邵武-河源断裂带活动性及分段评价

邵武-河源断裂带是东南沿海地震亚区的西界。这条闽、赣、粤3省边界活动性断裂带包含3条形态各异、特征不同的较大断裂带,北段为邵武(福建)-石城断裂带,中段为瑞金-寻乌断裂带,南段为龙川(广东)-河源断裂带。3条断裂带并非首尾衔接,而是呈右列式多字型排列,长约750km,在江西境内近400km(占全长53%)。本文侧重研究江西境内的构造特征、地震、温泉和地裂缝展布特征,探讨其活动性以及对地壳稳定性的影响。笔者认为,邵武-河源活动性断裂带引起大震的可能性非常小,但分散小震有可能发生.     

河北强震发生的地震地质条件与构造模式

地壳表层构造和深部构造互相制约是控制河北地区许多强震发生的必要地质条件。由此地质条件,在水平与垂直两个相互叠加的应力场作用下,使河北地区发生许多强震。这个构造-应力场模式,对华北地区许多强震的发生可能具有普遍意义。     

中国煤矿灾害与地震活动时空分布丛集特征的初步研究

近期,中国数字地名库被公布,基于该库,本文对研究时段内5 825起煤矿灾害进行了空间定位,并将这些灾害与中国大陆同期发生的全部天然地震活动按照时空顺序进行了“回放”,揭示出48.7%的煤矿灾害不是随机分布,而是呈现典型的丛集特征,同时,部分煤矿灾害伴随周边地震活动。在深入研究中,发现更多的煤矿灾害都有微地震伴随,且地震在前,灾害在后的例子较多。在目前所认识的各致灾要素中,能够引发各种不同类型的灾害集中连续发生的,只有地应力扰动。大量伴随煤矿灾害的微地震有可能成为煤矿灾害前后构造应力场发生扰动（并致灾）的地球物理证据。为获得呈丛集发生的灾害比例、伴随灾害的地震数量、丛集序列一般持续的时间等重要信息,本文开展了时空丛集程度的定量研究。研究显示,在 100英里阀值约束下,至少38.5%的灾害呈丛集发生（总数7 368）,其中,有372次灾害伴随地震活动;在时间上,灾害序列持续 2天的最多,1天的次之, 3天的再次,……,最长达11天。丛集序列持续的时间潜在地反映“应力扰动”持续的时间,那些持续1~2天的丛集序列与5级以下地震对应良好,可能和局部应力扰动有关;而那些持续时间长的丛集序列与宏观地震对应良好,可能与宏观灾害性地震引发的大范围应力扰动有关。本文将各距离阀值下完整的丛集序列追踪整理出来,供读者查询。最后,文章对丛集现象的机理进行了一般分析,并结合具体地质模型讨论了采掘活动与地震活动对矿区地应力的影响关系,分析了5种可能的影响情况。相关内容仅为推测,不做立论。该现象尚未被人们认识,对于地震研究和煤矿应力灾害研究,可能具有更多的启发意义。     

Information background of 11th–15th centuries earthquakes located by the current catalogues in Vrancea (Romania)

Earthquake catalogues for Romania supply for 11th–15th century earthquakes located in the region of Vrancea records that consist of a complete set of parameters, including magnitude and depth. Scope of this paper is to verify the reliability and consistency of these parameters with the informative background as explicitly referenced by the catalogues. After retrieving the original sources they mention, the set of data appeared to be related almost exclusively to the Russian plain and too poor to be at the very origin of the parameter assessment. Data for 19th–20th century earthquakes, such as instrumental locations and CMT solutions, added to the understanding of the macroseismic response of the Russian plain to Vrancea earthquakes. On the one hand, the investigation and analysis of historical earthquake records for the fourteen events listed by the catalogues in the 11th–15th centuries has shown that for three earthquakes (1022, 1038, 1258) no primary sources could be traced, and three more earthquakes (1091, 1170 and 1328) are attested only by scarcely reliable records and had to be classified as doubtful, and one (1473) is simply a duplication of the 1471 event. On the other hand, the availability of data on recent earthquakes that may be compared to historical ones in terms of macroseismic effects allowed the authors to agree with the previous catalogue compilers’ solution with regard to both magnitude and depth of the past earthquakes for which do exist reliable primary historical records.     

