北部湾东部沉积物中石油烃分布与累积

为揭示北部湾东部沉积物中石油烃的污染现状,分析了24个表层样和1只柱状样的石油烃含量,并运用210Pb法对柱状样进行了定年。结果表明2007年北部湾东部表层沉积物中石油烃含量范围为62.94~107.80μg/g,平均为83.03μg/g,总体污染较轻。石油烃含量的低值主要出现在海南岛西侧海域,而高值主要分布在海南岛西北泥质沉积区和湾北近岸海域,油气平台附近的石油烃也略微富集,距源区距离是决定沉积物中石油烃含量的重要因素。柱状样B349基于210Pb法获得的平均沉积速率为0.53 cm/a,其中石油烃含量范围为68.31~94.77μg/g,石油烃含量的2次重要变化可能分别与20世纪80年代涠洲海域石油开发初期的溢油和20世纪90年代以来经济增长所伴随的排污增加相对应。     

大连“7·16”溢油事故后5年间烃的降解与细菌丰度变化研究

为了解大连新港7.16溢油事故发生后5年间大连湾受污染海区生态恢复程度,同时探究大连湾表层海水和沉积物中微生物对石油污染的长期响应策略,对大连湾表层海水和沉积物中石油烃含量的分布、异养细菌和石油烃降解菌丰度的年度变化特征,以及细菌丰度与环境因子间相关性进行了研究。结果表明,溢油事故发生后2年间,大连湾表层海水中石油烃含量由溢油初期2010年9月的0.22~0.67 mg/L降到0.0025~0.05 mg/L(2012年5月),海水质量也由三类海水转变为一类海水;沿岸站位BQ012表层沉积物中石油烃含量也由2011年12月的7 133μg/g降低到2014年的926μg/g,其表层沉积物质量也由三类转变为一类沉积物质量标准。溢油后2个月内表层海水中异养细菌及石油烃降解菌丰度升高至105CFU/m L和104CFU/m L,随着时间推移各站位细菌丰度基本呈下降趋势,5年后细菌丰度回落了1~2个数量级并恢复到溢油前的历史水平。表层沉积物中石油烃降解菌丰度由溢油后2个月的105CFU/g降低到2013年的102CFU/g。石油烃降解菌与异养细菌的比值(HDB/HB)与石油烃含量呈极显著的正相关(P0.01),而与营养盐和溶解氧等主要环境因子相关性不大,因此认为其可作为海水中石油烃类污染评价的指标。     

大连湾石油污染沉积物中细菌群落结构分析

大连新港"7.16"输油管道爆炸溢油事故发生后,为探究石油污染与细菌群落结构变化之间的关系及在石油生物降解过程中起重要作用的细菌菌群,本研究对大连湾表层沉积物中石油烃含量和细菌宏基因组16SrDNA V3区进行分析。结果表明:溢油初期2010年8月DLW01站位表层沉积物石油烃含量高达1 492mg/kg,符合第三类沉积物质量标准,随着时间推移,2011年4月、2011年7月、2011年12月航次各站位沉积物中石油烃含量基本呈下降趋势,且均符合第一类沉积物质量标准;16S rDNA PCR-DGGE方法分析表明,石油烃含量高的区域优势细菌种类少,反之则较丰富;海洋环境中同一地点的细菌群落能保持一定稳定性;大连湾石油污染沉积物中变形菌门γ-变形菌纲和拟杆菌门一直保持较高的优势度,是在石油生物降解过程中起重要作用的细菌菌群,而厚壁菌门只在石油烃含量低的区域出现;此外,出现的对污染物敏感的嗜冷杆菌可作为石油污染指示生物进行深入研究。     

环渤海石油污染对海区环境和海洋生物的影响研究

通过调查环渤海湾多个海域表层海水、沉积物及海洋生物体中石油烃总量及苯并(a)芘的含量,研究了石油污染对海区环境和生物的影响。并通过分子荧光法和液相色谱法分别研究不同海洋环境中、同一海区不同生物品种中、不同海区相同生物品种中以及同一海区的环境和生物体中石油烃及苯并(a)芘含量的关系,分析不同海区石油烃污染状况,对比不同生物品种对石油烃的富集能力。结果表明,所监测海域生物体中石油烃和苯并(a)芘含量趋势均为:棘皮类贝类甲壳类鱼类;调查海域海水中石油烃含量范围为(0.013~0.285mg/L),属轻度石油烃污染,;海洋生物中石油烃和苯并(a)芘含量范围分别为(0~57.2mg/kg)和(0~2.29μg/kg),样品中苯并(a)芘含量均低于限量值,石油烃超标率为6.7%,基本达到水产品食用安全标准。     

