华北燕山地区雾迷山组疑源类化石组合及其特征

本文通过系统采样,利用化学浸泡法,对冀北坳陷凌源地区和宣龙坳陷北京延庆地区的雾迷山组疑源类进行了研究,并划分出四个化石组合,自下而上分别为:罗庄组合(Asperatopsophosphaera umishanensis-Oscillatori-opsis luozhuangensis)、磨盘峪组合(Stictosphaeridium pectinale-Micrhystridium pallidum)、二十里堡组合(Pale-amorpha punctulata-Orygmatosphaeridium rubignosum)和闪坡岭组合(Microconcentrica cymata-Baltisphaeridium cerinum).通过两个地区疑源类组合特征的对比,认为凌源地区和延庆地区雾迷山组微疑源类化石组合及特征具有可对比性.     

Sedimentary Features and Their Implications of Microdigital Stromatolites from the Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation at the Jixian Section in North China

<正>The Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation at the Jixian section in Tianjin is a set of more than 3000-m-thick stromatolitic carbonate succession.In this succession,several lithofacies units,that is,the subtidal stromatolitic biostrome,the thrombolitic bioherm,tidal-flat micritic dolomite and lagoon dolomitic shale,make up many meter-scale cycles of the peritidal carbonate type that have been nominated as the Wumishan cycles.Importantly,many microdigital stromatolites make up the stromatolitic biostrome unit of the Wumishan cycles in the lower part of the Wumishan Formation. These microdigital stromatolites have been grouped as a stromatolitic assemblage by paleontologists, that is,"Pseudogymnosolen mopanyuensis-Scuphus-Yangzhuang columnaris"assemblage.These microdigital stromatolites had also been interpreted as the aragonite(tufa) sea-floor precipitates by sedimentologists,and has further been thought as the special products of the transitional period from the sea-floor aragonite precipitates of the Archean to the clastic and muddy carbonates of the Neoproterozoic.Although there are some restrictions for the stratigraphic meaning of the concept of the stromatolitic assemblage,detailed studies on classification by paleontologists provide an important clue to understand the sedimentological meaning of the microdigital stromatolites.Furthermore,an important and obvious horizon for the end of the microdigital stromatolites was recorded in the Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation at the Jixian section,which provides useful information to understand the stromatolite decline occurred at c.1250 Ma and the evolving carbonate world of the Precambrian.     

Large earthquake‐triggered liquefaction mounds and a carbonate sand volcano in the Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation,Beijing, North China

Ten well‐preserved, earthquake‐triggered liquefaction mounds and a carbonate sand volcano have been found in the Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation (1550–1400 Ma) in the Beijing area, North China. These features crop out in a roadcut near Zhuanghuwa Village. All ten mounds occur in the same sedimentary layer and have rounded shapes with some concentric and radial fissures arising from the centre. They range from 1.5 to 4 m in diameter and from 10 cm to 30 cm in height. The carbonate sand volcano has a diameter of 110 cm and the ‘crater’ at the top has a depth of about 30 cm. Associated with these mounds and the sand volcano are many ‘normal’ sedimentary structures and numerous soft‐sediment deformation structures. The former include ripple marks, cross‐bedding, stromatolites and desiccation cracks, indicating deposition in a stable shallow‐water peritidal platform environment. The latter include intrastratal faults and folds, seismically formed breccias and carbonate clastic dykes. The morphological features and the genesis of these liquefaction mounds are very similar to mounds formed recently by the great Wenchuan Earthquake of China (2008). Detailed thin‐section study of the mounds found no signs of any kind of biological constructional process; instead it reveals some obvious fluidification and liquefaction characteristics. Comparative studies have shown that these features are probably the products of Mesoproterozoic earthquake activity. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

