饱和南京细砂孔压增量模型的普适性研究

循环荷载作用下饱和砂土的孔压增长规律是土动力学的核心内容之一。基于笔者在给定相对密度、均等固结条件下饱和南京细砂的不排水等幅循环三轴试验结果建立的孔压增量模型,进一步进行了不同相对密度、不同固结比条件下饱和南京细砂的不排水等幅循环三轴试验,将上述均等固结的孔压增量模型拓展为适用于不同相对密度、均等和非均等固结条件的孔压增量模型。采用拓展后的孔压增量模型对试验结果进行分析的结果表明：通过该孔压增量模型预测验证试验的孔压与验证试验测试的孔压具有较好的一致性,说明该孔压增量模型具有普适性。     

循环荷载下南京片状细砂的动应力——应变关系

以片状颗粒成分为主的片状结构砂与常用的圆形颗粒标准石英砂相比,在物理力学特性上有显著的差异。循环荷载作用下,饱和砂土振动孔压上升会导致土体刚度发生软化,当振动孔压累积达到一定水平时,会产生液化现象,从而引起土体结构发生破坏。采用英国WFI动三轴仪,研究了南京片状细砂在循环荷载作用下,静偏应力水平、循环应力比水平和循环次数对其动应力一应变关系的影响,考虑每一次循环过程中动应力—应变关系滞回曲线的卸载及再加载割线动剪切模量Gsec和最大割线模量Gmax的变化特性,建立了动剪模量软化的经验公式;静偏应力水平对动剪模量软化有显著影响,随着循环次数的增加,动应力—应变滞回圈逐渐向应变累积方向滑移和向应变轴方向倾斜,且彼此分离;考虑循环软化特性,采用修正的Masing准则,描述了循环荷载下南京片状细砂的动应力—应变关系。     

含微生物气泡高饱和砂土循环三轴剪切CFD-DEM模拟

为探究砂土液化的微观机理,根据室内试验中微生物反硝化反应气泡的生成速率,建立数值模拟的时效性关系,分别制取微生物处理0天、2天、3天和5天的高饱和砂土试样,采用CFD-DEM耦合方法模拟不同工况下砂土试样的循环三轴不排水剪切试验.依据砂土试样的力链分布、抗液化振次、孔压比、轴向应变和力学配位数在加载过程中的变化情况,从...     

软土动力特性动三轴试验研究

许多学者对软土在动力作用下的变形特性进行了大量的研究,并提出了相应的经验公式,但其经验公式参数较多且试验复杂,不易被一般工程技术人员掌握运用。本文采用天津滨海地区软土为研究对象,进行钻探取样、波速测试、室内静力学和动三轴试验,获取该地区软土的静、动力学参数,并利用相对简单的模型对残余应变和软化指数随振次的变化规律采用最小二乘法进行拟合,取得很好的效果。成果表明,利用简单的模型对软土的动力特性进行区域性研究是可行的。该成果可为今后软土动力特性和软土震陷计算方法研究提供参考和基础性资料。     

固化黄土力学特性三轴试验研究

为进一步认识固化黄土的力学特性,以郑州地区黄土为试验材料,制备不同固化剂掺量的试样,并在标准养护条件下养护至试验龄期后饱和。应用GDSTTS标准应力路径三轴仪,开展固结不排水(CU)剪切试验,主要研究围压、固化剂掺量以及养护龄期对固化黄土力学特性的影响。试验结果表明：郑州地区固化黄土具有显著的结构性,其应力应变曲线呈现出应变软化特征,并可用驼峰型三参数表达式描述;同时,增大围压和固化剂掺量以及延长养护龄期,固化黄土的峰值应力及残余应力都增大、养护龄期超过一定时间后,其对固化黄土强度的影响趋弱。     

单、双向动三轴试验条件下饱和砂动力特性对比

在饱和砂土地震液化评估中,多用单向动三轴试验代替双向动三轴试验获得土体的抗液化强度。由于单向激振和双向激振产生的应力路径不同,土的动力特性受应力路径影响,其合理性尚待证明。本文利用双向振动三轴仪分别采用单、双向振动形式进行饱和砂土振动液化试验,对比了相同动剪应力作用下累积孔压和动强度,分析了较大循环振次作用下单、双向振动方式使试样动力响应产生差异的原因,提出了利用单向三轴试验代替双向振动模拟地震循环剪应力获得砂土动力特性的室内试验方法的适用条件。     

