Relation of stratospheric-tropospheric mass exchange mechanisms to surface radioactivity peaks

The atmospheric origin of the debris which produced a sudden increase of surface radioactivity is studied. Because all the radioactivity measurements show the mean debris ages to be greater than one hundred days for the entire sequence, the air is inferred to have been of recent stratospheric origin in view of an assumed mean tropospheric debris residence time of one month.The trajectories of the layer which caused the sudden increase in debris concentration were traced isentropically backward from the point of the fallout increase. The computed trajectory is seen to originate in the region traditionally considered to be the jet stream front and is shown definitely to be stratospheric air through potential vorticity considerations. The sinking motion is associated with upper air cyclogenesis and takes place to the rear of this high level cyclone. The air appears to cross the jet axis as viewed on an isobaric surface; but viewed isentropically, the trajectory is seen to slip under the jet core in such manner that no appreciable lateral shears are observed.

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Zusammenfassung Es wird der atmosphärische Ursprung der Ausfallprodukte, die einen plötzlichen Anstieg der Radioaktivität in Bodennähe verursachten, untersucht. Da alle Radioaktivitätsmessungen zeigten, daß das mittlere Alter der Ausfallprodukte in der Meßreihe größer als 100 Tage war, wird geschlossen, daß, im Hinblick auf eine angenommene mittlere Aufenthaltszeit der Ausfallprodukte in der Troposphäre von einem Monat, die Luft nicht lange vorher aus der Stratosphäre zugeströmt sein kann.Die Trajektorien der Schicht, die den plötzlichen Anstieg der Konzentration der Ausfallprodukte verursachte, wurden isentropisch vom Punkt des Anstiegs der Radioaktivität an zurückverfolgt. Die berechnete Trajektorie entspringt in der Region, die gewöhnlich als Jet Stream Front bezeichnet wird. Die Betrachtung der potentiellen Vorticity zeigt, daß die Luft eindeutig stratosphärischen Ursprungs war. Die absinkende Bewegung ist mit einer Zyklogenese in hohen Schichten in Verbindung, sie tritt an der Rückseite dieser Höhenzyklone auf. Bei Betrachtung auf einer Isobarenfläche scheint es, daß die Luft die Jetachse kreuzt; bei isentroper Betrachtung jedoch sieht man, daß die Trajektorie unter dem Jetkern durchschlüpft wobei keine größeren seitlichen Scherungen zu beobachten sind.

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Résumé On recherche l'origine atmosphérique des résidus provoquant un accroissement brusque de la radioactivité au voisinage du sol. Comme toutes les mesures de la radioactivité ont montré que l'âge moyen des produits résiduels des différentes séries de mesure dépassait toujours 100 jours, on en conclut que, en admettant que ces particules se maintiennent en moyenne 1 mois dans la trophosphère, l'air ne parvient pas longtemps auparavant de la stratosphère.On a recherché la trajectoire inverse des masses d'air provoquant un accroissement subit de la retombée radioactive. Pour ce faire, on est parti du point où la dite recrudescence avait été constatée et, par des méthodes isentropiques, on a reconstitué la trajectoire présumée des produits résiduels. Les trajectoires ainsi calculées prennent naissance dans la région dénommée ordinairement Jet Stream Front. L'examen de la vorticity potentielle a montré que l'air a une origine stratosphérique indéniable. Le mouvement subsident est lié à une cyclogénèse à très haute altitude et se produit à l'arrière de la dite dépression. En considérant une surface isobarique, il semble que l'air traverse l'axe du courant. En considérant les choses de manière isentropique, on constate cependant que la trajectoire passe sous le noyau du courant de telle sorte qu'il n'y ait pas de cisaillement latérial appréciable.

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With 11 Figures     

Influence of solar activity on winter temperatures: New climatological evidence

Winter temperatures in the Netherlands for the period 1634–1977 (344 years) have been analysed for the years in odd and even solar cycles separately. It is found that on average the odd-cycle years have lower and more variable winter temperatures than the even-cycle years. The indicated differences are statistically significant and show up in the 17th and 18th as well as in the more recent centuries. Most probably the effect is caused by an observed slight difference in the preferred location (Iceland or Scandinavia) of North Atlantic pressure systems in alternate solar cycles.     

