巨厚含水层注浆浆液扩散半径及影响因素研究——以峰峰矿区为例

总结了饱水裂隙岩体中浆液的球形扩散模型和柱状扩散模型。通过对不同注浆模型中各参数,如浆液黏度、岩石孔隙率、注浆孔半径、岩体渗透系数及启动压力等对注浆扩散半径的影响分析,认为注浆孔半径和岩石孔隙率对宾汉姆流型浆液扩散影响不明显,而影响浆液扩散半径的主要因素是浆液黏度、岩体渗透系数及启动压力梯度。最后针对峰峰矿区,通过计算提出了包括注浆压力和注浆结束压力的注浆参数理论值。     

砾石土层中注浆扩散参数的研究

采用注浆模拟试验与数值分析等研究方法,探讨了砾石土层中注浆的注浆量、浆液扩散半径及注浆形成的结石体抗压强度等参数预测计算模型,并设计试验对其进行了验证。试验结果表明,砾石土层中注浆的注浆量、浆液扩散半径及结石体的抗压强度等参数预测计算模型计算的注浆量、浆液扩散半径与注浆结石体抗压强度的理论值与试验实测值间虽分别有10%、5%、10%左右的差异,但均相差不大,因此,可用来预测砾石土层实际注浆工程中的注浆量、浆液扩散半径及注浆形成的结石体的抗压强度等参数。研究成果不仅可为砾石土层实际注浆工程实践提供理论支撑,还可为砾石土诱发的滑坡、泥石流等灾害的防灾减灾提供技术参考。     

单一裂隙动水注浆扩散模型

通过理论推导建立了单一裂隙动水注浆扩散模型,用计算机对单一裂隙动水注浆扩散模型进行编程和分析,试验验证该注浆扩散模型是合理的。研究结果表明,单一裂隙动水注浆在注浆前期浆液扩散面积呈圆形而在注浆后期浆液扩散面积呈椭圆形;浆液扩散半径与浆液黏度成反比,与裂隙开度和注浆压力成正比;水流流动有利于浆液沿顺水流方向扩散而抑制浆液沿逆水流方向扩散;水流流速增大或减小到一定程度时浆液扩散半径受水流流速的影响程度将逐渐减小;水流流动对逆水流方向扩散半径的影响程度大于顺水流方向扩散半径的影响程度;浆液扩散半径受水流流速影响最大,受裂隙开度影响次之,受注浆压力和浆液黏度的影响相对较小     

盾构隧道壁后注浆扩散模式及对管片的压力分析

在假定注浆浆液为牛顿流体,并在盾尾间隙影响厚度范围内均匀柱面扩散的前提下,通过引入等效孔隙率替代土体本身的孔隙率来考虑建筑间隙的影响,对盾尾注浆和管片注浆2种情况下的浆液渗透范围及因注浆而对管片造成的压力进行了理论推导,得到了浆液扩散半径及对管片产生的压力计算式。结果表明,盾构隧道壁后注浆浆液的扩散半径及对管片产生的压力与注浆压力、注浆时间、土体特性及浆液性质等众多因素有关,盾尾注浆对管片产生的注浆压力小于管片注浆对管片产生的压力。在假定其他参数已知的条件下,通过一具体实例,讨论了盾尾注浆时浆液扩散半径及注浆对管片产生的压力与注浆压力及注浆时间的关系。结果显示,虽然增大注浆压力、延长注浆时间均能增大浆液的扩散半径及对管片产生的压力,但增长速度不尽相同。     

水泥基速凝浆液裂隙扩散机制与压力特性试验研究

水泥基速凝浆液广泛应用于富水裂隙围岩注浆工程。为研究水泥基速凝浆液在裂隙注浆中的扩散机制与压力特性,选取水泥-水玻璃浆液及高聚物改性水泥浆液,采用不同水灰比及混合体积,开展了静水条件下单一平板裂隙的注浆扩散模型试验,通过监测浆液的注浆扩散形态和注浆过程中不同测点的压力变化,研究了水泥基速凝浆液的静水扩散规律和注浆扩散压力分布规律。试验结果表明,水泥-水玻璃浆液和高聚物改性水泥浆液具有相似的扩散形态和压力分布变化,两者的显著差别在于高聚物改性水泥浆液扩散所需的注浆压力明显小于水泥-水玻璃浆液,且凝结固化时间相对较长,有利于延长注浆扩散距离。研究结果应用于张马屯铁矿注浆堵水工程,解决了裂隙岩体渗漏水问题,实现了围岩稳定性控制。研究成果具有一定的理论和实践意义,对类似工程具有参考价值。     