土工三轴试验方法-静动耦合试验

尝试了一种新的土工三轴试验方法,即在一个试样同时得到与土体静动变形和强度特性相关的各种参数。文中讨论了采用耦合试验方法时应变循环大小对静力变形和强度特性的影响;并通过与常规试验结果的比较,给出了等效弹性模量、等效阻尼比和动永久应变等动力变形参数的试验结果。试验结果表明：采用耦合试验复杂加载方式,能够更深入地研究土体的静、动变形和强度特性,尤其在复杂应力条件下的动力变形特性方面。     

一种测试动三轴试样泊松比的方法

利用非接触式位移传感器研制了一套测量动三轴试样径向变形的装置。针对试样两端透水石对试样径向变形的约束,推导了对实测径向变形的修正关系。利用径向与轴向变形测量装置,就可以依据实测动三轴试样的轴向与径向变形确定其泊松比。通过橡胶、饱和细砂、饱和软粘土试样固结不排水动三轴试验与结果分析,说明利用这里提出的方法可以比较客观地确定动三轴试样的泊松比。这里的研究结果还表明,固结后的饱和三轴土样在不排水条件下受振动应力作用时,当其轴向动应变从10-5增大至10-3时,泊松比的变化基本为一常数,且与固结压力的大小无关,将其取为接近0.5是合理的。     

粗粒土等压固结与K0固结三轴试验比较

对某堆石坝覆盖层砂卵砾石料进行了不同干密度试样中型三轴试验,试验包括常规各向等压固结的三轴排水剪试验（CID试验）和各向不等压（K0）固结的三轴排水剪试验（CK0D试验）,对试验结果进行对比分析,研究2种试验方法对试验结果的影响。结果表明,2种试验所得到的应力—应变关系曲线总体规律比较一致,大小略有差异,CK0D试验的剪胀性比CID试验明显;不同围压下,2种试验的偏应力峰值差异（相对峰值）平均幅值为3.9%;对应3种密度（2.17、2.22、2.40g/cm3）,CK0D试验各围压下的平均内摩擦角分别比CID试验的内摩擦角大0.88°、0.48°、0.43°;随着密度增大,2种试验的强度均显著增大,且强度指标随密度近似线性增大。列出并比较了2种试验的邓肯模型参数,两者没有显著的差异。     

超深厚覆盖层中深埋细粒土动力变形和强度特性三轴试验研究

土石坝（超）深厚覆盖层中的深埋细粒土难以完全挖除（换填）,其在地震作用下的动力变形特性和强度特性是科研设计人员关注的问题。本文进行某大型土石坝工程超深厚覆盖层地基中的深埋粉砂层土动力特性三轴试验,研究其在地震荷载作用下的动力变形与强度特性,并为大坝—地基系统动力分析和抗震设计提供基础资料。研究表明：试验土料最大动剪模量和平均有效应力在双对数坐标中呈良好的线性关系,不同围压力条件下的模量衰减（阻尼比增长）曲线可以采用参考剪应变的方式进行归一,可用试验确定特定围压力条件下的模量衰减（阻尼比增长）曲线外延推求任意围压力条件下的相应曲线;试验土料在地震荷载作用下的动强度特性主要受土体密度、固结条件和围压力条件等控制,当土体处在不等向固结状态时,不同动力破坏标准下确定的土体动强度特性参数差异较大。     

Pore water pressure increment model for saturated Nanjing fine sand subject to cyclic loading

Three groups of dynamic triaxial tests were performed for saturated Nanjing fine sand subjected to uniform cyclic loading. The tested curves of the excess pore water pressure (EPWP) ratio variation with the ratio of the number of cycles are provided. The concept of the EPWP increment ratio is introduced and two new concepts of the effective dynamic shear stress ratio and the log decrement of effective stress are defined. It is found that the development of the EPWP increment ratio can be divided into three stages: descending, stable and ascending. Furthermore, at the stable and ascending stages, a satisfactory linear relationship is obtained between the accumulative EPWP increment ratio and natural logarithm of the effective dynamic shear stress ratio. Accordingly, the EPWP increment ratio at the number of cycles N has been deduced that is proportional to the log decrement of effective stress at the cycle number N-1, but is independent of the cyclic stress amplitude. Based on the analysis, a new EPWP increment model for saturated Nanjing fine sand is developed from tested data fitting, which provides a better prediction of the curves of EPWP generation, the number of cycles required for initial liquefaction and the liquefaction resistance.     

Strain accumulation in sand due to cyclic loading: Drained cyclic tests with triaxial extension

This paper presents results of numerous drained cyclic tests with triaxial extension. The influence of the strain amplitude, the average stress and the number of load cycles on the accumulation rate was studied. A simple cyclic flow rule was observed. Most findings confirm a previous study with cyclic triaxial compression tests. The test results serve as the basis of an explicit accumulation model.     