辽西凌源雾迷山组碳酸盐岩碳氧同位素特征研究

辽西凌源雾迷山组碳酸盐岩碳氧同位素和Mn/Sr比值数据反映了碳酸盐岩的原始沉积特征。δ¹³C_PDB数值范围-2‰~2‰,δ¹⁸O_PDB数值范围为-10‰~-4‰,其平均值分别为0.15‰,-6.2‰,碳同位素组成具有旋回性变化特征。在雾迷山组一段中上部,δ¹³C表现出明显的正漂移,可能为藻类的大量繁殖、有机碳增加所引起。δ¹⁸O的增加为气候变冷和冰川作用的结果。在δ¹³C为负值的层段,δ¹⁸O数值较高。碳氧同位素组成的这种特征可能与海平面变化有关。     

北京永定河谷中元古界雾迷山组软沉积物变形与古地震发生频率

北京地区中元古界雾迷山组是太古界至中生界中出露面积最广、沉积厚度最大的地层单元,岩性以白云岩为主,其次为硅化白云岩。雾迷山组层序稳定,形成于相对广阔、持续且稳定沉降的浅水沉积环境。在永定河流域自庄户洼村溯河而上直至珍珠湖景区,在不同层位的雾迷山组露头中集中发现了多个期次、不同规模、由古地震引发的软沉积物变形构造,包括液化变形（液化混插、底辟、液化脉及液化卷曲层理等）、挤压变形（紧密褶皱、板刺状角砾和丘—槽构造等）、拉伸变形（环状层、拉伸布丁）以及脆性变形（地裂缝、层间断层和震裂岩）。文中对这些软沉积物变形的分布和表面特征做了系统描述,对典型的液化变形、挤压变形及拉伸变形的形成机制从形态学上进行了计算机模拟。结合该区的构造背景和前人研究资料,认为该区雾迷山组沉积期古地震系沿中元古代燕辽裂陷槽轴部的断裂活动触发的;根据软沉积物变形的出现频率,对古地震发生频率（地震周期）进行了初步估算,约为3.2至2万年。     

Implications of the Precambrian Non-stromatolitic Carbonate Succession Making up the Third Member of Mesoproterozoic Gaoyuzhuang Formation in Yanshan Area of North China

A particular non-stromatolitic carbonate succession making up the third member of the Mesoproterozoic Gaoyuzhuang (高于庄) Formation might demonstrate that a stromatolite decline of the Mesoproterozoic occurring at ca. 1 450 Ma besides other three events of the Proterozoic,respectively,occurred at ca. 2 000 Ma,ca. 1 000 Ma,and ca. 675 Ma. The forming duration of this non-stromatolitic carbonate succession can be generally correlative to that of a similar depositional succession in North America,i.e. a non-stromatolitic carbonate succession made up by the Helena Formation of the Belt Supergroup,which suggests that the stromatolite decline occurring at ca. 1 450 Ma may be a global event. This information endows the non-stromatolitic carbonate succession making up the third member of the Gaoyuzhuang Formation in the Yanshan (燕山) area with important significance for the further understanding of Precambrian sedimentology. The Mesoproterozoic Gaoyuzhuang Formation in Yanshan area is a set of more than 1 000 m thick carbonate strata that can be divided into four members (or subformations). The first member (or the Guandi (官地) subformation) is marked by a set of stromatolitic dolomites overlying a set of transgressive sandstones; the second member (or the Sangshu'an (桑树鞍) subformation) is a set of manganese dolomites with a few stromatolites; the third member (or the Zhangjiayu (张家峪) subformation) is chiefly made up of leiolite and laminite limestones and is characterized by the development of molar-tooth structures in leiolite limestone; the fourth member (or the Huanxiusi (环秀寺) subformation) is composed of a set of dolomites of stromatolitic reefs or lithoherms. Sequence-stratigraphic divisions at two sections,i.e. the Jixian (蓟县) Section in Tianjin (天津) and the Qiangou (千沟) Section of Yanqing (延庆) County in Beijing (北京),demonstrate that a particularly non-stromatolitic succession making up the third member of the Mesoproterozoic Gaoyuzhuang Formation is developed in the Yanshan area of North China,in which lots of grotesque matground structures (wrinkle structures and palimpsest ripples) are developed in beds of leiolite limestone at the Qiangou Section and lots of molar-tooth structures are developed in beds of leiolite limestone at the Jixian Section. The time scale of the Gaoyuzhuang Formation is deduced as 200 Ma (from 1 600 Ma to 1 400 Ma). The duration of an obvious hiatus between the Gaoyuzhuang Formation and the underlying Dahongyu (大红峪) Formation is deduced as 50 Ma to 100 Ma,thus the forming duration of the GaoyuzhuangFormation is thought as 100 Ma (1 500 Ma to 1 400 Ma). Furthermore,the age of the subface of the third member of the Gaoyuzhuang Formation that is just in the mid position of the Gaoyuzhuang Formation can be deduced as about 1 450 Ma,which is the basis to infer a stromatolite decline of the Mesoproterozoic occurring at ca. 1 450 Ma. Importantly,several features of both the molar-tooth structure and the stromatolite,such as the particular forming environment,the important facies-indicative meaning,and the episodic distribution in the earth history,might express the evolutionary periodicity of the surface environment of the earth and can provide meaningful clues for the understanding of the Precambrian world,although their origin and forming mechanism is highly contentious. Therefore,like other three stromatolitic declines,respectively,occurring at ca. 675 Ma,ca. 1 000 Ma,and ca. 2 000 Ma,the identification of the stromatolite decline occurring at ca. 1 450 Ma during the Golden Age of stromatolites (2 800 Ma to 1 000 Ma) has important meaning for the further understanding of the evolving carbonate world of the Precambrian.     