软弱地层注浆的细观力学模拟研究

基于散体介质理论的颗粒流方法,运用PFC2D软件对软弱地层注浆过程进行了细观力学模拟,研究了注浆压力、注浆时间、渗透性质及颗粒黏结强度对浆液扩散半径和注浆类型的影响规律。采用PFC2D软件内嵌的FISH语言,定义了提取特定位置流体域内压力值的函数,研究了浆液扩散的分布特征,考虑浆液黏度的时变性对浆液扩散范围的影响,定义有效注浆半径对其进行修正,得到的浆液扩散规律与球形扩散理论较为一致。结合工程实例进行了注浆细观力学数值模拟,并提出了科学的注浆方案,在现场应用后取得了较好的堵水加固效果     

芦岭矿中央风井帷幕注浆堵水

芦岭煤矿中央风井因生产不允许井筒内施工注浆孔，而改用实施井筒地面帷幕注浆堵水的方法，由于正确的选择注浆参数、注浆设备、注浆浆液和注浆工艺，取得了明显的经济效益和社会效益。     

水泥-水玻璃浆液裂隙注浆扩散的室内试验研究

动水环境中的注浆扩散规律对指导突涌水治理注浆设计与施工具有重要意义。通过开展水泥-水玻璃（C-S）浆液单一平板裂隙动水注浆模型试验,揭示了基于试验条件下的C-S浆液裂隙动水注浆扩散过程的非对称椭圆（AE）扩散规律,提出浆水速比的概念并用其拟合AE扩散控制参数随时间的变化曲线,分析了浆水速比对浆液扩散范围的影响,最终建立了描述浆液扩散迹线的瞬态方程。研究结果表明：浆液扩散迹线可以采用随时间变化的非对称椭圆进行描述;逆水扩散距离和扩散开度与浆水速比正相关而浆液顺水扩散距离与浆水速比负相关。并据此对裂隙动水注浆设计提出了建议,希望对实际注浆工程提供一定借鉴。     

富水粉细砂层盾尾同步注浆浆液渗透-压密扩散机制研究

为探究富水粉细砂层中盾尾同步注浆浆液扩散规律,将浆液扩散过程中滤饼开始生成的时间作为浆液渗透扩散与压密扩散转折点,建立考虑渗滤效应的浆液渗透扩散理论公式及浆液压密扩散影响半径理论公式,并通过自主研发设计的盾尾同步注浆系统进行相似模型试验,验证理论公式合理性。结果表明：（1）在富水粉细砂层中,浆液扩散规律与常规单一扩散模式不同,呈渗透-压密两阶段;（2）滤饼的作用在于将以孔压形式存在的浆液压力转化为有效应力作用于土体骨架,滤饼开始生成后,浆液扩散模式由渗透扩散转变为压密扩散;（3）由浆液压力有效应力转化率曲线变化规律可知,注浆压力越大,滤饼开始生成时间越短,即浆液渗透扩散持续时间越短;（4）随着注浆压力增大,浆液压密扩散阶段影响半径也变大,通过试验及理论计算确定注浆压力为0.4 MPa时对地层扰动范围约为1倍隧道开挖轮廓。该研究成果可为富水粉细砂层中盾尾同步注浆施工提供理论支撑。     

采空区松散堆积物注浆模型试验研究

以采空区松散堆积物为研究对象,分别设计模型箱注浆模型和压力注浆模型对浆液的扩散规律进行试验研究,探讨注浆压力、浆液水固比、孔隙率和注浆量对浆液扩散距离的影响规律。试验结果表明:注浆压力、浆液水固比、孔隙率和注浆量四个因素与浆液扩散距离之间存在定量关系,可用公式进行拟合,影响浆液扩散距离最为显著的是堆积物孔隙率,其次是注浆量和浆液水固比,注浆压力对浆液扩散距离的影响相对较小;浆液在松散堆积物中流动的压力损失是由浆液流速的不均匀性、浆液与松散堆积物的碰撞、浆液扩散时与堆积物的摩擦等原因造成的;对浆液在松散堆积物中扩散速率影响最为显著的是注浆压力,其次是堆积物孔隙率,浆液水固比影响最小。     

基于流体体积法的劈裂注浆有限元分析

劈裂注浆作为一种有效的土体加固方法,其理论研究落后于工程实践。提出了基于弥散裂缝模型和流体体积法的劈裂注浆有限元分析方法,并通过ABAQUS二次开发编写劈裂注浆有限元程序。数值分析结果能与室内试验较好吻合,验证了有限元算法的合理性。在此基础上研究了注浆孔埋深和注浆流量对劈裂浆脉形状的影响。结果表明,劈裂注浆过程可分为起劈和劈裂发展两个阶段。当劈裂浆脉扩展到模型边界后,继续注浆会引起注浆压力的大幅提高和已有浆脉宽度的增加。随着注浆孔埋深的增加,浆脉分支减少,长度减小,宽度增加,劈裂浆脉形状的主要控制因素从土体参数的随机性变成大小主应力值的差异。注浆量一定的情况下,注浆速率越大,劈裂浆脉长度越短,宽度越大,注浆终压也越大。研究为劈裂注浆的工程应用提供理论支撑。     