Episodic Carbonate Deposits on the Triassic Continental Slope in Southern China

Episodic carbonate deposits on the Triassic continental slope in southern China are mainly com-posed of gravity-flow limestones and contourite limestones. Gravity-flow limestones were well developed in thelower and middle Yangtze area in the Early Triassic and in the Yunnan-Guizhou-Guangxi area in the Early and Mid-dle Triassic. Five fundamental types of gravity-flow limestones are recognized: slide limestone, debris-flow lime-stone, grain-flow limestone. turbidite limestone and rockfall limestone. They form six types of assemblage beds:slide-debris-flow limestones, slide-debris-flow-turbidite limestone, slide-debris-flow-grain-flow-turbidite lime-stone, rockfall-debris-flow limestone, debris-flow-turbidite limestone, and debris-flow-grain-flow-turbidite lime-stone. The first two were formed mainly in the Early Triassic slopes. The Middle Triassic slopes were charcterizedby widespread rockfall limestone. Growth faults, storms, earthquakes and oversteepened slopes are considered to bethe probable triggers of the gravity flows. Contourite limestones appear as isolated lenses or thin and ripple-laminated beds of grainstones occurring inhemipelagic argillaceous limestones and lime mudstones. They were formed at the base of the slope. Palaeocurrentdata indicate that the contour currents are perpendicular to the slope. The contourite limestones are not as common asthe gravity-flow ones, but they are important in the reconstruction of the palaeogeographical and palaeotectonic set-tings in southern China.     

Source mechanisms and tectonic significance of historical earthquakes along the nankai trough,Japan

Two recent and three historical earthquakes which occurred along the Nankai trough, marking the northern plate boundary between the Philippine Sea and the Asian Plate, are studied mainly on the basis of the data of crustal deformations and tsunami waves. These earthquakes are the 1946 Nankaido, the 1944 Tonankai, the 1854 Ansei I, II and the 1707 Hoei earthquakes. They are all interpreted as low-angle thrust faults at the plate boundary, with the oceanic side underthrusting northwestward against southwestern Japan. The fault parameters of the historical earthquakes are assumed here to be common to those of the recent two earthquakes, except for the magnitude of dislocation.The entire fault region, which extends for 530 km from western Shikoku Island in the west to the Tokai district in the east, is divided into four fault planes, which are denoted the planes A, B, C and D, from west to east, respectively. Then, the five earthquakes may be attributed to the planes A, B, C and D, in the following manner: the Nankaido earthquake, A + B; the Tonankai earthquake, C; the Ansei II earthquake, A + B; the Ansei I earthquake, C + D; and the Hoei earthquake, A + B + C + D.The latest cycle of earthquake migration seems incomplete as proved by the recent inactivity in D. Consequently, the future major earthquake next to occur is expected there, off the Tokai district. Eight further ancient earthquakes from A.D. 684 to 1605 are also discussed. Taking the results of the foregoing studies into consideration, their sequence is well interpreted by the four migration cycles. Topographical data, tilt of coastal terraces and location of hinge lines, prove that the thrusting has continued all along the extension of the Nankai trough for at least 300,000 years.     

New data on mantle seismicity of the Caspian region and their geological interpretation

The results of detailed seismological observations with bottom recording systems carried out in 2004 and 2006 near the Dagestan coast of the Middle Caspian are considered. The records of more than 550 micro- and weak earthquakes with M_L = 0.1–4.7 (M_LH = ?0.7 to 4.3) were obtained during 165 days of recording; a fifth of these earthquakes occurred in the upper mantle at a depth of 50–200 km. Over the entire period of instrumental recording since the 1930s, only 10 mantle earthquakes with M_LH = 3.5?6.3 have been recorded by on-land systems. The highest density of earthquake epicenters with source depths down to 50 km is established on the Middle Caspian coast between Derbent and Izberbash and in the adjacent water area. The mantle earthquakes with hypocenters at a depth of 60–80 km cluster beneath the western wall of the Derbent Basin, whereas deeper hypocenters are located beneath both the wall of this basin and the Middle Caspian coast. The sporadic mantle earthquakes recorded in 2004 (about 30 shocks), determined by a network of systems with a small aperture, depicted a zone plunging beneath the Greater Caucasus with indications of a peculiar “subduction” of the Scythian Plate beneath the Caucasus. Subsequent observations based on a more extensive network were carried out in 2006. They substantially changed the pattern of mantle earthquake hypocenters. According to this evidence, the sources of mantle earthquakes make up a dispersed cloud extended in the vertical direction beneath the Middle Caspian coast and water area, which may be regarded as a relic of tectonic activity of a bygone tectonic epoch. A comprehensive tectonic interpretation of the detected seismological phenomenon is given.     