燕山地区中新元古界高于庄组和雾迷山组风暴沉积特征分析

燕山地区中、新元古界高于庄组和雾迷山组地层发育典型的风暴沉积,主要有砂砾屑白云岩和灰岩、风暴硅岩、泥晶白云岩、含硅质条带白云岩和藻叠层白云岩5种岩石类型,砾屑放射状构造、底模构造、冲刷构造、丘状交错层理和波状层理等5种沉积构造。在野外剖面和岩心观察的基础上,根据风暴沉积的岩石学特征、沉积构造类型、规模和组合特点,并结合区域沉积背景分析,在辽宁凌源地区雾迷山组识别出一个标准的5单元垂向沉积序列。通过野外和室内的观察、分析和研究认为,研究区风暴岩形成于碳酸盐台地相中水体较浅的潮间环境。该风暴岩的发现对重建燕山地区中新元古界古地理及区域地层对比具有重要意义。     

燕山地区中元古代高于庄组非叠层石碳酸盐岩序列的沉积特征及其重要意义

在燕山地区中元古代高于庄组一套厚度千余米的碳酸盐沉积序列中,第三段组成一个特别的非叠层石碳酸盐岩序列。两个剖面(天津蓟县剖面和北京延庆千沟剖面）的详尽观察与研究结果表明：高于庄组第三段的非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列以灰岩序列为特征,厚度为300 m至600 m不等,在蓟县剖面发育有存在成因争论的臼齿状构造,在延庆千沟剖面发育奇形怪状的席底构造。该非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列表明,在前寒武纪除了3次叠层石衰减事件(分别发生在2 000 Ma、1 000 Ma和675 Ma）外,在1 450 Ma左右还可能发生过一次叠层石衰减事件。再者,高于庄组第三段构成的非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列,可以大致与北美地区的Belt超群中的Helena组非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列相对比,从而表明了1 450 Ma左右的叠层石衰减事件因具有全球性而有重要意义。在漫长的前寒武纪,臼齿状构造常常集中发育在叠层石衰减事件之后,因此,尽管这两种沉积构造的成因还不完全清楚却成为了解前寒武纪世界的重要线索。1 450 Ma左右的叠层石衰减事件,正好处于叠层石发育的黄金时段(2 800 Ma至1 000 Ma）,对该次事件的识别,有助于正确认识漫长而复杂多变的前寒武纪碳酸盐世界。     