Possible solar influence on atmospheric electric field

A physical hypothesis for the electrical coupling of the troposphere, ionosphere and magnetosphere has been proposed. It is shown that the vertical mass exchange takes place in the troposphere, ionosphere and magnetosphere by the gravity wave feedback mechanism through a chain of eddy systems. The vertical mass exchange gives rise to a vertical aerosol current which is responsible for the generation and mainte-nance of atmospheric electric field and also the variations in the H-component of the geomagnetic field. Any per-turbation in the troposphere would be transmitted to ionosphere and vice versa. A global perturbation in ionosphere, as the one caused by solar variability, is transmitted to troposphere influencing weather systems/geomagnetic/atmospheric electrification processes.The theory relating to the above physical mechanism is discussed. Also, results of analysis of at-mospheric electrical field data for Colaba, Bombay (8°53’ 56”N, 72° 48’ 54”E, 9.8 m ASL) and solar activity indices (Ap index, DST index and MSB crossing dates) for the 31 year period from 1936-1966 which provide statistical evidence for solar influence on atmospheric electrification processes are presented.     

福州城市空气污染对太阳辐射的影响

本文通过1962—1985年大气辐射过程、大气透明度和大气混浊度的变化,间接推断福州大气质量的长期演变及空气污染的季节变化。结果表明,直接辐射量减少,大气透明度的降低和大气混浊度的提高,都反映了城市空气污染的逐步发展,归因于空气中颗粒物的增加。本文所讨论的大气污染物混浊因子T_R,可以较客观地反映福州空气污染的年变化。     

The influence of cloud cover index on the accuracy of solar irradiance model estimates

Summary Cloud cover index (CCI) obtained from satellite images contains information on cloud amount and their optical thickness. It is the chief climate data for the assessment of solar energy resources in most radiative transfer models, particularly for the model BRASIL-SR that is currently operational at CPTEC. The wide range of climate environments in Brazil turns CCI determination into a challenging activity and great effort has been directed to develop new methods and procedures to improve the accuracy of these estimations from satellite images (Martins 2001; Martins et al. 2003a; Ceballos et al. 2004). This work demonstrates the influence of CCI determination methods on estimates of surface solar irradiances obtained by the model BRASIL-SR comparing deviations among ground data and model results. Three techniques using visible and/or thermal infrared images of GOES-8 were employed to generate the CCI for input into the model BRASIL-SR. The ground-truth data was provided by the solar radiation station located at Caicó/PE, in Brazilian Northeast region, which is part of the UNEP/GEF project SWERA (Solar and Wind Energy Resources Assessment). Results have shown that the application of the bi-spectral techniques have reduced mean bias error up to 66% and root mean square error up to 50% when compared to the usual technique for CCI determination based on the straightforward determination of month-by-month extremes for maximum and minimum cloud states. Correspondence: Fernando R. Martins, Brazilian Institute for Space Research (INPE), P.O. Box 515, S?o José dos Campos, 12245-970 S?o Paulo, Brazil     

太阳活动11年周期对气候系统中准两年振荡的影响(英)

用一个有外强迫的、简单的动力系统研究气候系统中的准两年振荡(平均周期长度比两年稍长或稍短的准周期振荡)。结果显示,准两年周期性源于该系统对于受11年周期调制的季节强迫的非线性响应。当系统的非线性固定时,准两年震荡的周期长度和振幅随季节变化的强度和太阳活动11年周期变化的强度而变化。这可能是造成气候中准两年震荡的性质有时空变化的原因之一。     