青藏铁路西大滩-拉萨地段活动构造、地质灾害及其工程评价

本文是作者在1975~1977年间青藏铁路(格尔木-那曲地段)沿线水文地质、工程地质调查所获资料基础上,参考了后期他人在该区段研究的成果撰写而成。文中主要涉及活动构造、地质灾害及工程评价三大部分,其中特别是活动构造部分,除了所表现的一般标志外,重点探讨了活动构造与现代地震和古地震的关系、活动构造带与地震构造带的对应关系、活动断裂的活动年龄及其活动速率、活动断裂与地震地表破裂以及主要地震构造带中的地震活动周期等诸多方面的问题,并结合铁路沿线地质灾害类型,在综合分析基础上,首次较系统地将铁路沿线工程地质评价划分为:①良好的;②一般的;③不良好的和④极不良好的等四大类型工程地质地段,从而为现今青藏铁路建设进一步详查和评价提供了重要依据。      

A distribution-free analysis of magnitude-intensity relationships: an application to the Mediterranean region

A statistical analysis of the relations between macroseismic intensity and magnitude is presented. The examined data set contains earthquakes characterized by epicentral or maximum intensity ≥ VI which occurred in the Mediterranean region. As a first step, an empirical magnitude-intensity relationship has been determined by using the whole data set. Then, differences between experimental magnitude values and the ones expected on the basis of the empirical relationship have been correlated with some features related both to physical and data sources characteristics. On this basis, a distribution-free statistical approach has been developed to attempt a regionalization of the examined area, able to locally optimize the performances of magnitude-intensity relations. However, the results showed that data relative to larger events (intensity ≥ VII) are not sufficient to perform any reliable zonation of the area. Thus, well-constrained relationships determined for the whole Mediterranean region should be preferred to ill-defined local ones. Concerning smaller earthquakes (intensity VI), the analysis suggests that an efficient zonation could only be obtained if medium-scale variations (lower than 200 Km) are taken into account.     

沂沭断裂带及其近区的地震成因岩石新认识

将沂沭断裂带及其附近地区的地震成因岩石划分为四种类型,它们是具有地震成因构造的震积岩、震断层构造岩、震火山岩及隐爆地震角砾岩.前两类是构造地震的记录,而后两类是火山地震及隐爆火山地震的记录.由于震断层构造岩沿长期活动性断层分布,大多遭受了若干期强地震活动的改造,所以不易确定其最初的形成时期.因此,笔者重点对分布于沂沭断裂地震带及附近的其它三类地震成因岩石(包括震积岩、震火山岩和隐爆地震角砾岩)作了研究,论述了三类地震成因岩石的特征、时空分布、反映的地震作用机理及意义.认为:地震成因岩石不仅是强地震事件和激烈构造活动的记录;而且,因为由强地震形成的不同等级断层和裂隙构成了一个高渗透性的能够沟通不同深度石油和成矿流体的网络,所以深入研究地震成因岩石有助于完善大断裂地震带及近区的石油聚集与成矿理论.     

断块大地构造与地震活动的构造物理研究

断块大地构造理论几乎涉及地震活动的各个方面： 1）地震记录表明不但是强震,大多数6级以上地震也分布在构造块体边界上,构造块体控制了地震分布;  2）地震活动规律体现在块体整体活动中。例如,鄂尔多斯地块周边单个断陷带的地震活跃期与平静期长短不一,无明显规律。但当把鄂尔多斯地块周边作为一个整体,其地震活动在时间上显示了准周期性;  3）地块运动通过周边断层交替活动实现。从断层活动相互作用的时间间隔和错动形式出发可把它分为强震交替活动型（又可分长时间间隔和短时间间隔两类）和强震与弱震或断层蠕动交替活动型。强震交替活动型中时间间隔很短的双震活动较早被发现。强震交替活动型中时间间隔很长的类型虽然不易识别,但是依赖于中国历史地震目录,还是发现鄂尔多斯地块周边山西断陷带与渭河断陷带在历史上的3次交替活动等; 强震与弱震或断层蠕动型的交替活动型很不容易被发现,仅在台网较密,观测条件较好的北京地区观测到。4）利用一些实验结果讨论了交替活动的规律。此外,结合断块大地构造理论对一些地震现象进行了讨论。     

