上确定了常见矿物的元素含量测井响应值,从而形成了一套完整的基于元素俘获能谱测井的多矿物最优化处理新方法。应用证明,新方法的处理结果与岩心分析结果具有较好的一致性,平均绝对误差在10%以内,其计算精度更高。     

测井技术新进展综述

在过去几年里,测井技术受石油勘探开发需要所推动,并借助现代电子和信息技术的新成就,发展十分迅速.三分量感应和正交偶极声波等新型成像测井仪器的出现,使地层各向异性研究成了热点.网络测井作为新一代测井系统,处于研制和完善阶段.新的裸眼井测井仪器,如新型的满贯组合测井系统、三分量阵列感应测井仪、油基泥浆电阻率成像测井仪等得到进一步改进.新的套管井测井仪器,如过套管电阻率测井仪、新型脉冲中子类测井仪等不断出现并得到改进.随钻测井系列不断增加,如随钻核磁共振测井、随钻地层测试,等等.新的测量工艺技术,如过套管地层测试、井下永久传感器工艺技术等正日趋成熟.新的测井概念,如测井-取心联作、套管外取心、动电测井、套管钻井测井等,给人耳目一新的感觉.对国外测井技术现状和水平进行全面而深入的研究,对于我们当前的科研和生产具有指导和借鉴作用.本文综合评述了近几年测井技术六个方面的重大进展：（1）岩石物理性质;（2）测井地面系统;（3）裸眼井测井;（4）套管井测井;（5）随钻测井;（6）射孔、取心和测试.在深入研究的基础上探讨了测井技术的发展方向,主要结论是岩石各向异性仍将是岩石物理研究的一个重点,测井传感器的物理模拟和数值模拟在测井仪器的设计中将扮演越来越重要角色,测井地面系统的发展主要集中在网络化、综合化的方向上,井下仪器的发展主要体现在集成化和阵列化的发展方向上.从长远看,随着井下永久传感器和施工工艺技术不断发展和完善,套管井测井中的许多项目最终会被取而代之.随钻测井技术仍将迅猛发展,随钻测井必将逐步取代电缆式裸眼测井.     

电测井中电流参数对地层的分辨能力分析

常规电测井一般通过测量供电电极的电流和测量电极之间的电位差来计算围岩的视电阻率并划分地层界面,而忽略了对电流参数的利用。本文基于欧姆定律,通过供电电极电流的变化定性分析其周围岩矿石电阻的变化,进而用电流强度变化曲线识别地层属性。理论分析和试验结果表明,供电电极电流大小取决于电极的接触电阻,而视电阻率大小取决两个测量电极之间或供电与测量电极之间介质的电阻率总和,因此,电流比视电阻率对地层的灵敏度要高一些。绘制电流强度测井曲线可以准确划分地层层位,确定地层厚度,且不增加成本。     

过套管电阻率测井的地层电阻率快速反演算法

过套管电阻率测井是通过测量套管壁电势实现测量地层的视电阻率,基于传输线方程理论,针对层状地层,给出了套管壁电势、电流对地层横向电阻导数的微分方程(称Jacobi矩阵微分方程)及边界条件;利用Jacobi矩阵微分方程边值问题导出了过套管电阻率测井反演地层参数的Jacobi矩阵系数的解析表示,利用Marquardt方法实现了过套管测井的地层电阻率反演;通过计算对Jacobi矩阵的特性进行了探讨,并获得了较快的计算速度(因为Jacobi矩阵是用解析解表示的),反演结果与地层模型取得了较好的逼近.本文实现了过套管电阻率测井地层参数的Jacobi系数矩阵的快速计算及地层电阻率反演,为进一步开展电阻率测井数据处理提供了理论依据和快速反演算法.     