On the crosscorrelation between drought indices and solar activity

Summary Crosscorrelation structure between solar activity and drought indices is investigated by analyzing the cross correlation of the residual time series of solar activity and drought indices. Double Sunspot Cycle, Zürich Sunspot number, Palmer's Drought Index and Drought Area Index data are used in the study. White residual series derived from the observed data series by using valid time series models are used for the crosscorrelation analysis. Weak correlations between solar activity and drought area indices are inferred. The lags of significant correlation appear to vary for the different time series used in the study.With 3 Figures     

The influence of numerical advection schemes on the results of ocean general circulation models

The dependence of results from coarse-resolution models of the North Atlantic circulation on the numerical advection algorithm is studied. In particular, the sensitivity of parameters relevant for climate simulations as e.g., meridional transport of mass and heat and main thermocline thickness is investigated. Three algorithms were considered: (a) a central difference scheme with constant values for horizontal and vertical diffusion, (b) an upstream scheme with no explicit diffusion, and (c) a flux-corrected transport (FCT) scheme with constant and strictly isopycnal diffusion. The temporal evolution of the three models on time scales of centuries is markedly different, the upstream scheme resulting in much shorter adjustment time whereas the central difference scheme is slower and controlled by vertical diffusion rather than advection. In the steady state, the main thermocline structure is much less diffusive in the FCT calculation which also has much lower heat transport. Both horizontal circulation and overturning in the meridional-vertical plane are strongest in the upstream-model. The results are discussed in terms of the effective vertical (diapycnal) mixing in the different models. A significant increase in vertical resolution would be required to eliminate the high sensitivity due to the numerical algorithms, and allow physically motivated mixing formulations to become effective.This paper was presented at the International Conference on Modelling of Global Climate Change and Variability, held in Hamburg 11–15 September 1989 under the auspices of the Meteorological Institute of the University of Hamburg and the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology. Guest Editor for these papers is Dr. L. Dümenil     

Interdisciplinary studies of solar activity and climate change

<正>1.Introduction The solar flux is considered the fundamental energy source of earth’s climate system,and the earth’s motion greatly influences climate change over long time scales(Imbrie and Imbrie 1980;Ruddiman 2001).Modern global climate change is one of the core issues in research on climate change.The degree to which astronomy and earth motion factors,which are characterized by quite weak and slow variations,     

Parameterizing turbulent exchange over sea ice: the ice station weddell results

A 4-month deployment on Ice Station Weddell (ISW) in the western Weddell Sea yielded over 2000 h of nearly continuous surface-level meteorological data, including eddy-covariance measurements of the turbulent surface fluxes of momentum, and sensible and latent heat. Those data lead to a new parameterization for the roughness length for wind speed, z₀, for snow-covered sea ice that combines three regimes: an aerodynamically smooth regime, a high-wind saltation regime, and an intermediate regime between these two extremes where the macroscale or `permanent' roughness of the snow and ice determines z₀. Roughness lengths for temperature, z_T, computed from this data set corroborate the theoretical model that Andreas published in 1987. Roughness lengths for humidity,z_Q, do not support this model as conclusively but are all, on average, within an order of magnitude of its predictions. Only rarely arez_Tand z_Q equal to z₀. These parameterizations have implications for models that treat the atmosphere-ice-ocean system.     

Simulation of the influence of solar radiation variations on the global climate with an ocean-atmosphere general circulation model

 Two simulations with a global coupled ocean-atmosphere circulation model have been carried out to study the potential impact of solar variability on climate. The Hoyt and Schatten estimate of solar variability from 1700 to 1992 has been used to force the model. Results indicate that the near-surface temperature simulated by the model is dominated by the long periodic solar fluctuations (Gleissberg cycle), with global mean temperatures varying by about 0.5 K. Further results indicate that solar variability and an increase in greenhouse gases both induce to a first approximation a comparable pattern of surface temperature change, i.e., an increase of the land-sea contrast. However, the solar-induced warming pattern in annual means and summer is more centered over the subtropics, compared to a more uniform warming associated with the increase in greenhouse gases. The observed temperature rise over the most recent 30 and 100 years is larger than the trend in the solar forcing simulation during the same period, indicating a strong likelihood that, if the model forcing and response is realistic, other factors have contributed to the observed warming. Since the pattern of the recent observed warming agrees better with the greenhouse warming pattern than with the solar variability response, it is likely that one of these factors is the increase of the atmospheric greenhouse gas concentration. Received: 14 October 1996 / Accepted: 9 May 1997     