南京砂的液化与判别

南京砂是一种以片状颗粒成分为主的粉细砂，与土动力学试验中常用的圆形颗粒标准石英砂有一定的差别。片状颗粒成分使得南京砂具有各向异性的性质，其水平向强度小于垂直向强度。因此，在同样的标贯击数下，南京砂比标准砂易于液化，在采用基于标准砂的研究结果作为液化判别标准时，可能会高估这种砂的抗液化能力。文章在总结南京砂液化研究资料的基础上，阐明了南京砂液化的特点，提出了南京砂液化的判别式。     

Behavior of large post-liquefaction deformation in saturated Nanjing fine sand

Laboratory tests on the large post-liquefaction deformation of saturated Nanjing fine sand were performed by using a hollow cylinder apparatus. The stress-strain responses and the characteristics of excess pore water pressure after liquefaction were studied. It was found that the relationship between deviatoric stress and axial strain presented a sigmoid curve, and there was a good linearity relationship between normalized pore water pressure and deviatoric stress. On this basis, a constitutive model of stress-strain responses and a dissipation model of excess pore water pressure were established. It was found that the results predicted by the two models were in good agreement with the experimental data. The influence of relative densities and confi ning pressure on the characteristics of liquef ied soil were studied. The results showed the relative densities and initial effective confining pressure all had an important influence on the stress-strain responses of liquefi ed saturated Nanjing fine sand. However, the dissipation model of excess pore water pressure after liquefaction was only affected by the confining pressure.     

粘粒含量对南京粉细砂液化影响的试验研究

南京粉细砂是一种以片状颗粒成分为主的粉细砂，与通常的圆形颗粒石英砂有一定区别，片状颗粒成分使得南京粉细砂具有各向异性的性质。通过对不同粘粒含量的南京粉细砂进行液化试验，分析其试验结果发现：对于粘粒含量ρc＝5％、10％和15％三种情况，在均压固结情况下，当南京粉细砂达到初始液化时，采用变形标准和孔压标准是一致的；而偏压固结时，只能采用变形标准作为南京粉细砂达到初始液化的标准，此时振动孔压仅达到围压的50％-70％。粘粒含量对南京粉细砂的抗液化强度影响很大，随粘粒含量增加，在不同固结比时，其抗液化强度并不是单调变化，而是在粘粒含量ρc＝10％左右处于一个低谷，其抗液化强度最低。     

Strain accumulation in sand due to cyclic loading: drained triaxial tests

Our aim is the prediction of the accumulation of strain and/or stress under cyclic loading with many (thousands to millions) cycles and relatively small amplitudes. A high-cycle constitutive model is used for this purpose. Its formulas are based on numerous cyclic tests. This paper describes drained tests with triaxial compression and uniaxial stress cycles. The influence of the strain amplitude, the average stress, the density, the cyclic preloading history and the grain size distribution on the direction and the intensity of strain accumulation is discussed.     

Influence of colloidal silica grout on liquefaction potential and cyclic undrained behavior of loose sand

Cyclic triaxial tests were performed to investigate the influence of colloidal silica grout on the deformation properties of saturated loose sand. Distinctly different deformation properties were observed between grouted and ungrouted samples. Untreated samples developed very little axial strain prior to the onset of liquefaction. However, once liquefaction was triggered, large strains occurred rapidly and the samples collapsed within a few additional loading cycles. In contrast, grouted sand samples experienced very little strain during cyclic loading. Additionally, the strain accumulated uniformly throughout loading rather than rapidly prior to collapse and the samples never collapsed. Cyclic triaxial tests were done on samples stabilized with colloidal silica at concentrations of 5, 10, 15, and 20%. In general, samples stabilized with higher concentrations of colloidal silica experienced very little strain during cyclic loading. Sands stabilized with lower concentrations tolerated cyclic loading well, but experienced slightly more strain. Thus, treatment with colloidal silica grout significantly increased the deformation resistance of loose sand to cyclic loading.     

饱和南京细砂永久应变势模型的试验研究

土单元永久应变势的预测模型是土动力学的重要研究内容之一。现有的土单元永久应变势模型没有反映振动孔压增长的影响,难以合理解释地震动作用引起的饱和砂土地基永久变形一般是由土层软化或再固结变形所致的机理。基于饱和南京细砂永久变形动三轴试验结果的有效应力状态分析,研究了试样的永久变形与振动孔压增长的关系,建立了一个能反映振动孔压增长影响的土单元永久应变势模型,给出了土单元永久应变势的数学表达式,分析了土单元永久应变势模型参数的影响因素。初步的验证性试验表明:模型预测与试验测得的试样永久应变势与振动孔压增长曲线比较接近,说明该模型具有一定的合理性。