欠平衡和超平衡测井条件下气层的中子和密度测井响应特征——以西部某油田砂岩气藏为例

研究气层在欠平衡和超平衡测井条件下响应特征的差异,对于欠平衡条件下天然气储层的评价和测井资料的应用具有指导意义.利用Monte Carlo数值模拟技术,计算得到了在欠平衡和超平衡测井条件下,补偿中子和密度测井随井眼直径、地层孔隙度和含气饱和度的变化关系.从而得出,在井眼直径较小时,密度和中子测井,在超平衡测井或欠平衡测井条件下,对气层的响应特征基本相同,欠平衡密度测井资料可以正常应用,不需要做校正处理;当井眼直径较大时,井内介质对探测器的影响不同,需要对欠平衡测井资料做井径的影响校正.     

大洋钻探（ODP）与测井地质研究

ＯＤＰ是ＤＳＤＰ的继续，它验证了岩石层板块构造理论，揭示出晚中生代以来的全球气候变化过过程，还带动了一批新学科，如层序地层学，锶同位素地层学的出现，使地质学从零星的描述发展到地球系统研究阶段。同时，使测井技术层次由油气，煤炭测井上升到测井地质的成因研究。     

测井技术的应用及其在科学钻探研究中的意义

测井技术是从上世纪20年代发展起来,60年代渐趋成熟,现已被广泛应用于油田、煤田等地质勘探工作中.上世纪开始的DSDP(深海钻探)、ODP(大洋钻探)I、CDP(国际大陆科学钻探计划)、KTB(德国的大陆科学钻探计划)等项目采用测井曲线研究古环境、古气候,确定地层性质等方面取得了进展,极大的拓展了地球物理测井在地质上的应用范围,使测井技术由油气、煤炭测井的地层分析上升到测井地质的成因研究,也渗透到提取古气候信息的领域上.我们在柴达木盆地盐湖科学钻探工程中也采用了测井技术,旨在通过与岩芯多指标对比分析,探索应用其指示意义测井技术在石油、盐类资源普查及古环境研究中.     

测井地质学新进展

八十年代以来，测井技术的迅速发展，油气、煤田勘探开发的需要，层序层学理论的出现以及其它相关学科的进展已迅速速推动与拓展了测井地质学的研究范围。表面在传统测井地质，如地层压实、有机质含量坟取、用测井资料确定财性、岩相、沉积环境研究等有了更新的概念。     

Fuzzy inference system for identification of geological stratigraphy off Prydz Bay, East Antarctica

The analysis of well logging data plays key role in the exploration and development of hydrocarbon reservoirs. Various well log parameters such as porosity, gamma ray, density, transit time and resistivity, help in classification of strata and estimation of the physical, electrical and acoustical properties of the subsurface lithology. Strong and conspicuous changes in some of the log parameters associated with any particular geological stratigraphy formation are function of its composition, physical properties that help in classification. However some substrata show moderate values in respective log parameters and make difficult to identify the kind of strata, if we go by the standard variability ranges of any log parameters and visual inspection. The complexity increases further with more number of sensors involved. An attempt is made to identify the kinds of stratigraphy from well logs over Prydz bay basin, East Antarctica using fuzzy inference system. A model is built based on few data sets of known stratigraphy and further the network model is used as test model to infer the lithology of a borehole from their geophysical logs, not used in simulation. Initially the fuzzy based algorithm is trained, validated and tested on well log data and finally identifies the formation lithology of a hydrocarbon reservoir system of study area. The effectiveness of this technique is demonstrated by the analysis of the results for actual lithologs and coring data of ODP Leg 188. The fuzzy results show that the training performance equals to 82.95% while the prediction ability is 87.69%. The fuzzy results are very encouraging and the model is able to decipher even thin layer seams and other strata from geophysical logs. The result provides the significant sand formation of depth range 316.0- 341.0 m, where core recovery is incomplete.     