地球排气与森林火灾和地震活动

地球不仅是固体 ,而且充满了流体。当地球受力时 ,地壳变形和破裂 ,气体 (H2 ,CH4 ,CO等 )从内向外溢出 ,这样可引起森林火灾和地震。自 1990— 2 0 0 0年 12月利用卫星热红外图像资料做地震短临震兆的观察取得了突破性进展。正式预测、预报 149次 ,10 0次有结果 ,虚报 49次。 10 0次有结果的预测、预报中较准确的有 6 5次 ,含 7级地震 10次、6级地震 19次、5级地震 36次。较好预报有 2 5次 ,含 7级地震 4次。较差预报有 10次。由于云层干扰有 49次虚报和 2 0次漏报。 1998年 5月 13日— 5月 2 2日内蒙古大兴安岭阿尔山森林火灾前 10d ,即 1998年 5月 4日在卫星热红外云图上见到内蒙古大兴安岭阿尔山森林区出现圆形排气增强区。 1999年 4月 3日山西汾阳森林火灾前 4d ,即 1999年 3月 31日卫星热红外云图上汾阳森林区出现一孤立圆形排气增温区。 2 0 0 0年 3月 2 8日福州郊外森林区起火 ,就在当日卫星热红外云图上可见到福建沿海大陆升温。 1996年 9月 6日台湾兰屿发生 7 1级地震 ,地震前 11d增温震兆呈现一个奇特构造应力热体系———山字型。     

Repeating earthquake activities associated with the Philippine Sea plate subduction in the Kanto district, central Japan: A new plate configuration revealed by interplate aseismic slips

We detect repeating earthquakes associated with the Philippine Sea plate subduction to reveal the plate configuration. In the Kanto district, we find 140 repeating earthquake groups with 428 events by waveform similarity analysis. Most repeating earthquakes in the eastern part of the Kanto district occur with a regular time interval. They have thrust-type focal mechanisms and are distributed near the upper surface of the Philippine Sea plate. These observations indicate that the repeating earthquakes there occur as a repetition of ruptures on the isolated patches distributed on the plate boundary owing to the concentration of stress caused by aseismic slips in the surrounding areas. This shows that the distributions of repeating earthquakes suggest the aseismic slips in the surrounding areas of small patches. We determine spatial distributions of repeating earthquakes in the eastern part of the Kanto district and find that they correspond to the upper boundary of the Philippine Sea plate, that is, the upper boundary of the oceanic crust layer of the Philippine Sea plate. The plate geometry around Choshi is newly constrained by repeating earthquake data and a rather flat geometry in the eastern part of the Kanto district is revealed. The obtained geometry suggests uplift of the Philippine Sea plate due to the collision with the Pacific plate beneath Choshi.Repeating earthquakes in the western part of the Kanto district have extremely shorter recurrence times, and their focal mechanisms are not of the thrust types. These repeating earthquakes are classified as “burst type” activity and likely to occur on the preexistent fault planes which are distributed around the “collision zone” between the Philippine Sea plate and the inland plate. The variation among the repeating earthquake activities in the Kanto district indicates that regular repetition of repeating earthquakes is possible only on the plate boundary with a smooth and simple geometry.     

长江三峡水库诱发地震地下水动态监测井网建设

着重对长江三峡工程诱发地震地下水动态监测井网的建设过程、成果以及井网试运行与考核运行的情况进行了介绍 ,并对井网的观测数据进行了内在质量分析与评价。结果表明 ,井网数据具有较高的内在质量 ,不仅可为一定震级以上的水库诱发地震趋势预测提供地下水前兆依据 ,而且还可为水库诱发地震研究提供有价值的研究和参考资料.     