锦屏一级水电站深部裂缝控制性灌浆技术研究

针对锦屏一级水电站深部裂缝加固技术难题,在对深部裂缝工程地质特征及其灌浆加固技术特点分析基础上,对水泥-水玻璃控制性灌浆技术进行了研究。首先对水泥-水玻璃灌浆作用机理进行分析,然后主要从胶凝时间和强度两方面对水泥-水玻璃浆液进行试验研究,分析了水玻璃和缓凝剂加量对浆液胶凝时间和强度的影响规律,并按初凝时间为5min的情况进行了水泥-水玻璃浆液配比设计。最后,提出采用水泥-水玻璃双液孔口混合式灌浆方法,采用自上而下、孔口封闭、纯压式灌浆方式对深部裂缝进行固结灌浆加固处理。由此初步建立了锦屏一级深部裂缝灌浆加固处理技术研究方案。     

深水注浆锚设计原理及其承载特性试验研究

海洋能源开发不断向深海迈进,大型深水海上平台对锚泊结构的承载力提出了更高的要求。针对传统鱼雷锚承载比不足的问题,提出了一种新型深水注浆锚。锚体带动连接其尾部的注浆管贯入海床,然后在外部注浆设备驱动下向海床注浆,浆液挤压土体并在锚体周围形成注浆固结块,从而大幅增加锚体抗拔力。采用自主设计的海洋锚注浆和拉拔试验系统进行了模型试验,研究了不同注浆量对浆液扩散特性以及锚体承载特性的影响规律。结果表明：浆液可以较好地包裹锚体,浆块呈倒锥形与锚体紧密黏结为一体,共同承受上部荷载,浆块承载比可达 24.6,远高于传统鱼雷锚的 2.4～4.1,从而验证了深水注浆锚的可行性。随注浆量的增加,浆块端部截面积和整体高度增加,注浆锚整体承载力也不断增大。     

裂隙注浆偏流机理及帷幕体采动效应研究综述与展望

注浆堵水是地下工程和矿山水害防控的常用技术措施,但是,目前浆液扩散机理与采动效应的研究滞后于工程实践的要求,制约了注浆工程科学有效地实施。本文跟踪裂隙岩体中注浆浆液扩散研究,受裂隙地下水“偏流效应”启发,提出了深部矿山裂隙岩体动水注浆浆液扩散偏流效应的命题,包括2个关键科学问题：裂隙岩体动水注浆浆液扩散偏流机理、偏流形成的“浆-岩”组合体采动变形破坏和渗透性变化机理。结合研究趋势,提出了跨学科综合研究方法。以典型矿山注浆防治水工程为背景,研究深部矿山水文地质结构及其采动时空演化,揭示裂隙岩体动水条件下注浆浆液扩散偏流机理及其影响因素,获得裂隙岩体内帷幕注浆形成的三维异形“浆-岩”组合体形态和力学特性,建立浆液偏流扩散数学模型,构建“浆-岩”组合体渗透性采动效应评价方法,为深部矿山水害防治和安全生产提供科学基础。     

The influence of the degree of saturation on compaction-grouted soil nails in sand

A series of large-scale model tests was conducted on compaction-grouted soil nails to study the influence of the degree of saturation on the soil response to compaction grouting and pull-out. The experimental results show that the initial degree of saturation of the soil strongly influences the grout injectability, thus the formed diameter of grout bulb. Subsequently, the diameter of the grout bulb alters the pull-out force, with larger grout bulbs generating higher pull-out forces and exhibiting greater hardening behaviour. Interestingly, the initial pull-out forces are the same for the same grouting pressure, regardless of the initial degree of saturation and the subsequently grout bulb. In addition, some of the main factors influencing the pressure grouting and pull-out of the soil nail, as the initial degree of saturation varies, are as follows. First, the variations in the soil pressure and density with the initial degree of saturation are similar to that of the volume of grout injected, and the compression of the soil induced by pressure grouting exhibits a similar evolution with the initial degree of saturation at different locations. Second, the initial degree of saturation of the soil sample plays a dominant role in the change in suction during pressure grouting and pull-out of soil nail. Third, the horizontal soil pressure derived from the pull-out of soil nail propagates closely in the soil sample of lower initial degree of saturation. The vertical soil pressure induced by the vertical soil dilation and squeezing effect varies in accidence with the initial degree of saturation and the grout bulb.