曹妃甸近岸海域石油烃污染物的来源与空间分布研究

以曹妃甸邻近海域为研究区,利用生物标志化合物地球化学参数分析了表层沉积物中石油烃类的主要组成和分布特征,探讨了石油烃污染物的来源。结果表明,曹妃甸邻近海域表层沉积物中正构烷烃为混源,且陆源贡献小于海洋源。地质构型藿烷、甾烷在甾萜类化合物中为优势组分,且萜甾烷参数显示了有机质成熟度较高。饱和烃的多种地球化学参数显示了该区域表层沉积物可能受到成熟度较高的石油烃输入及其后期微生物降解的影响。该研究将为曹妃甸近岸沉积物输移研究提供基础资料,进而为曹妃甸围填海工程的科学决策提供相关科学数据。     

温州近岸海域石油烃分布特征

根据2006—2009年温州近岸海域石油烃的调查结果,分析海域石油烃污染的分布特征,并采用单因子指数法对石油烃污染程度进行了评价。结果表明,调查海域海水中石油烃含量范围为ND~0.085 mg/L,平均含量为0.018 mg/L。除2008年和2009年各有1个测点超出一类海水标准限值(≤0.05 mg/L)外,其余测点石油烃含量均未超出一类标准限值。2009年沉积物石油烃平均含量为20.7×10-6,各测点均低于一类沉积物标准值,表明温州近岸海域还未明显受到石油烃污染。     

海上石油开采导致生态环境变化实例研究

根据1996年8月和2003年8月对埕北油田邻近海域的调查资料,对海水中溶解氧(DO)、化学耗氧量(COD)、油类和重金属的含量,沉积物中重金属、油类、有机物、硫化物的含量以及海水与底床中生物种类、数量和密度,进行历史变化趋势分析与现状评价,结果表明,海水中石油浓度有所上升,沉积物受到了铜的污染且油类浓度持续上升,底栖生物环境已属非健康状态,底栖生物受到石油烃污染.     

广东雷州珍稀海洋生物国家级自然保护区水体和沉积物中石油类含量与分布特征

为了探讨广东雷州珍稀海洋生物国家级自然保护区海域水体和沉积物中石油类的含量及其分布特征,文章于2017年和2018年分别对保护区海域的石油类进行了调查。结果表明,保护区表层水体石油类含量为0.003~0.066mg/L,平均含量为0.015mg/L,平均污染指数为0.30,保护区水体中的石油类基本符合一类海水水质标准。保护区表层沉积物中石油类含量为3.0~54.8mg/kg,平均值为11.109mg/kg,符合海洋沉积物第一类质量标准。保护区水体和沉积物中石油类含量的变化规律基本相似,但是沉积物中石油类含量的变化更大。根据调查数据分析,保护区水体中石油类的主要来源是保护区社区小型渔船航行排放的石油类,以及保护区周边渔船在航行过程排放的石油类扩散到保护区海域。     

我国渤海—东海表层沉积物中吸附气态烃的特征

吸附气态烃系指沉积物中有机物质转化为烃类气体被矿物颗粒吸附的甲烷及其同系物.吸附气态烃的研究,引起了国内外学者的极大兴趣,这是因为:气态烃类有良好的迁移性能,从地下深处或油气藏向上扩散运移时,导致了近地表沉积物中烃类浓度的增高和气体组合的改变.根据高对比度的烃类异常,可以追索和指示油气藏、评价生油岩、研究油气的分布规律.近年来,我国学者利用吸附气态烃研究现代沉积物的地球化学特征及其与油气藏的关系,取得了丰富的资料和可喜的成果.作者从1974年开始,对渤海、黄海及东海表层沉积物中的吸附气态烃进行了研究,大量的实验资料表明,吸附气态烃在表层沉积物中广泛发育,绝对含量之高可与内陆还原环境下的沉积物或生油岩相媲美,并有相同的气体组合.一、吸附气态烃的分布特征     

化学分散原油在海洋围隔生态系中迁移过程的研究

本文研究了以Corexit-9527分散剂分散、初始浓度为15mg/dm3的胜利原油在海洋围隔生态系中的迁移过程.实验结果表明原油的扩散混合,到第4天在围隔水体中呈均匀分布状态,实验前期细菌快速降解石油烃、悬浮颗粒物吸附石油烃逐渐沉降到沉积物中以及包括特定的围隔袋壁大量吸附石油烃是化学分散原油在围隔体中重要迁移过程.围隔体受到剧烈扰动和沉降物的再悬浮现象明显影响石油烃的迁移过程.     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.