Seismicity and stress evolution in heterogeneous faults with various degrees of roughness

We investigate the effects of the spatial distribution of stress drop ratios (SDRs) on the fault of an earthquake sequence as well as stress evolution. To achieve this, we test four fault models, each with its own SDRs which differ with regard to wavelength components (roughness) but which share first-order similarity and the same mean value. We assume rupture processes are quasi-static and fluid-controlled. The evidence clearly shows that the locations of large earthquakes are more sensitive to distribution than to the values of the SDRs. For this reason, it is expected that reducing fault roughness should increase the number of large earthquakes but decrease the number of small ones. It is also clearly apparent that a clustered distribution of large earthquakes should be more frequently observed on heterogeneous faults, especially in areas with small gradient values of the SDRs. These phenomena are consistent with our finding that long-wavelength components of stress usually develop in areas with low gradients of the SDRs. A fault with a smoother distribution of SDRs should, therefore, exhibit a greater likelihood to generate large earthquakes. By contrast, in that a rough fault covers a smaller area on which long-wavelengths can develop, it should result in fewer large earthquakes but a much more highly clustered distribution.     

欧亚地区现代板块构造边界和强震活动带

<正> 前言 自板块构造说兴起后,李春昱教授是用此学说研究我国地质构造最早的学者之一。李先生不仅在中国和亚洲古板块的划分和发展上发表过许多有价值的见解,而且对板块运动与地震活动之间的关系亦作过专门研究。我们在七十年代末编制亚欧地震构造图时曾得到李先生的热诚关怀、支持和鼓励,在编图思路和具体内容上给了我们十分宝贵的指教,并提供了他尚未发表的研究成果。     

Human Losses Expected in Himalayan Earthquakes

Quantitative estimates of potential losses that may be caused by future great earthquakes along the Himalaya suggest that as many as 150,000 people may die, 300,000 may be injured and typically 3,000 settlements will be affected in a single event. Scenario results used here vary and are based on ruptures of 150 km segments of the plate boundary at seven positions, where sufficient elastic energy is believed to be stored for magnitude eight earthquakes. The method of calculating these results was calibrated, using the 17 disastrous Indian earthquakes, which have occurred since 1980. About 50 settlements in the region are considered most at risk because in each more than 2000 fatalities may occur.     

地震和干旱的定向迁移及其机制

本文介绍了中国大陆4条地震带和全球6条地震带地震的定向迁移和亚非中纬度地区干旱的迁移现象;探讨了亚非地区地震和干旱向东定向迁移的机制,认为这可能是由地球自转速度变化、大西洋脊间歇性张裂和板块的脉动式推挤引发的变形波的传播和这种变形波驱动地壳和上地幔内的热流体（液、气）周期性上涌引起的。     

Inelastic displacement demand of RC buildings subjected to earthquakes generated by intermediate-depth Vrancea seismic source

Evaluating inelastic displacement demand of structures exposed to seismic hazard is required for the design of new buildings as well as for seismic risk assessment of existing structures. Most of the buildings are designed to withstand strong earthquakes by responding in the nonlinear range. Having special parts of the structure designed to develop a stable hysteretic behaviour allows the structure to deform in order to accommodate the displacement demand imposed by strong ground motions. This paper is centred on finding a correspondence between the maximum elastic and inelastic displacement responses of the single degree of freedom (SDOF) systems subjected to earthquakes generated by Vrancea seismic source. Vrancea intermediate-depth earthquakes are responsible for the seismic hazard throughout Romanian territory. They have distinctive features, such as large displacement demand and large predominant periods, which makes Romania a special seismic environment. Using a database of Romanian and Japanese strong ground motions generated by intermediate-depth earthquakes and performing nonlinear dynamic analysis on the SDOF oscillators following the Takeda model, this study estimates the inelastic to elastic displacement ratio of reinforced concrete systems. Soil conditions, epicentral distance and magnitude influence on inelastic response is analysed using constant ductility response spectra. The main findings of the study are: the local increase of the inelastic to elastic displacement ratio for type C soil (Eurocode 8 classification) for large magnitude earthquakes and the significant effect of soil conditions on the inelastic response of the SDOF systems. The inelastic amplification was evaluated using a functional form depending on system ductility, soil conditions and earthquake magnitude.