New approach to measure the stability of the solar radiative regime

This paper focuses on different ways of characterizing the solar radiative regime of a day and the stability of this regime. The days may be stratified in classes of cloud shade, observed total cloud cover amount, daily averaged clearness index, and fractal dimension of the solar global irradiance signal. A new Boolean parameter related to solar irradiance fluctuation is defined, namely the sunshine stability number. The time averaged value of the sunshine stability number is used for the characterization of the radiative regime stability during a given time interval. Ranking the days from the view-point of the stability of their radiative regime is performed by using the daily average value of the sunshine stability number and appropriately defined values of disorder and complexity, respectively. Measurements performed in the Romanian town of Timisoara (latitude 45°46?? N, longitude 21°25?? E and 85?m altitude above mean sea level) are used here. They refer to time series of global and diffuse solar irradiance recorded at 15-s time interval between sunrise and sunset during all the days in 2009.     

新建高层建筑物对周边雷电环境的影响

结合江西省南昌市某新建高层建筑物的案例,分析了高层建筑物对周边建筑物雷电环境的影响。结果表明:新建高层建筑物的存在将减小周边较低建筑物遭受直接雷击危害的概率,具体减少的程度与建筑物的相对距离和相对高度有关;由于新建高层建筑物遭受直接雷击的概率远远大于周边较低建筑物,雷击时所产生的电磁脉冲对周边建筑物电器设备损害的概率要大大增加;新建高层建筑物的管线与原较低建筑物的管线不可能完全分开,原建筑物管线可能流入的雷电流也会大大增加。因此,在新建高层建筑物设计时,应根据具体情况进一步完善原周边建筑物防雷击电磁脉冲措施,加强屏蔽与综合布线、等电位连接。     

太阳能光伏屋顶对城市热环境及能源供需影响的模拟

太阳能光伏屋顶的安装在一定程度上能缓解城市化带来的能源危机和城市热环境的破坏。将太阳能板的传热模型引入WRF模式的多层城市冠层方案中,选取了2017年7月21—27日一次典型的高温热浪天气过程,在线模拟太阳能屋顶两种安装形式(贴覆式和支架式)对城市热环境及能量平衡的影响。结果表明:(1)贴覆式太阳能屋顶可使白天2 m气温最多降低0.29°C,降温效果优于支架式屋顶,但夜间温度下降较小。支架式屋顶白天最大降温0.23°C,夜间降温效果明显,与普通屋顶相比,温度最多降低了0.60°C。(2)太阳能屋顶白天确实可以起到降温效果,抑制白天边界层的发展高度,降低边界层的厚度。(3)太阳能屋顶除了对城市气象的影响外,最重要的是它对能源的贡献。从结果来看,太阳能电池板产生的电能可以满足商业区54.5%的空调消耗。     

玉树站太阳总辐射变化特征及对气候变化的影响

对玉树站1961—2010年实测太阳总辐射资料分析表明,玉树太阳总辐射50年来呈逐渐减少的趋势.方差分析表明,玉树站的太阳总辐射突变点出现在1978年,此前总辐射量呈增加趋势,1978年以后,总体呈减少趋势,太阳总辐射处于相对偏少的时段,突变年后比突变年前平均年总辐射量减少了583.89 MJ/m².玉树各月总辐射减少幅度各不同,8月减少幅度最大,6月减少幅度最小.日照时数的变化趋势与太阳总辐射的变化趋势一致.分析其对气候的影响可知,玉树站总辐射和年平均气温、夏季降水量、年蒸发量均呈负相关.若总辐射减少100 MJ/(m²·a),年平均气温将升高0.03 ℃,5—9月降水量将增加3.0 mm,年蒸发量将增加21.0 mm.