     

考虑时变性影响的盾构壁后注浆浆液固结及消散机制研究

在盾构管片壁后注浆时,由于浆液渗透压的存在,浆液会向外渗透,浆体本身逐渐固结,作用在管片上的注浆压力逐渐消散。考虑到浆液往周边地层渗透过程中由于黏度的变化会引起地层渗透系数的变化,推导了基于浆液黏度时变性的浆体固结变形方程和浆液压力消散方程,分析了浆液固结、消散及浆液压力沿管片外壁分布规律,为精细化分析施工阶段管片受力提供了计算依据。计算结果表明：浆液从注浆口喷出后,浆液黏性的增大使浆液流动性减小,注浆压力消散幅度减小,浆液消散持续时间变短。浆液配比与围岩渗透系数变化对注浆压力消散幅度及消散持续时间存在一定影响。现场实测结果与理论计算结果较为一致。在进行壁后注浆时,应充分考虑时变作用下浆液消散作用的影响。     

高压注浆加固造成铁路路基隆起的原因分析

高压旋喷法施工造成路基、地面抬升,是地基处理过程中较常见的现象。分析上海地铁9号线高压旋喷施工造成铁路路基隆起的工程实例,将路基变形过程和注水试验进行对比,得出了注浆过程满足土体注水膨胀原理;同时由于桩周产生的压力远大于土体所能承受的孔隙水压力,使破坏的土体挤压进路基底部,加大了隆起量。通过调整施工参数,可改变土体注水膨胀的本构定律与桩周压力公式中相关变量,从而减小隆起量;并提出了调整施工进度、工艺等相应的处理方案。     

Interpretation of grouting characteristics in unsaturated sand from the perspective of water–air interface

The design of grouting engineering in practice is either based on conventional soil mechanics or empirical procedures ignoring the effect of degree of saturation (water content). In this study, a series of laboratory-pressurized grouting tests were conducted on unsaturated sand to reveal the influence of soil water content on the grouting characteristics. With combination of direct shear tests at constant water content, water retention tests as well as microscopy observations, the mechanisms that controlling the strength and in turn the grouting characteristics in unsaturated sand were interpreted from the perspective of water–air interface. It was found that the non-monotonic phenomena of grouting characteristics (injectability and diffusion characteristics) with increasing water content were strongly dependent on the shear strength, which is influenced by the apparent cohesion induced by capillary mechanisms relating to the water–air interface. The threshold value of the injectability and diffusion pattern is corresponding to the boundary of the two transition zones (two different desaturation mechanisms) in the water retention curve. In the primary transition zone, the water phase is interconnected with air bulbs entrapped. With the drainage of bulk water in the large pores, the amount of water menisci increases, generating larger and larger surface tension force between particles. Therefore, less and less grout was injected as the bearing capacity and shear strength increase. However, in the second transition zone, with the drainage of menisci water, the menisci area of each pores decreases, inducing less and less surface tension force. Thus, more and more grout was injected as the bearing capacity and shear strength decrease. It is hoped that the work in this study will facilitate researching the grouting mechanisms in unsaturated soil, thus optimizing the grouting parameters in engineering practice.

     

Use of photo-based 3D photogrammetry in analysing the results of laboratory pressure grouting tests

This paper presents a non-destructive, low-cost, photo-based, 3D reconstruction technique for characterizing geo-materials with irregular shapes of a relatively large size. After being validated against two traditional volume measurement methods, namely the vernier caliper method and the fluid displacement method for regular and irregular shapes, respectively, 3D photogrammetry was used to analyse the grout bulbs formed in laboratory pressure grouting tests. The reconstructed 3D mesh model of the sample provides accurate and detailed 3D vertex data, which allowed the volume, densification efficiency and bleeding behaviour of the grout bulbs to be analysed. Comparing the bulb section views at different grouting pressures also offers an intuitive observation of the grout development and propagation process. Moreover, the 3D vertex data and surface area included in the model are of great importance in validating numerical predictions of the pressure grouting process and analysing the interface shear resistance of grouted soil nails or anchors. Compared to existing approaches, the new 3D photogrammetry method possesses several key advantages: (a) it does not require expensive, specialized equipment; (b) samples are not destroyed or modified during testing; (c) it allows to reconstruct objects of various scales and (d) the software is public domain. Therefore, the adoption of this 3D photogrammetry method will facilitate research in the pressure grouting process and can be extended to other problems in geotechnical engineering.