华北燕山中—新元古代震积岩系列及其地震节律

在燕山北缘河北平泉地区中，上元古界中，鉴别出一系列震积岩。主要类型有脆性型，塑性型，液化型及复合型四种。提出了啸积岩与风暴岩的鉴别标志，指出鲍马序列模式的真正拥有者是啸积岩与风暴岩，而非典型的半深海浊积岩。根据其在纵向上出现的类别和频率，划分出10个地震活跃期，其地震节律为60－80Ma，这一地震节律反映了燕山裂陷槽裂陷的历程，裂陷高峰期在高于庄至雾迷山期。     

Molar Tooth Structure: a Contribution from the Mesoproterozoic Gaoyuzhuang Formation, Tianjin City, North China

Molar-tooth (MT) structure is an enigmatic sedimentary structure consisting of variously-shaped cracks and voids filled with a characteristically uniform, equant calcite microspar. It is globally distributed but temporally restricted to rocks from Neoarchean to Neoproterozoic age. The origin of MT structures has been debated for more than a century and the topic continues to be highly contentious. Some features of MT structure occurring in micritic limestones of the Mesoproterozoic Gaoyuzhuang Formation (ca. 1500 Ma to ca. 1400 Ma), Jixian section, Tianjin City, North China show that: 1) there is a definite interface or lining, rich in organic material and pyrite, between the MT crack-filling calcite microspar and the micritic host rock, which is also rich in organic matter; 2) the micritic host rocks are notable for the absence of stromatolites and microbial laminites; 3) distinctive conglomeratic lag deposits made up of intraclasts of MT microspar result from storm reworking of the MT structures; 4) the MT structure is associated with possible algal megafossils such as Chuaria; 5) the MT microspar is made up of the larger calcite crystal and the MT crack is marked by the diversity of configurations; 6) both the TOC content and the carbon-isotopic value (δ13CPDB) among the host rock, the MT microspar and the possible algae fossil are obviously different. For the forming mechanism of the Gaoyuzhuang MT structure, these features can still indicate that: A) the MT microspar was formed by rapid precipitation and lithification; B) the MT microspar precipitated directly within the cracks; C) the decomposition of organic matter within the host micrite might be the chief mechanism producing gas bubbles; D) microscale gas-sediment interaction led to the generation of the MT cracks and the precipitation of microspar therein; E) the MT cracks might represent the track of migration and expansion of gas bubbles, and that the recrystallization of host micrites cannot be eliminated during forming process of the MT microspar; F) the MT structure is occurred in early diagenetic period; and G) the formation of MT microspars is a complex diagenetic process. Therefore, model of the microbially-induced gas-bubble expansion and migration is the best interpretation for the formation of the MT structure. Effectively, MT structures are a type of sedimentary structure that is formed in the early diagenetic period and is related to microbial activities and organic matter degradation.     

辽西凌源地区雾迷山组沉积特征与层序地层

依据野外露头等资料,对辽西凌源地区雾迷山组地层进行了详细的沉积相分析,按陆表海潮汐作用将雾迷山组沉积环境分为潮上、潮间和潮下3个相带,建立了雾迷山组的沉积模式。在沉积相研究的基础上,结合层序界面特征,对雾迷山组层序进行了探讨,划分出4个二级层序和22个三级层序,系统地阐述了每个层序的岩石、构造及体系域等特征。层序界面主要以浅水环境(特别是含暴露标志)的沉积物及沉积构造作为识别标志,其中SQ1为Ⅰ型层序,Ⅱ型层序则较为发育,SQ2-SQ22都为Ⅱ型层序。研究区雾迷山期处于浅水陆表海沉积环境,沉积体系域以海进体系域和高水位体系域为主,普遍缺少低水位体系域或陆棚边缘体系域,同时,也不具备形成凝缩层的环境,以最大海泛面沉积物与深海中的凝缩层相对应。     