测井中子发生器

测井中子发生器作为中子源目前应用于地层岩性、孔隙度、含油饱和度及地层动态监测测井,是C/O测井、中子寿命测井、氧活化水流测井以及脉冲伽马能谱测井等仪器的核心部件.简要介绍了几种国外测井中子发生器的产品.阐述了测井中子发生器的工作原理、基本构成及关键技术.介绍了中国石油测井有限公司测井仪器厂研制生产的中子发生器产品系列.脉冲中子伽马测井是当前油田生产动态监测普遍采用的技术.介绍了实现宽频带、锐截止的技术途径以及目前所取得的成果.中子发生器产额的稳定性及开机重复率指标的提高将会极大拓宽其应用领域,尤其在使用同位素中子源的领域,可以替代同位素中子源发挥独到的优势.介绍了中国石油测井有限公司在中子发生器产额稳定方面所做的工作和取得结果,并列举了稳定产额后的中子发生器在元素分析领域所取得的成功试验.     

地球物理测井序列的小波波谱方法

给出小波波谱分方法析及其快速算法，该方法保留了波谱的位置信息，使我们了解在序列中存在的周期特征、位置和信号的迭加模式等，开发了该方法的WINDOWS应用程序，并用此程度计算了新疆塔里木盆地X11井1500－2500m段RILD，GR，SP，DEN测井曲线的周期图与小波波谱，在小波波谱中发现了清晰的构造沉降和水平面变化－－沉积物供应变模式，而用以往的周期图方法无法得到这些信息。     

The evolution of the Kuroshio Current over the last 5 million years since the Pliocene: Evidence from planktonic foraminiferal faunas

Meridional heat transport of the western Pacific boundary current (the Kuroshio Current) is one of the key factors in global climate change. This current is important because it controls the temperature gradient between low latitudes and the North Pacific and so significantly influences mid-latitude atmosphere-ocean interactions. Here we reconstruct changes in hydrological conditions within the mid-latitude mainstream of the Kuroshio Current based on faunal analysis of planktonic foraminifera in core DSDP 296 from the Northwest Pacific Ocean. This approach enabled us to deduce evolutionary processes within the Kuroshio Current since the Pliocene. A total of 57 species in the coarser section (>150 µim) were identified; results indicate that planktonic foraminiferal faunal evolution has mainly been characterized by three major stages, the first of which comprised mixed-layer warm-water species of Globigerinoides ruber which first appeared between 3.5 and 2.7 Ma and then gradually increased in content. Percentages of another warm-water species of G. conglobatus also gradually increased in number over this interval. Variations in warm-water species indicate a gradual rise in sea surface temperature (SST) and imply initiation of Kuroshio Current impact on the Northwest Pacific Ocean since at least 3.5 Ma. Secondly, over the period between 2.7 and 2.0 Ma, thermocline species of Globigerina calida, Neogloboquadrina humersa, Neogloboquadrina dutertrei, and Pulleniatina obliquiloculata started to appear in the section. This fauna was dominated by G. ruber as well as increasing G. conglobatus contents. These features imply a further rise in SST and its gradually enhanced influence on thermocline water, suggesting strengthening of the Kuroshio Current since 2.7 Ma. Thirdly, between 2.0 Ma and present, increasing contents of thermocline species (i.e., G. calida, N. dutertrei and P. obliquiloculata) indicate a gradual rise in seawater temperature at this depth and also imply more intensive Kuroshio Current during this period. On the basis of comparative records from cores ODP 806 and DSDP 292 from the low latitude Western Pacific, we propose that initiation of the impact of the Kuroshio Current in the Northwest Pacific and it subsequent stepwise intensifications since 3.5 Ma can be closely related to the closure and restriction of the Indonesian and Central American seaways as well as variations in the Western Pacific Warm Pool (WPWP) and equatorial Pacific region.