天津蓟县中元古界雾迷山组复合海平面变化旋回层序的初步研究

天津蓟县中元古界雾迷山组为一套厚3000余米的碳酸盐岩地层,叠层石生物层和凝块石生物丘特别发育。它们与潮坪相泥晶白云岩和泥质白云岩构成具对称相序组构的环潮坪型碳酸盐米级旋回层序。米级旋回层序之顶覆以厚度不等的潟湖相白云质泥页岩。常常3～5个米级旋回层序呈有序叠加构成五级准层序组,少数米级旋回层序还可识别出5个七级韵律层而呈现出1:5的叠加关系。因此,七级韵律层、米级旋回层和五级准层序组分别与岁差旋回、短偏心率旋回、长偏心率旋回间存在有成因联系。根据米级旋回层序在长周期层序中的有序垂直叠加形式,在雾迷山组中可识别出26个三级层序,进一步归为6个二级层序。     

华北燕山裂陷槽中元古代深水藻类生物沉积及其环境

河北平泉燕山裂陷槽中元古代地层中,藻席-藻团-藻丝-藻屑-泥晶薄层交替形成韵律沉积。经对系列标本(薄片)特征及其不同结构类型的对比分析,认为它们是在风暴浪基面之下,具风暴流浊积特征的深水藻类生物沉积系列。浅海叠层石及其他底栖藻类构成了从浅海至半深海上部浅水一个完整的藻类沉积序列,其不同类型的特征则成为鉴别沉积时各环境要素的可靠依据,即依据不同藻类生物沉积类型———藻席、藻团、藻丝及藻层的组合序列变化,作为判别200～400 m半深海浅水环境的依据。     

华北陆块北部燕山地区中元古代辉绿岩地球化学特征及成因意义

华北陆块北部燕山地区广泛发育侵位于下马岭组的一套辉绿岩岩床。其岩石地球化学特征表明,燕山地区辉绿岩以高TiO2(1.70%~4.29%),低Al2O3(11.33%~14.98%)和低MgO(4.17%~5.86%),以及Na2OK2O为特征,属大陆拉斑玄武岩系列。稀土元素特征显示,∑REE总量较高,LREE明显富集,轻重稀土分馏不明显;配分曲线右倾,无明显Eu异常。结合Zr-Y、Zr-Nd、Zr/Y-Zr、Ti/100-Zr-Y×3、Ta/Hf-Th/Hf及Nb/Zr-Th/Zr等图解综合分析认为:该辉绿岩岩浆源自过渡性地幔,形成于华北陆块北部中元古代晚期的板内伸展构造背景。     

“承德逆掩片”之商榷——来自燕山地区中元古代长城系的沉积地质证据

外来岩片不但在构造变形上应具有显著的特征标志,而且在其卷入的各类地质体中也应该表现出与原地系统之间具有明显的差异.近年来,承德地区两条断裂之间所夹地质体,被部分学者认为是晚侏罗世时期从该地区南部向北推覆而来的"逆掩片",水平位移量超过40km.本文对比研究了"逆掩片"内部和"根带区"中元古代长城系原始沉积特征和相带展布以及其他证据,发现承德地区长城系各相带原始展布和格局与周边同期沉积并无显著差别,这表明晚侏罗世期间发生自南向北大规模水平位移(＞40km)的可能性很小,研究结果不支持"外来岩片"的认识.     

容城地热田雾迷山组碳酸盐岩热储层裂缝主控因素及成因机制

容城地热田雾迷山组是华北地区典型的低孔隙度碳酸盐岩热储层,也是地热流体勘探的主要目标。裂缝对研究区地热流体的富集和产能有重要影响。本文通过对研究区岩心、薄片和成像测井等资料的分析,确定了裂缝的发育特征、控制因素和形成期次。结果表明容城地热田雾迷山组碳酸盐岩热储层裂缝多为未充填的高角度斜交缝,11.8%的裂缝被方解石和石英脉充填。裂缝开度主要集中在0~2 mm,靠近断裂的D19井开度最大（均值为3.65 mm）,孔隙度也最大（均值为0.752 3%）,裂缝孔隙度随开度的增大线性增加。裂缝在断裂附近或者构造应力场较大的区域更为发育,受构造作用影响最明显。在同一构造环境和应力场下,岩性是控制研究区裂缝发育的主导因素。容城地热田雾迷山组碳酸盐岩热储层裂缝大致分为3组,印支期形成的NNE-SSW与NW-SE向“X”型共轭剪裂缝,燕山晚期形成的NEE-SWW向剪裂缝,以及喜马拉雅期形成的近E-W向张裂缝。

     

中-新元古界标准剖面蓟县系首获高精度年龄制约——蓟县剖面雾迷山组和铁岭组斑脱岩锆石SHRIMPU-Pb同位素定年研究

近期在蓟县中-新元古界标准剖面铁岭组和雾迷山组首次发现斑脱岩、并测得其锆石SHRIMP U-Pb同位素年龄为~1440Ma(1439±14Ma)和~1485Ma(1483±13Ma和1487±16Ma),这标志着这条传统的标准剖面上以碳酸盐岩为主体的蓟县系上部的两个重要组,从此也获得了直接的、高精度的锆石U-Pb同位素年龄约束。这是华北中-新元古界标准剖面蓟县系相关地层单位首次获得直接而精确的锆石U-Pb同位素年龄约束,也是在整个华北北缘燕山地区雾迷山组内部首次获得精确的直接定年。这一进展为闻名中外的天津蓟县剖面中-新元古界年代地层格架的正确厘定、以及今后继续作为华北该阶段的标准剖面,并与国内外其他地区相关地层的正确对比等,提供了新的、精确的年代学"锚点",因而具有重要的科学和实际意义。     

天津蓟县中元古界铁岭组叠层石灰岩中原地海绿石的沉积学意义

天津蓟县剖面中元古界铁岭组二段叠层石灰岩中普遍发育海绿石。野外观察表明,海绿石主要分布在叠层石柱体间的泥晶灰岩中,呈薄膜状富集在叠层石鞘外缘;微观特征分析表明,海绿石呈不规则状的胶体形式,显示了原地海绿石的基本特点。电子探针的组分分析表明,铁岭组中的海绿石为中成熟度的海绿石。由于产在潮下高能柱状叠层石灰岩中,铁岭组中的海绿石并不反映低沉积速率或沉积间断的沉积条件,与现代海绿石的形成环境具有明显的差异。因此,中元古界铁岭组叠层石灰岩中的中成熟度原地海绿石是特殊沉积背景下的独特产物,为研究海绿石在地质历史时期产出的多样性提供了一个重要实例。     

天津蓟县中元古界铁岭组叠层石灰岩中原地海绿石的沉积学意义

天津蓟县剖面中元古界铁岭组二段叠层石灰岩中普遍发育海绿石。野外观察表明,海绿石主要分布在叠层石柱体间的泥晶灰岩中,呈薄膜状富集在叠层石鞘外缘;微观特征分析表明,海绿石呈不规则状的胶体形式,显示了原地海绿石的基本特点。电子探针的组分分析表明,铁岭组中的海绿石为中成熟度的海绿石。由于产在潮下高能柱状叠层石灰岩中,铁岭组中的海绿石并不反映低沉积速率或沉积间断的沉积条件,与现代海绿石的形成环境具有明显的差异。因此,中元古界铁岭组叠层石灰岩中的中成熟度原地海绿石是特殊沉积背景下的独特产物,为研究海绿石在地质历史时期产出的多样性提供了一个重要实例。     

海相油页岩的生烃动力学特征——以燕山地区下马岭组油页岩为例

油页岩是未来重要的补充与替代能源。通过开放体系程序升温热模拟实验,对燕山地区下马岭组海相油页岩进行了研究。结果表明:其热裂解反应主要发生在440～480℃,表观生烃活化能集中分布于170～290 kJ/mol,主峰约为240 kJ/mol,明显高于陆相油页岩(抚顺油页岩和茂名油页岩),而与下古生界海相烃源岩(甘肃平凉奥陶系灰岩及爱沙尼亚奥陶系Kukersite油页岩)活化能分布范围及主峰位置相似。以ICP技术规范为例,在相同热历史条件下,通过数值模拟认识到下马岭组海相油页岩主生烃温度为275～325℃,高于湖相油页岩(265～305℃),而与下古生界海相烃源岩相似,表明其可能具有与古生界海相有机质相似的生烃机理。