     

Ash layers in deep-sea sediments as tracers of arc volcanic activity: Japan and Central America as case studies

Abstract Arc volcanic activity on opposite sides of the Pacific Ocean (Japan and Central America) has been investigated by examining the number of volcanic ash layers recorded in Neogene and Quaternary deep-sea sediments. The data suggest that ash layers counted in deep-sea sediments may provide a reliable record of arc volcanism. The study is based on a quantitative analysis of arc volcanic activity using cores collected on DSDP (Deep-Sea Drilling Project) and ODP (Ocean Drilling Program) legs. Five distinct parameters which might affect ash distribution in marine sediments were reviewed: nature of the eruption, wind influence, settling conditions, diagenesis, and plate motion. Of these five, past atmospheric circulation was the most significant. The main constraint on the analysis is that temporal scattering of ash is not directly related to wind pattern variations. Results of this analysis are correlated with dating of terrestrial volcanic sequences. Although marine tephra records for individual regions reveal minor differences in the episodes of volcanic activity, a general correlation exists between activity of arc volcanism in Japan and in Central America. Two important pulses of arc volcanism occurred during Middle Miocene times (18–13 Ma) and Plio-Quaternary times (5–0 Ma). These episodes of intense volcanism are separated by a well recorded quiescent period during Late Miocene times. These correlating episodes of the volcanic record indicate a direct link between arc volcanism and the global tectonic evolution of the Pacific ocean margins.     

Seawater transport and reaction in upper oceanic basaltic basement: chemical data from continuous monitoring of sealed boreholes in a ridge flank environment

Osmotically pumped fluid samplers were deployed in four deep-sea boreholes that were drilled during Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 168 on the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Samplers were recovered from ODP Sites 1024 and 1027 and aliquots were analyzed for a variety of dissolved ions. Results from both of the samplers show a drastic change in the major ion composition within the first 20-40 days after the borehole was sealed at the seafloor followed by a more gradual change in composition. This gradual change ceased after 820 days at Site 1024 but continued throughout the 3-year deployment at Site 1027. We modeled this change in composition to estimate the flux of formation fluid through the open borehole. The rapid early change requires a flow of ∼1500 kg of formation fluid per day. The more gradual later change requires flow rates of 38 kg/day at Site 1024 and 17.5 kg/day at Site 1027. The latter fluxes require a minimum average specific discharge of meters to hundreds of meters per year through the surrounding basaltic matrix. Trace element data show surprisingly little contamination given the presence of steel casing, Li-organic-rich grease at each joint, cement, and drilling muds. Observed changes in trace element concentrations relative to those of bottom seawater provide a measure for the global significance of cool (23°C; ODP Site 1024) ridge flank hydrothermal systems relative to warm (64°C; Baby Bare and ODP Site 1027) hydrothermal systems and illustrate the importance of these cooler systems to global geochemical budgets.     

湖泊沉积有机碳同位素与环境变化的研究进展

湖泊沉积有机质稳定碳同位素（δ^13Corg)在区域气候与环境变化方面的应用近年来发展迅速,成果令人瞩目,保存在各类湖泊岩芯中的δ^13Corg记录揭示了晚更新世以来大气CO2浓度的变化、湖泊水位波动、湖区生态与植被的变迁以及气温变化等重要环境信息,由于造成δ^13Corg值变化的影响因素较多,确定个湖与环境变化有关的主导因素时常有赖于其它证据的帮助,诸如地球化学、古湖沼学、孢粉学、分子同位素地层学等等,前人通过研究来自不同类型湖泊、具不同曲线形态特征的δ^13Corg记录,提出了多种环境解释模型,本文对此作了归纳和评述。鉴别和澄清湖泊沉积有机质的源物质以及有机物源随环境变化而发生过的变化,是研究δ^13Corg记录环境意义至关重要的基础性工作,由于有机质含量、碳氮比值、氢指数、生物残留物鉴别等常能提供有关有关湖泊有机质来源、产率、成岩作用等方面的有用信息,这方面的研究结果应该尽可能一并提供,以利于恰当地应用现有的环境解释模型,或者建立个湖新模型,单体生物标志化合物鉴别通常也能为区分湖积有机质中陆生、水生、细菌生等不同碳的来源提供有用信息,特定化合物同位素分析技术近年来成功地应用于建立单体生物标志化合物碳同位素地层学,为湖积有机碳同位素在生态环境演变研究方面的应用提供了思路,我国许多湖泊的湖底沉积岩芯尚未钻取,那些对过去全球变化研究有价值的δ^13Corg记录有待我们去获取和研究。